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1、非 謂 語 動(dòng) 詞 一. 不定式1.不定式的形式不定式保留了動(dòng)詞的一些特征，有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化一般式表示動(dòng)作通常與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生完成式表示動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生進(jìn)行式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生不定式的主動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語是不定式表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)式則是其動(dòng)作的承受者 1. I hope to finish reading the booktonight. 我希望今晚看完這本書。2. He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在說什么。 I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. 對不起，給你添了

2、這么多麻煩。 She asked to be sent to teach in the countryside. 她要求被派到農(nóng)村教學(xué)。 注意： 當(dāng)不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且與該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，或不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，且與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。1. You need a pair of gloves to wear. 你需要帶一副手套。2. He is a man easy to get on with. 他是一個(gè)容易相處的人。 2.不定式作賓語不定式一般作動(dòng)詞的賓語，“疑問句+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)可作介詞的賓語。常

3、跟不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：afford, agree, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want , wish等。1.He has determined to settle down in the countryside.2.His parents managed to send him to study abroad. 3.We are talking about how to overcome the present difficulties

4、. 3.不定式作定語 不定式作定語通常放在被修飾詞的后面。一般當(dāng)中心詞為序數(shù)詞，最高級，the last，the only等或中心詞被這類詞修飾時(shí)多用不定式作定語。作定語的不定式若是不及物動(dòng)詞，還需要帶有與之搭配的相應(yīng)介詞。1.I should take something to read on the plane.2.At last he had a chance to go abroad. 3.She was the only one to survive the air crash. 4.I am looking for a room to live in. 4.不定式作狀語不定式作狀語

5、主要表示原因、結(jié)果、目的等。作目的的狀語時(shí)可位于句首或句末，作原因和結(jié)果狀語多位于句末。1.She burst into laughter to see his funny action.2.He woke up to find everybody gone.3.To explain more clearly, I will show you the pictures.注意：so as to 作目的狀語不可以位于句首，to 和in order to 可以。 He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. 5.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，一些動(dòng)詞后跟帶t

6、o的不定式，一些動(dòng)詞后跟不帶to的不定式。后跟帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有advise , allow , permit , tell , persuade , expect , forbid , ask , want , force , wish 等。跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞多是感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞，有see , hear , notice , smell , feel , make , let , have 等。1.Our English teacher advised us to pay enough attention to our spoken English.2.W

7、ho can persuade him to give up that foolish idea?3.Someone saw a stranger walk into his room. 4.The mother let the children wash their hands before eating meals. 6.不定式的省略（1）不定式在hope , intend , plan , mean , want , wish 等動(dòng)詞后作賓語，在ask , advised , persuade , allow , tell等后作補(bǔ)語或與be able to , be going to ,

8、 have to , used to 等一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語時(shí)，常省略與上文相同的動(dòng)詞，只保留符號to。1.Did you buy milk? No . I meant to , but the shop was shut.2.She wanted to come to the party , but her parents didn t allow her to. 3.I don t want to wait for him , but I have to. (2)不定式在cannot but , why (not) 等后或在感官，使役動(dòng)詞后作補(bǔ)足語時(shí)常省略to。1.Why not join u

9、s in the discussion?2.They made that man work for them.注意： 介詞but , expect 后作賓語或be動(dòng)詞后作表語的不定式，如果前面有do動(dòng)詞，也常省略to。1.He could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.2.All I did was hit him on the head. 二、動(dòng)名詞1.動(dòng)名詞的形式動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)的變化。一般式表示的動(dòng)作可在謂語動(dòng)詞之前，之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生，而完成式則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生；當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作對象時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)形式

10、。1.We had a good time in dancing with them.2.Doctors advise giving up smoking.3.I apologize for having made such a terrible mistake. 4.She was afraid of being criticized. 2.動(dòng)名詞作賓語常見的只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞有advise , admit , avoid , delay , enjoy , finish , imagine , mind , consider , appreciate , miss , risk , p

11、ractice , allow , mention 等。1.She enjoys watching TV at night.2.My parents consider sending me abroad to study.3.He didnt mention being praised at the meeting. 注意： 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，需要在動(dòng)名詞前加 上形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格充當(dāng)其邏輯主語。1.His coming made me very happy.2.I can t imagine Mary s marrying such a young man.

