60T修井作業(yè)自動卡瓦設(shè)計【SW三維】,SW三維,60,作業(yè),自動,設(shè)計,SW,三維 大慶石油學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文） - 1 - APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR HANDLING PIPE Referring to Figures 1 to 13, there is shown an apparatus of the present invention generally identified by the reference numeral 1. In the art of handling pipes on a drilling rig, the apparatus 1 is often referred to as an "elevator". The elevator 1 comprises a part cylindrical body 2 having lifting ears 3 and 4 arranged on opposing sides of the housing 2 for connection to a pair of bails 5, as shown in Figure 14. Doors 6 and 7 are hinged to the body 2 on hinge pins 8 and 9. A latch 10 is provided to latch the two doors 6 and 7 together to inhibit the doors 6 and 7 from inadvertent opening due to operational mechanical shocks. The body 2 has a part frusto-conical inner surface 11 which tapers inwardly from the top to the bottom of the body 2 at an angle of approximately ten degrees from vertical to define an open throat 12, see Figures 1 and 10. From Figure 7 it can be seen that the part frusto- conical inner surface 11 subtends approximately one hundred and eighty degrees. The doors 6 and 7 each have a part frusto-conical inner surface 13 and 14 which taper inwardly from the top to the bottom at an angle of approximately ten degrees from vertical. The part frusto- conical inner surface 13 and 14 each subtend slightly less than quarter of a circle, approximately eighty-four degrees. When the doors 6 and 7 are closed, a substantially complete frusto-conical surface is defined. The complete frusto-conical surface may taper from top to bottom along a straight path, or may have a slight convex or concave curvature. The complete frusto-conical surface 11, 13 and 14 is commonly referred to as a "bowl". As can be seen from Figure 2, four slips 15, 16, 17 and 18 are provided in and line the frusto-conical surfaces 11, 13 and 14. Each slip subtends slightly less than ninety degrees in their operating positions. Two of the slips 15 and 17 are arranged on the part frusto- conical inner-surface 11 of the body 2 and each of the other two slips 16 and 17 is arranged on each part of frusto-conical inner surfaces 13 and 14 of each door 6 and 7. Each slip 15 to 18 has a part frusto-conical outer surface 19 to 22, which substantially corresponds with the frusto-conical inner surfaces 11, 13 and 14, when the slips 15 to 18 are located in a set position. The slips 15 are moveable along the part frusto-conical inner surface 11 to selectively engage (set) and disengage (unset) a pipe (not shown) in the throat 12 of the elevator 1. The slips 15 to 18 are each provided with a mechanism A, B, C, D for maintaining the slips 15 to 18 in an unset position. Mechanism A will be described for slip 15, although it will be understood that the slips 16, 17 and 18 and the mechanisms therefor are generally similar. Referring to Figures 9, in which slip 15 is shown in an unset position and Figure 10 in which the slips 15 and 16 are removed, slip 15 has an upper lug 23 and a lower lug 24 located on a frusto-conical outer surface 19. The upper lug 23 and lower lug 24 are in vertical alignment and have holes, the centres of which align with a line parallel to the part frusto-conical outer wall 19. The upper lug 23 and lower lug 24 are slidably arranged on a pin 25. The pin 25 is arranged in a recess 26 in the part frusto-conical inner surface 11 and lies substantially parallel therewith and is retained in a hole in a lower projection 27 and in a hole in an upper projection 28 of the body 2. The lower lug 24 of the slip 15 is arranged on the pin 25 beneath the projection 27 and the upper lug 23 of the slip 15 is arranged between the lower and upper projections 27 and 28. A spring 29 is arranged about the pin 25 and a sleeve 30 between the lower projection 27 and a lip 31 on the upper end of the sleeve 30 on which upper lug 23 seats. The sleeve 30 has a back portion 32, the top of which sits against the bottom of a small groove 32a. The spring 29 biases the back portion 32 of the sleeve 30 against the bottom of the small groove 32. The back portion 32, the upper projection 27 and the lip 31 define an opening and the distance between the upper projection 27 and the lip 31 is slightly larger than the upper lug 23, such that the upper lug can slide into and out of the opening. The spring force in the coiled spring 29 is greater than the weight of