CA6140車床831004車床法蘭盤機(jī)加工工藝和鉆φ4孔專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)【17】,17,CA6140,車床,831004,法蘭盤,加工,工藝,專用,夾具,設(shè)計(jì) 機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)與企業(yè)發(fā)展 　機(jī)械制造加工企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)過程是把原材料和半成品變成成品的一系列過程的總稱。要生產(chǎn)一種新產(chǎn)品,必須進(jìn)行一系列的工作,其中包括產(chǎn)品的圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)的組織準(zhǔn)備和技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備、原材料及外購件及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的供應(yīng)、毛坯的制造(鑄造及鍛造等) 、零件的機(jī)械加工和熱處理以及裝配等。在工廠的生產(chǎn)過程中占重要地位的是工藝過程。它一般包括鍛壓、鑄造、沖壓、焊接、機(jī)械加工、熱處理、裝配和試驗(yàn)等。 由于加工條件和加工方法的區(qū)別,任何零、部件的工藝過程是多種多樣的。如果確定了其中最合理的一個(gè)工藝過程,將其有關(guān)內(nèi)容用表格文字形式表示,也稱作工藝規(guī)程。機(jī)械制造工業(yè)中,根據(jù)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的大小不同,一般可分三種生產(chǎn)類型:即單件生產(chǎn)、成批生產(chǎn)和大量生產(chǎn)。 (1) 單件生產(chǎn)。單個(gè)制造不同結(jié)構(gòu)類型和尺寸的產(chǎn)品,或者是數(shù)量較少,并且很少重復(fù)制造生產(chǎn),如非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備、專業(yè)生產(chǎn)流水線,科研試制產(chǎn)品及個(gè)別零、配件的制造。此種工藝過程較為簡(jiǎn)單,一般只有工藝過程卡。 (2)成批生產(chǎn)。成批量制造相同的零件的生產(chǎn)過程。每批所制造的相同零件的數(shù)量稱為批量。成批量生產(chǎn)又分小批量生產(chǎn)、中批量生產(chǎn)和大批量生產(chǎn)三種。小批量生產(chǎn)在工藝上接近于單件生產(chǎn),大批量生產(chǎn)在工藝上接近于大量生產(chǎn),中批量生產(chǎn)介于單件生產(chǎn)和大量生產(chǎn)之間,一般要有工藝過程卡,重點(diǎn)工序要有工序卡。 (3) 大量生產(chǎn)。每年生產(chǎn)制造相同的產(chǎn)品,產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量很多,大多數(shù)生產(chǎn)區(qū)域及工作地點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是重復(fù)地進(jìn)行某一種零件的某一道工序,這種生產(chǎn)過程稱為大量生產(chǎn)。此種生產(chǎn)過程的工藝文件比較詳細(xì),每道工序都有工序卡。 不同的生產(chǎn)類型,要求生產(chǎn)組織、生產(chǎn)管理、車間布置、毛坯、設(shè)備、工具和加工方法等方面也有所不同。因而所有加工企業(yè)都非常重視工藝流程的設(shè)計(jì)。因?yàn)檫@不僅僅代表一個(gè)企業(yè)的技術(shù)發(fā)展水平,而且對(duì)提高企業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率、降低生產(chǎn)成本起到至關(guān)重要的作用。隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的廣泛推廣應(yīng)用,目前許多企業(yè)的工藝人員已研制開發(fā)出機(jī)械制造工藝的軟件,以使制造工藝過程更加科學(xué)。 機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)是機(jī)械行業(yè)的一項(xiàng)經(jīng)常性技術(shù)工作,設(shè)計(jì)過程中要求綜合考慮加工質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的影響。在實(shí)際工作中,很多技術(shù)人員片面強(qiáng)調(diào)加工質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率,忽略了經(jīng)濟(jì)性,導(dǎo)致設(shè)計(jì)出的工藝方案加工質(zhì)量很好,生產(chǎn)效率很高,但經(jīng)濟(jì)效益很差的情況。因此有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)一下經(jīng)濟(jì)性的觀點(diǎn),在進(jìn)行工藝設(shè)計(jì)過程中做到必要的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析。因此在制訂零件加工的工藝方案時(shí),在保證加工質(zhì)量的前提下,我們可以提出多種工藝方案。通過對(duì)方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析來幫助我們確定出技術(shù)上先進(jìn),經(jīng)濟(jì)上合理的方案來。工藝技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的方法,對(duì)一般零件可利用各種技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo),如:每條生產(chǎn)線的年產(chǎn)量、每臺(tái)機(jī)床的年產(chǎn)量、每個(gè)工人的年產(chǎn)量、每平方米生產(chǎn)面積的年產(chǎn)量、材料利用率、設(shè)備負(fù)荷率等,對(duì)各種方案予以評(píng)價(jià);對(duì)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)較大的:要通過工藝成本估算和基本投資情況予以評(píng)定。工藝成本的組成及計(jì)算生產(chǎn)成本是制造一個(gè)零件所需費(fèi)用的總和,其中,約75 %是與工藝過程直接有關(guān)的生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用,稱為工藝成本,在比較不同工藝方案的經(jīng)濟(jì)性時(shí),只需分析工藝成本即可,工藝成本由可變費(fèi)用和不變費(fèi)用兩部分組成?？勺冑M(fèi)用是與年產(chǎn)量有關(guān)并與之成正比例的費(fèi)用,包括材料費(fèi)、工人工資、電費(fèi)、通用機(jī)床折舊率和維修費(fèi)、通用夾具和刀具費(fèi)等;不變費(fèi)用是與年產(chǎn)量無直接關(guān)系的費(fèi)用,包括調(diào)整工人的工資、專用機(jī)床折舊費(fèi)和維修費(fèi)、專用刀具和夾具費(fèi)等。工藝技術(shù)與信息技術(shù)、管理技術(shù)緊密結(jié)合,使先進(jìn)制造生產(chǎn)模式獲得不斷發(fā)展,反過來它也影響并促進(jìn)機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)的不斷革新。 企業(yè)是靠效益求生存靠質(zhì)量求發(fā)展,所以質(zhì)量是企業(yè)發(fā)展的核心亦始終是機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)的中心,機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)的發(fā)展首先要圍繞解決產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量問題,我們常說降低成本,而圍繞質(zhì)量加強(qiáng)機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)和管理是降低成本的最佳技術(shù)路線,如果甩開質(zhì)量,甩開機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)和管理去降低成本,那不可能是最佳路線,所以質(zhì)量是機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)工作中非常重要的中心環(huán)節(jié),是機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)工作者應(yīng)首先考慮的問題。