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1、大學(xué)英語精讀第四冊10 大耳朵英語　 　 2005-09-30 00:38:27　 【打印】 Previous Unit | Next Unit | Back 　 Unit Ten 　 　 Click the button to listen to the text 　 　 Do you view work as a burden or an opportunity? Are you the kind of person who looks for ways to save your energy or the kind that

2、 finds spending your energy satisfying? Why do people like to complain about work? Find the answers to questions like these in the following essay. 　 　 WHY PEOPLE WORK Leonard R. Sayles Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happi- ness and contentme

3、nt. Were all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life -- the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-- being that can mak

4、e the difference between a full and an empty life . Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin and punish- ment. And in our own day we are used to hearing the traditional complaints: "I cant wait for my vacation," "I wish I could stay home today," "My boss treats me poorly," "

5、Ive got too much work to do and not enough time to do it." Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the individuals happiness and sense of personal achiev

6、ement. Work is more than a necessity for most human beings; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity. Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to reali- ze ones potential. Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed

7、its healing effect. A good many patients who feel depressed in clinics gain renewed self-confidence when gainfully employed and lose some, if not all; of their most acute symptoms. Increasingly, institutions dealing with mental health problems are establishing workshops wherein those too sick t

8、o get a job in "outside" industry can work, while every effort is exerted to arrange "real" jobs for those well enough to work outside. And the reverse is true, too. For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health. Retirement often brings many problems surroundin

9、g the "What do I do with myself?" question, even though there may be no financial cares: Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they dont have their jobs to go to, and must fend far themselves. It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside fr

10、om exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless. But why? Why should work be such a significant source of human satis- faction? A good share of the answer rests in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the j

11、ob, by the activity of accomplishing. Pride in Accomplishment The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind, with his will. Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that

12、 serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities. It is easiest to see this in the craftsman who lovingly shapes some cheap material into an object that may be either useful or beautiful or both. You can see the carpenter or bricklayer stand aside and admire the product of his personal skill.

13、 But even where there is no obvious end product that is solely attribu- table to one persons skill, researchers have found that employees find pride in accomplishment. Our own research in hospitals suggests that even the houskeeping and laundry staffs take pride in the fact that in their o

14、wn ways they are helping to cure sick people -- and thus accomplishing a good deal. Were often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work; deep down most people regard their own capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality. Complaining is just part o

15、f working. After all, how else do you know who you are, except as you can demonstrate the ability of your mind to control you limbs and hands and words? You are, in significant measure, what you can do. Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save th

16、emselves as much as possible. Just the opposite. It is energy expenditure that is satisfying. Just watch an employee who must deal with countless other people be- cause his or her job is at some central point in a communications network: a salesman at a busy counter, a stock broker on the ph

17、one, a customer repre- sentative. They will tell you how much skill and experience it takes to an- swer countless questions and handle various kinds of personalities every hour of the day. Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves o

18、n a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization. But work is more than accomplishment and pride in being able to com- mand the job, because except for a few craftsmen and artists most work takes place "out in the world, " with and through other people.

19、 Esprit de corps Perhaps an example will make the point : I remember viewing a half dozen men in a chair factory whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. While there were ten or twelve of these "teams" that worked togeth

20、er, one in particular was known for its perfect coordination and lightning-like efforts. The men knew they were good. They would work in spurts for twenty or thirty minutes before taking a break - to show them- selves, bystanders and other groups what it was to be superbly skilled and self-cont

21、rolled, to be the best in the factory. When I talked with them, each expressed enormous pride in being a part of the fastest, best team: And this sense of belonging to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of work. One further word about work group

22、satisfactions. Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work tend to be simpler; less complicated, somewhat less emotional. This is not to say there arent argu ments aiid jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just e

23、asier, perhaps because they are more reg- ular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic; the more intense and less regular relationships in the community. And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one ano- ther so that the "rough edges

24、" are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day. Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is deri

25、ved from being part of a larger collectivity. Working for a company that is thought of as being one of the best in the community can provide employees with both status and self-confidence. They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that the

26、y are more competent than the average because of this association with a "winner," a prestigious institution. We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, and we seek ways of asserting our membership so that others will know and can recognize our good fortune. 　 　 　

27、 Click the button to listen to the pronunciations of new words 　 　 New Words 　 contentment n. happiness; satisfaction 滿足 civilization n. 文明 intangible a. that can not be touched or grasped 觸摸 　 不到的 crucial a. decisive; critical 決定性的,關(guān)鍵的 psychological a. of the

28、soul or mind 心理的 historically ad. in the course of history, u accordance 　 with or iri respect to history associate vt. connect or bring together in ones 　 mind 聯(lián)想 slavery n. the system of having slaves; the condi- 　 tion of being a slave 奴隸制度; 奴隸 　 身份 sin n. behavior

29、 that is against the principles 　 of morality; an immoral act 罪孽 punishment n. punishing or being punished 懲罰 complaint n. complaining; a statement expressing 　 unhappiness, pain, dissatisfaction 抱怨 behavioral a. of or having to do with behavior 行為的 contribution n. act of con

30、tributing; sth. contributed necessity n. sth. that is necessary; the condition of 　 being necessary, needed or unavoidable 　 必需品; 必要性 focus n. the central point; centre of interest 　 焦點 creativity n. the ability to produce new and original 　 ideas and things; inventivenes