the slip, thus the spring 29 maintains the slip 15 in a raised, unset, disengaged position. The pin 25 is slideably removable from the hole in the lower projection 27, through the spring 29, sleeve 30 and upper projection 28. By removing the pin 25, the slip 15 can be removed and changed for a different slip of the same type or size, or a slip of a different size suitable for handling pipe of a different diameter or a pipe of a different kind, such as premium tubular, which might require pipe engaging teeth of a different kind to reduce the possibility of damage to the surface of the tubular. The pin 25 is then slid back through upper projection 28, sleeve 30, spring 29 and lower projection 27. The pin 25 may be threaded to threadedly engage the upper or lower lugs 27 and 28, or may have a smooth interference fit surface or may be a loose fit and may be prevent from falling out lugs 27 and 28 by a member lying over the top of the pin 25. Each slip 15 to 18 is provided with a top projection 15a, 17a and (not shown) with a hole therein to facilitate removal and replacement. For an elevator 1 as described herein, the slips 15 to 18 can be exchanged for one of six different sizes for handling pipe sizes between 2.3/8" - 2.7/8". For the first size set of slips, 2.7/8" - 3.1/2" for the second size set of slips, 3.1/2" - 4.1/2" for the third size set of slips, 4.1/2" - 5.1/2" for the fourth size set of slips, 5.5/8" - 6.5/8" for the fifth size set of slips and 6.5/8" - 7.5/8" for the sixth size set of slips. The elevator 1 is preferably suitable for holding pipe string loads of 227 tonnes (250 short tons) and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) . The slip 15 has a solid body, which may be made of any material suitable for resisting compression forces of in excess of 227 Tonnes (250 short tons) and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) or more. The solid body has three grooves 33, 34, 35 therein running from top to bottom, as shown in Figure 5. The grooves 33, 34, 35 converge towards the lower end. Inserts 36, 37, 38 which correspondingly converge towards a lower end, are slid into corresponding grooves 33, 34, 35. The inserts have a pipe engaging surface 39, which may be any suitable finish or material, such as tungsten carbide particles, diamond particles, metallic teeth, or any material which resists slippage. A pipe to be handled is offered up to the elevator 1 when the doors 6 and 7 of the elevator 1 are open. Referring to Figures 3 and 7, to open the doors 6 and 7, the latch 10 is released. The latch 10 comprises a locking bar 58 on upper and lower arms 59 and 60 which are hinged with a hinge pin 61 to door 6. A curved linkage arm 62 is located in a recess 63 in the door 6. The curved linkage arm 62 has two opposed ends, one end linked to the lower arm 60, off-centre from the hinge pin 61 and the other end to a bearing 64 freely rotatable around hinge pin 8 of door 6. A further linkage arm 65 is located in an opening 66 in the body 2 of the elevator 1 extending from the front of the elevator 1 to the back of the elevator 1 past the lifting ear 3. The further linkage arm 65 has two opposed ends one linked to the bearing 64 and the other to an elbow linkage 67 which is linked to a piston 68 of a double acting piston and cylinder 69, as shown in Figure 4. Upon hydraulic fluid pressure increasing in an annulus 68a behind the piston 68 in the cylinder 68 and/or decreasing in a chamber 68b in front of the piston 68, the piston 68 retracts pulling elbow linkage 67 and linkage arm 65 to rotate bearing 64 and pull the curved linkage arm 62 to rotate the latch 10 about the hinge pin 61 to unlatch the latching locking bar 58 from engagement with a catch 71 on the door 7. The doors 6 and 7 are then opened. Linkage arms 72 and 73 each have two opposed ends and are arranged in openings which pass from the front to the back of elevator 1. One end of the linkage arm 72 and 73 is located in a recess 74 and 75 and attached to their respective doors 6 and 7 at a point which is offset from the hinge pins 8 and 9. The other end of each linkage arms 72 and 73 is attached to an elbow linkage 76 and 77 respectively, which are rotatable about pins 78 and 79. The other end of elbow linkages 76 and 77 are attached to piston and cylinder 80. An upstand 81 is slideably arranged in fingers 82 to allow the piton and cylinder 80 to move longitudinally. Upon hydraulic fluid pressure increasing in an