無論是采用先進(jìn)的制造技術(shù)還是技術(shù)改造,離開質(zhì)量為重點(diǎn)的機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)改造是失敗的技術(shù)改造,質(zhì)量應(yīng)該成為機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)工作中首先要保證的,這樣機(jī)械制造工藝技術(shù)工作才可能健康發(fā)展,從而使整個(gè)企業(yè)不斷發(fā)展壯大 The machine manufacture processing technology and the enterprise develop The machine manufacture processes the enterprise the production process is turns raw material and the half-finished product the end product a series of processes always to call. Must produce one new product,Must carry on a series of work,In which including product blueprint design, production organization preparation and technical preparation, raw material and outsourcing and standard letter supply, semifinished materials manufacture (casting and forging and so on), components machine-finishing and heat treatment as well as assembly and so on. Occupies the important status in the factory production process is the technological process. It includes the forging and stamping, the casting, the ramming, the welding, the machine-finishing, the heat treatment, the assembly and the experiment generally and so on. As a result of processing condition and processing method difference,Any zero, the part technological process is many and varied. If has determined a most reasonable technological process,Indicated its related content with the form writing form,Also is called as the technological process. In machine manufacture industry,Is different according to the scale of production size,General separable three kind of production type:Namely piecework, mass productions and mass productions. (1) Piecework. Makes the different structure type and the size product individually,Or is quantity are few,And very little redundant manufacture production,If non-standard equipment, specialized production assembly line,Scientific research trial manufacturing product and individual zero, fitting manufacture. This technological process is simple,Generally only then technological process card. (2) Mass productions. Measures the manufacture same components in groups the production process. Each batch of institutes make identical part quantity is called the batch. Measures the production to divide the small batch production in groups, the volume production and the mass produces three kinds. The small batch production approaches in the craft in the piecework,The mass production approaches in the craft in the mass productions,The volume production is situated between between the piecework and the mass productions,Must have the technological process card generally,The key working procedure must have the travel chart. (3) Mass productions. Every year manufacturing same product,Product quantity are very many,The majority production region and the operating location are frequently repeatedly carry on some kind of components some working procedure,This kind of production process is called the mass productions. This kind of production process technological document quite is detailed,Each working procedure all has the travel chart. Different production type,Request aspects and so on production organization, production management, workshop arrangement, semifinished materials, equipment, tool and processing method also differ from. Thus all processing enterprise all extremely takes the technical process the design. Because this represents an enterprise not merely the state-of-art,Moreover to enhances the enterprise production efficiency, reduces the production cost to play the very important role. Along with modern science and technology development and computer technology widespread promoted application,At present many enterprise's craft personnel have developed develop the machine manufacture craft the software,Causes the manufacture technological process to be more scientific. The machine manufacture technological design is a mechanical