12、三 、分詞分詞兼有動(dòng)詞，形容詞及副詞的特征，包括現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞兩種。現(xiàn)在分詞一般表示主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行，其完成式表示先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)，完成。它們在句中可以作表語，狀語，定語與補(bǔ)語。1.分詞作狀語分詞作狀語可以表示時(shí)間，原因，結(jié)果，方式或伴隨等，其邏輯主語必須與句子主語一致。句子主語是分詞表示的動(dòng)詞的執(zhí)行者，用現(xiàn)在分詞；若是承受者，則用過去分詞。 1.Having finished his homework , the boy was allowed to watch TV play.(時(shí)間）2.Not knowing his phone number , I cou

13、ld not get in touch with him.(原因）3.We opened the window , letting the fresh air in.（結(jié)果）4.The children ran out of the room , laughing and talking merrily.（伴隨）5.Holding his head high , he walked past the enemies.（方式）6.Asked about his family , he made no answer.（時(shí)間）7.Praised by the neighbours , he beca

14、me the pride of his parents. （原因）8.Given more time , he could have done the work much better .（條件）9.The soldiers lay on the ground , covered with nothing.（方式）10.The prisoners worked on the farm , watched by the guard.（伴隨） 2.分詞作定語單個(gè)分詞作定語一般前置，分詞短語作定語一般后置?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行或是與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；過去分詞作定語表示被動(dòng)，完成，但

15、不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只表示完成不表示被動(dòng)。1.The sleeping baby is my sister s son.2.They are both retired teachers. 3.The men working here are all from the rural areas. 4.The polluted river gives out a terrible smell. 5.Professor Zhang is the guest invited by my parents. 3. 分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特征；過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受。1.Th

16、e argument is very convincing.2.His father was satisfied with his answer.4.分詞作補(bǔ)語現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語說明賓語執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞作補(bǔ)語表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)性或完成性。 1.I noticed a group of children playing football on the playground. 2.He felt himself cheated.3.When she returned home , she found her necklace gone. 四、非謂語動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別1.動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語的區(qū)別作主語

17、時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞表示的動(dòng)作一般是抽象的 、習(xí)慣性的 ，意義上通常表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)；不定式一般是具體的、一次性的動(dòng)作，意義上通常表示一件未完成的事或目的。二者均可用it作形式主語代替。1.Smoking is not a good habit.2.It is not very good for you to smoke so much.3.Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring. 4.His wish is to get the doctor s degree in two years.5.It is no use arguing with su

18、ch a person. 2.動(dòng)名詞和不定式作賓語的區(qū)別有些動(dòng)詞后只能接不定式作賓語，有些動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語。有些動(dòng)詞接不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可，且意義差別不大，如like , hate , begin , start , prefer , continue 等。還有些動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞均可，但意義差別很大。常用的有：forget to do 忘記要做某事forget doing 忘記做過某事remember to do 記得去做某事remember doing 記得做過某事 regret to do 對將要做的事遺憾regret doing 對做過的事表示遺憾、后悔go on to do

19、 做了一件事后，接著做go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來的事 try to do 努力、企圖做某事 try doing 試驗(yàn)、試著做某事mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味著某事1.I forgot to lock the door.2.I forgot to locking the door.3.I regretted to tell him the news.4.I regretted telling him the news. 3.非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語的區(qū)別不定式作定語多表示將來的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作定語表示所修飾的名詞的用途或作用；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示主動(dòng)、正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；過

20、去分詞作定語表示被動(dòng)或完成的動(dòng)作 The problem to be discussed tomorrow is of great interest. I saw him just now in the reading room. He rushed into the burning house. 1. They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard. 4.感官或使役動(dòng)詞后用不定式和分詞作補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別用不定式只說明賓語執(zhí)行的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，側(cè)重整個(gè)過程；用現(xiàn)在分詞說明賓語執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；用過去分詞則表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)或完成1.The had seen

21、her grow up from childhood. They knew her quite well.2.The beggar lay there and saw people coming and going.3.I want to have this matter settled immediately.5. 不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別 作狀語時(shí)，不定式與句子之間存在邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，可作目的，原因，結(jié)果狀語；過去分詞與句子主語之間存在邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，往往表示完成，可作時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨狀語。 1.Helen had to shout to make herself hear

22、d above the sound of the music.2.Seeing those pictures , he could not help thinking of his former teacher.3.The teacher came into the lab , followed by some students.注意：作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，不定式常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，分往往表示順其自然的結(jié)果。 五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成是“名詞/代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/不定式/名詞/形容詞/副詞/ 介詞短語”。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以作時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨狀語等。1.The manager

23、 being ill , Bob is in charge of the company.（原因狀語）2.Enough time given , we would have done the job much better.（條件狀語）3.Nobody to come tomorrow , we will have to put off the meeting till next week.（條件狀語） 4.He sat there , his eyes on her back.（伴隨狀語）5.She stood in the front row , her mouth half locked.（方式狀語） Thanks for you watching!Produced by: Ms.Luo