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1、第一篇Captain Cook Arrow Legend(庫克船長弓箭的傳說) It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook who died in the Sandwich Islands in 1779. “There is no Cook in the Australian M

2、useum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its exhibition, “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which does include a f

3、eather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778. Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with discovering the “Great South Land,” now Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii. The legend of Cook’s arrow began in 1824 when

4、 Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife, saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal fight with islanders. In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued until it came face-to-f

5、ace with science. DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more likely made of animal bone, said Philp. However, Cook’s fans refuse to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be

6、 uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook’s body was buried at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a statement from Britain. “But I am sure that one of these days …one of the Cook legends will prove to be

7、true and it will happen one day.” 第二篇Avalanche and Its Safety(雪崩和安全問題) An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property. All avalanches are caused by an over-b

8、urden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a numberof factors. Terrain slopes flatter than 25 de

9、grees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low risk of avalanche. Snow does not gather significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not flow easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest is between 35 and 45 degrees; the critical

10、 angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb is : A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with use; that

11、is , the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, thd more likely it is that an avalanche will occur. Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous process, including route selection and examination of the snowpack,

12、weather conditions, and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also reduce the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid attention to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow condition

13、s are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are missing or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche. 第四篇Animal’s “Sixth Sense”(動(dòng)物的”第六感”) A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indi

14、an Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, however, seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that they possess a “sixth sense” for disasters, experts said. Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said

15、 the giant waves that killed over 24000 people along the Indian Ocean island’s coast clearly missed wild beasts, with no dead animals found. “No elephants are dead, not even a dead rabbit. I think animals can sense disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening,” H.D. Ratnay

16、ake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The waves washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka’s biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.

17、 “There has been a lot of apparent evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van lierop, an animal behavior specialist at Johannesburg Zoo. “There have been no specific studies because you can’t really test it

18、in a lab or field setting,” he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this assessment. “Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain phenomenon, especially birds… there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildl

19、ife. Animals certainly rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators. The notion of an animal “sixth sense” – or some other mythical power – is an enduring one which the evidence on Sri Lanka’s ravaged coast is likely to add to. The Romans saw owls as omens o

20、f impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes. 第五篇Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind(警報(bào)器救盲人) If you cannot see, you may not be able to find your way out of a burning building – and that could be fatal. A company in Leed

21、s could change all that with directional sound alarms capalbe of guiding you to the exit. Sound Alert, a company run by the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for blind people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria. The alarms produce a wide ran

22、ge of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the sound is coming from. Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be heard by humans. “It is a burst of white noise that people say sounds like static on the radio,” she says. “Its life-sa

23、ving potential is great.” She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of a large smoke-filled room. It took them nearly four minutes to find the door without a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one. Withington studies how the

24、brain processes sounds at the university. She says that the source of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms based on the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles. The alarms will also include rising or falling frequen

25、cies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs. They were developed with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels. 第六篇Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely(遠(yuǎn)程制止偷車賊) Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The c

26、ar is fitted with a remote immobilizer, and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be able to start it again. For now, such devices are only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction site

27、s. But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle down to ordinary cars, and should be available to ordinary cars in the UK in two months. The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car incorporates a miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellite

28、positioning receiver. If the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle’s engine management system and prevent the engine being restarted. There are even plans for immobilizers that shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implicati

29、ons of such a system. In the UK, an array of technical fixes is already making life harder for car thieves. “The pattern of vehicles crime has changed,” says Martyn Rand all of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part by the motor insurance industry. He

30、says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a novice how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old. Modern cars are a far tougher proposition, as their engine management computer will not allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID c

31、ode beamed out by the ignition key. In the UK, technologies like this have helped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997. But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owner’s keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per ce

32、nt of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken by using the owner’s keys, which doubles the previous year’s figure. Remote-controlled immobilization system would put a major new obstacle in the criminal’s way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance compani

33、es and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the customer expects. 第七篇An Intelligent Car(智能汽車) Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. Many human drivers have all these and c

34、an control a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself? There is a virtual driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has “eyes”, “brains”, “hands” and “feet”, too. The minicameras on each side of the car are his “eyes”, which observe the road conditions ahead of it. They wa

35、tch the traffic to the car’s left and right. There is also a highly automatic driving system in the car. It is the built-in computer, which is the virtual driver’s “brain”. His “brain” calculates the speeds of other moving cars near it and analyzes their positions. Basing on this information, it cho

36、oses the right path for the intelligent car, and gives instructions to the “hands” and “feet” to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual driver controls his car. What is the virtual driver’s best advantage? He reacts quickly. The minicameras are sending images continuously to the “brain.” It comp

37、letes the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds. However, the world’s best driver at least needs one second to react. Besides, when he takes action, he needs one more second. The virtual driver is really wonderful. He can reduce the accident rate considerably on expressways. In this case

38、, can we let him have the wheel at any time and in amy place? Experts warn that we cannot do that just yet. His ability to recognize things is still limited . He can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways. 第九篇Wonder Webs(奇妙的網(wǎng)) Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps

39、. And the world’s best web spinner may be the Golden Orb Weaver spider. The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prey, yet tough enough to snare a flying bird without breaking. The secret of the web’s strength? A type of super-resilient silk called dragline.

40、 When the female spider is ready to weave the web’s spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along it to spin the web’s trademark spiral. Unlike some spiders that weave a new w

41、eb every day, a Golden Orb Weaver reuses her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years. The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made material used in bullet-proof vests. An

42、d thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original length and snap back as well as new. No human-made fiber even comes close. It is no wonder manufacturers are clamori

43、ng for spider silk. In the consumer pipeline: high-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run. Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steady supply of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars – but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not wo

44、rk because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors. Now, scientists at the biotechnology company Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after Golden Orb dragline. The first step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells

45、. The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their milk. “The young goats pass on the silk-making gene without any help from us,” says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner. Nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snag

46、ging customers as fast as the real thing snags bugs. 第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul:Comfort Food Fights Lneliness（心靈雞湯：爽心食品排解孤獨(dú)感） Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries， but according to a study in Psychological Science, they’re good for your heart and emotions ．The s

47、tudy focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel． "For me personally ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabri

48、el．It has looked at non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their favorite TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect

49、 by making people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each gr

50、oup wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．Finally ,the researchers had participants complete questions about their levels of loneliness． Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally secu

51、re in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．"In their essays on comf

52、ort food, many people wrote about the experience of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it. Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our connections with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．