profession regular technical work,In the design process requests the overall evaluation processing quality, the production efficiency and the efficient influence. In practical work,The very many technical personnel lays undue stress on the processing quality, the production efficiency,Has neglected the efficiency,Causes the craft plan processing quality which designs to be very good,The production efficiency is very high,But economic efficiency very bad situation. Therefore has the necessity to emphasize the efficient viewpoint In carries on in the technological design process to achieve the essential technical economic analysis. Therefore in time making components processing craft plan,In under guarantee processing quality premise,We may propose many kinds of craft plan. Through helps us to the plan technical economic analysis to determine in the technology advanced,In the economy the reasonable plan comes. Processing technology economic analysis method,May use each kind of technical economic indicator to the general components,For example:Each production line annual output, each engine bed annual output, each worker's annual output, each square meter producing area annual output, material use factor, equipment load factor and so on,Appraises to each kind of plan;To produces the guiding principle in a big way:Must evaluates through the craft cost estimate and the capital investment situation. The craft cost composition and the computation production cost is makes components to need the expense the sum total,Among them,75% is approximately and the technological process direct related production cost,Is called the craft cost,When quite different craft plan efficiency,Only must analyze the craft cost then, The craft cost is composed by the variable cost and the invariable expense two parts. The variable cost is related and becomes the proportion with the annual output with it the expense,Including the materials expenses, the worker wages, the electrical bill, the general engine bed depreciation rate and the maintenance cost, the general jig and the cutting tool spend and so on;The invariable expense is and the annual output not direct relations expense,Including adjusts worker's wages, the special purpose machine amortization fund and the maintenance cost, the special-purpose cutting tool and the jig spends and so on. Processing technology and information technology, management technology close union,Causes the advanced manufacture production pattern to obtain develops unceasingly,In turn it also affects and promotes the machine manufacture processing technology unceasing innovation. The enterprise is depends on the benefit to strive for the survival to depend on the quality to strive for the development,Therefore the quality is the core which the enterprise develops also throughout is the machine manufacture processing technology center,The machine manufacture processing technology development first must revolve the solution product the quality question,We often said reduces the cost,But revolves the quality to strengthen the machine manufacture processing technology and the management is reduces the cost the best technical route,If casts off the quality,Casts off the machine manufacture processing technology and manages reduces the cost,That not impossible is the best route,Therefore the quality is in the machine manufacture processing technology work the extremely important center link,Is question which the machine manufacture processing technology worker should first consider. Regardless of is uses the advanced technique of manufacture or the technological transformations,Leaves the quality for the key machine manufacture processing technology transformation is the defeat technological transformations,The quality should become in the machine manufacture processing technology work first to need to guarantee,Such machine manufacture processing technology work only then is possible the healthy development,Thus makes the entire enterprise to grow strong unceasingly