31、s 創(chuàng)造性 clinic n. building or part of a hospital where 　 doctors give specialized medical 　 treatment and advice; a medical ins- 　 titution for special purposes 診所 heal v. (cause to) become healthy 治愈,愈合,痊愈 depressed a. sad; low in spirits精神抑郁的,情緒居喪的 depress vt. make sad, l

32、ow in spirits renew vt. reestablish give new life and freshness 　 to 使更性 gainfully ad. profitably acute a. severe; strong 嚴(yán)重的, 急性的 symptom a. a change in the bodys condition that 　 indicates illness 癥狀 institution n. a society, club, college or any organi- 　 zation es

33、tablished for some public or 　 social purpose 公共機(jī)構(gòu) workshop n. a room or building which contains tools 　 or machinery for making or repairing 　 things 車間;廣場 wherein conj. in which exert vt. use (strength, skill, etc.) 盡力 reverse n. the opposite; the other way round, the

34、 　 back 相反,背面 absence n. non-existence; lack harmful a. causing or likely to cause harm retirement n. instance of retiring or being retired; 　 condition of being retired 退休 financial a. relating to money 財政的; 金融的 weekend n. Saturday and Sunday, esp. when considered 　 as

35、 a holiday from work fend vi provide (for) 供養(yǎng); 照料 unemployment n. the state of being unemployed significant a. of noticeable importance or effect 重大的 significance n. satisfaction n. the state of being satisfied 滿足 satisfactory a. accomplished a. skilled, expert 有才藝的; 有造詣的

36、 tribute n. material evidence of ones worth, 　 virtue, etc. inherent a. existing as a natural and permanent: 　 part or quality of 內(nèi)在的, 生來的 craftsman n. a highly skilled workman 手藝人,(名)工匠 bricklayer n. a workman who builds with bricks attributable a. that can be attributed 可

37、歸因于…的 attribute vt. 把…歸因為 housekeeping n. management of a home and its affairs 　 家政 staff n. the group of workers who carry on a job 　 (全體)員工 capacity n. ability, power; the amount that sth. can 　 hold or produce 能力; 容量 tough a. difficult to do or deal with 艱巨的 uni

38、que a. being the only one of its type 獨特的 limb n. the leg, arm, or wing of an animal 肢,翼 opposite n. a person or thing that is entirely 　 different from another 對立面, 對立物 countless a. very many; too many to be counted broker n. person who buys and sells for others 經(jīng) 　 紀(jì)人, 掮客

39、 stock broker n. a person who buys and sells stocks and 　 bonds for others for a commission 證 　 券經(jīng)紀(jì)人 representative n. a person acting in place of one or more 　 others 代表 interact vi. act on each other 相互作用 persistence n. the act or fact of keeping on doing sth. 　 in s

40、pite of difficulty or opposition 　 堅持 persist vi. distinctive a. clearly marking a person or thing as di- 　 from others 特殊的;與眾不同的 mightily ad. with power and strength; greatly esprit de corps n. (French) spirit of loyalty and devotion 　 which unites the members of a group

41、 　 or society 團(tuán)體精神，集體榮譽(yù)感 coordination n. harmonious adjustment or working together 　 協(xié)調(diào) coordinate vt. lightning 閃電 bystander n. a person standing near but not taking 　 part in an event or activity; onlooker 　 旁觀者 superbly ad. magnificently; first class aspect n.

42、 one side or view of a subject 方面 relationship n. a friendship between people; connection 　 關(guān)系 disclose vt. make known; show by uncovering 揭示 sporadic a. occurring now and then; occasional 零星發(fā)生的 ;偶爾的 collectivity n. people collectively, especially as 　 forming a community or

43、 state 集體 collective a. status n. (high) social or professional position 　 地位, 身份 envy vt. feel admiration or ill-will toward (sb.) 　 because he has the good fortune one 　 wishes to have 羨慕；妒忌 winner n. one that wins or seems destined to win 　 or be successful prest

44、igious a. having respect that results from the 　 good reputation (of a person, nation, 　 etc. ) 有聲望的 bask vi. sit or lie in enjoyable warmth and 　 light (舒適地)取暖, 享受 reflect vt. throw beck (light, heat, sound or image) 　 反射; 反映 assert vt. demonstrate the existence of ; de

45、clare 　 forcefully 宣稱, 斷言 membership n. the state of being a member, of a club, 　 society, etc. ; all the members of a 　 club, society, etc. 　 　 Phrases & Expressions 　 associate with connect with ( often mentally)把…與…聯(lián)系在一起 rather than instead of fend for one

46、self look after oneself 照料自己; 自行謀生 aside from besides, apart from 除了…以外 long for desire (to have) sth. strongly 渴望 take pride in feel pleased and happy because of 為…而感到得意 store up put away for future use 儲存, 儲備 pride oneself on regard as a special reason for pride or 　 satisfaction 以…自豪 make the ones point prove that sth. is true 證明一個論點 in particular especially at work busy at a job; doing work on the whole considering everything; in general work off get rid of, dispose 除去, 清除 　 　 Previous Unit | Next Unit | Back