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1、第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep All we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when you wake，when you eat and when you sleep. Somewhere around puberty，something

2、happens in the timing of the biological clock. The clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you its time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your comput

3、er screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later. This shift4 is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your bodys clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems

4、，too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they dont get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7 .It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn. But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset. In fact，it au

5、tomatically resets itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes. Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the bodys c

6、lock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see. But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether its day or night. 詞匯： circadian/s3:keidi?n/ adj. 晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的 adolescent

7、/d?ules?nt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的 puberty/ pju:b?ti/ n．發(fā)育；青春期 sync/si?k/ n. （口語）同步；和諧，協(xié)調(diào) synchronize/si?kr?naiz / V.（使）同時發(fā)生；（使）同步 注釋： 1.make light of ：輕視，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements．我們不應(yīng)當?shù)凸浪麄兊某删汀? 2. your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains ，也即是第二段第一句

8、中的the biological clock （生物鐘）。 3. stay up：不睡覺，熬夜 4. This shift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時間的變化青少年上床時間越來越晚的現(xiàn) 象。 5. get your bodys clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時間循環(huán)之間的平衡 6. gray cloud ：提不起精神的狀態(tài) 7. Brown University in Providence， RI：位于美國羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學。RI是Rhode Island（羅得島）的

9、首字母縮寫；Providence 是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學是美國一流大學， 創(chuàng)建于1764 年，是世界聞名的美國“常春藤聯(lián)盟”（還包括哈佛大學、耶魯大學、普林斯頓大學、布朗大學、哥倫比亞大學、賓夕法尼亞大學、達特茅斯大學和康奈爾大學）中的一員。 8. the signals that synchronize the bodys clock：平衡生物鐘的光信號 練習： 1 .The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock because A it controls when we

10、wake，when we eat and when we sleep. B it has a cycle of 24 hours. C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm. D it can alarm any time during 24 hours. 2. What is implied in the second paragraph? A Young childrens biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers. B People after

11、 puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock. C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents. D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen. 3. In the third paragraph the author wants to te

12、ll the reader that A it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late. B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers ability to think and learn. C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud. D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning. 4. Which of

13、 the following statements is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs? A Our biological clock resets itself automatically. B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock. C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically. D Our internal clock，

14、like the alarm clock，can be reset. 5. According to the last two paragraphs， what did the previous researchers think about the human eyes light-sensing system? A The human eye had two light-sensing systems. B The human eye had one light-sensing system. C The human eye could sense the light of day

15、 more quickly than the dark of night. D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks. 答案與題解： 1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside our Brains。 2. C 第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過了青春期（puberty），由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡幾小時。所以C

16、是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。 3. B 第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。 4. C 根據(jù)第四和第五段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時間，但生物鐘能通過眼睛接 受的日光來自動調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因為鬧鐘不能自動重新設(shè)定時間。 5.B 問題使用的是過去時，問的是研究者在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)（recent discoveries）之前對眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認識，即，the signals that synchronize the bodys clock were handled through the same pathways that we use to see

17、（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系 統(tǒng)），也就是說，研究者之前認為人類的眼睛只有一個感光系統(tǒng)。但最新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個感光系統(tǒng)。 第十九篇 Graphenes Superstrength1 Big technology comes in tiny packages. New cell phones and personal computers get smaller every year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside. Engin

18、eers are looking for creative ways to build these components，and theyve turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2 material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics. This years Nobel Prize for Physics3 has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov from the University of Man

19、chester4，UK. for the discovery of graphene. Graphene isnt just small, its“the thinnest possible material in this world，” says Novoselov. He calls it a“wonder material. ”Its so thin that you would need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper. If

20、you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers5，youd have no idea because you wouldnt be able to see it. Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Every known kind of life contains carbon. Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick. You dont have to look far to

21、 find grapheme —its all around you. If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesive tape. Use the pencil to shade a small area on the paper, and then apply a small piece of adhesive tape over the area7. When you pull up the tape，youll see that it pulls

22、 up a thin layer of some of the shading from your pencil. That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world. Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up —there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper. Now imagine that you

23、 do this over and over，until you get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper. This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldnt be able to see it. Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，youve found graphene. 詞匯： graphene/ grfi:n/

24、n．石墨烯 abundant/?’b?nd?nt / adj．豐富的，充裕的 atom/ t?m/n．原子 adhesive/ ?dhi:siv/ n．膠粘劑； adj. 黏著的 stack/stk/ v．使成堆，堆放 graphite / grfait / n．石墨 注釋： 1. superstrength：超強的力量。該詞是一個合成詞，由兩部分組成， super（超級的）和strength （力量）。 2. superthin：超薄。見注釋1。 3. Nobel Prize for Physics ：諾貝爾物理學獎 4. the University of Manc

25、hester：曼徹斯特大學。這是一所位于英國曼徹斯特市的公立研究型大學，創(chuàng)建于1851 年。 5. If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers：句子使用的是虛擬語氣，因為不可能將幾乎肉眼看不到的石墨烯放在指尖上。 6. wonderstuff：神奇物。該詞為合成詞，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（東西）兩個詞構(gòu)成。 wonderstuff 指的是第二段提到的wonder material。 7. apply a small piece of adhesive tape over… ：將一小片膠帶敷在……上。

26、練習： 1 .What would change the future of electronics according to engineers? A Big technology. B Creative ways. C Graphene. D Both A and B. 2. According to the second and third paragraphs，what is true of graphene? A It can be used to make paper. B It is possible to see it with our naked

27、eye. C It is easy to find graphene. D It is possibly the thickest material in the world. 3. Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply”in paragraph 4? A request. B polish. C use. D put. 4. Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs? A Graphene i

28、s made of graphite，one of the softest materials in the world. B Graphite is made of layers of graphene，the thinnest material in the world. C When we get to the thinnest possible layer of graphite，we find graphene. D With a pencil，a sheet of paper and a piece of adhesive tape，we can find graphe

29、ne. 5. Graphenes superstrength lies in the fact that A It is the thinnest material in the world. B It is made of the most abundant elements in the world. C It can help to make electronic components smaller. D It helps engineers to produce more sensitive electronic products. 答案與題解： 1. C

30、 第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程師將眼光投向石墨烯，一種由碳原子組成的超薄材料， 這種材料能夠改變電子產(chǎn)品的未來。 2.C 第二段倒數(shù)第二句告訴我們，25,000 層石墨烯才能堆砌成一張普通白紙的厚度，這是為了說明石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是說它可以用來造紙，所以A不是正確答案。第三段最后一句說明石墨烯就在我們周圍，因此C是答案。B和D的表述內(nèi)容都與該兩段內(nèi)容不符合。 3.D apply... over：將……涂（敷）在……上。 4.A 最后兩段告訴我們，用一張紙，一支鉛筆和一片膠帶就能找到石墨烯；無數(shù)層石墨烯構(gòu)成石墨，當鉛筆留在紙上的石墨被膠帶剝離到最薄一層時，我們就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后兩段的表述內(nèi)容。 5. C 第一段提供了答案。隨著電子產(chǎn)品越來越小，需要更小的電子組件（components) ，而石墨烯作為最薄的材料可以幫助工程師實現(xiàn)這一目標。這就是石墨烯力量所在。