annulus 83 behind the piston head, the piston 84 retracts into the cylinder 85 which pulls the ends of elbow linkages 76 and 77 to rotate the elbow linkages about pins 78 and 79, which transfer a the pulling force into a pushing force on linkage arms 72 and 73 to open the doors 6 and 7. A pipe is swung into or offered up to, or the elevator 1 is offered up to the pipe, through the open doors 6 and 7 into the throat 12 of the elevator 1 and abuts the buffer 57 of the pipe guide arranged in the U- shaped cut-out 56 in the cover 53. The doors 6 and 7 are closed by raising the pressure in a chamber 86 and/or lowering the pressure of the hydraulic fluid in the annulus 83 of piston and cylinder 80, which extends the piston 84 and moves the piston 84 to the left when referring to Figure 4 and the cylinder 85 moves to the right, both the piston 84 and cylinder 85 moving longitudinally, which pushes the ends of elbow linkages 76 and 77 to rotate the elbow linkages about pins 78 and 79, which transfers the pushing force into a pulling force on linkage arms 72 and 73 to close the doors 6 and 7 about the pipe. As shown in Figure 5, plastics material or metal, preferably a soft ductile metal, buffers 86 and 87 is provided on the edge of a curved cut-out 88 and 89 on cover plates 90 and 91 located on the top surface of the doors 6 and 7. The buffers 86 and 87 act as a pipe guide to facilitate the locating a pipe into the throat 12 of the elevator 1 upon closing the doors 6 and 7. The buffers 86 and 87 are bolted to cover plates 90 and 91. Buffers 92, 93 and 94 are provided on the underside of the elevator 1 in cover plates 95, 96 and 97, as shown in Figure 6. The doors 6 and 7 take a substantial portion of the weight of the pipe and are thus built to withstand 227 tonnes (250 short tons) of force and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) and 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) . The latch maintains the doors 6 and 7 closed, and thus must be substantial- and withstand the spreading force of the slips as they engage the pipe. The latch 10 is built to withstand 227 tonnes (250 short tons) of force and in other embodiments 454 tonnes (500 short tons) , 681 tonnes (750 short tons) and 907 tonnes (1000 short tons) in tension between the doors 6 and 7. Referring to Figure 3, the lifting ears 3 and 4 comprise lower lugs 98 and 99 and upper shoulder 98a and 99a integral with or welded to the body 2. Curved locking arms 98b and 99b are attached at either ends with pins, so that the curved locking arms 98b and 99b can be removed. Curved locking arm 98b has an integral lug 98c and a slot 99d therein for receiving a mechanism for tilting the elevator whilst attached to the bails 5 of a top drive (not shown) . The tilting mechanism is sold by BJVarco and is used in conjunction with the state of art BX elevator currently available. Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 17. 圖1 圖3 圖2 圖4 圖5 圖 6 圖7 圖 8 圖 9 圖 10 圖 11 圖 12 圖 13 吊卡專利 通過視圖1Referring to Figures 1 to 13, there is shown an apparatus of the present invention generally identified by the reference numeral 1.通過111至視圖13中，對專利機(jī)構(gòu)詳細(xì)的介紹，顯示出這些儀器的發(fā)明一般可通過參考示圖1來實現(xiàn)。這種在鉆井工藝中起提放管柱作用的機(jī)構(gòu)，我們通常稱之為吊卡。圖1所示的吊卡是一個兩側(cè)分別帶有吊耳3和4的圓柱體，從圖14中我們可以看出吊耳3，4是用來將吊卡的主體部分與吊環(huán)連接在一起的零件。開門裝置6，7通過銷8，9鉸鏈連接在吊卡主體2上。自鎖裝置10提供兩個插銷，用來將門6，7鎖在一起，以防止由于機(jī)械裝置的振動引起的開門裝置6，7的意外打開。 從圖1和圖10中我們可以看出。吊卡主體2有一個圓錐內(nèi)表面11，其逐漸從頂部向底部的方向與垂直方向成10度角。從圖7中我們可以看出部分圓錐內(nèi)表面相對接近180度。開門裝置6和7都有一個這樣的與垂直方向成10度角的圓錐內(nèi)表面13和14。部分圓錐內(nèi)表面13和14相對于那些弧度小于四分之一圓的圓弧，其角度大約為84度。當(dāng)開門裝置6和7關(guān)閉時，一個完整的圓錐內(nèi)表面就被確定了。完整的圓錐內(nèi)表面可能是自上而下按一定比例縮小的直線路徑，或可能有輕微的凸或凹的曲率。完整的圓錐內(nèi)表面11，13和14通常被稱為一個“碗”。 從視圖二中我們能看到四個滑塊15，16，17，18分布在圓錐表面11，13，14上。每個滑塊在其工作位置上的相對位置角度略小于90度。滑塊15，17安裝在吊卡主體2的部分圓錐內(nèi)表面11上?；瑝K16，17分別安裝在另外兩個開門裝置6，7的圓錐內(nèi)表面13，14上。每個滑塊15，16，17，18各有一部分圓錐外表面19，20，21，22，當(dāng)滑塊15，16，17和18位于合適的安裝位置時，圓錐外表面19，20，21和22與圓錐內(nèi)表面11，13和14是及其符合的?；瑝K15可以沿著圓錐內(nèi)表面11移動，來選擇性的進(jìn)行固定和脫離機(jī)構(gòu)1的卡喉12中的管柱。滑塊15，16，17，18是通過機(jī)構(gòu)裝置A,B,C,D來確定它們的移動位置。機(jī)構(gòu)A與滑塊15相對應(yīng)，盡管實際上它與滑塊16，17，18的裝置大體相似。圖9中，滑塊15位于一個移動位置，且在圖10中，滑塊15和16是被省略掉的?；瑝K15中有上部耳狀物和下部耳狀物位于圓錐外表面19上。上部耳狀物23和下部耳狀物24垂直排列，并有洞，該中心的配合線平行于圓錐外表面19。這兩個耳狀物23和24是連在銷25上的。銷25是安裝在圓錐內(nèi)表面11的凸壁26上的，且位置相互平行，并在較低的位置開了一個孔，銷25被固定于機(jī)構(gòu)2的上體孔28和下體孔27之間?；瑝K15的下部耳狀物24位于銷25之上，下體孔27之下，同樣的，滑塊15的上部耳狀物23位于上下體孔27和28之間。彈簧裝置29安裝的銷25和套筒30之間，下到27的下部分，上到套筒30的邊緣31。套筒30的后部32，其頂部支撐最核心的位置是底部的一個銷溝槽32a。套筒29靠在套筒30的后部32上，支撐在小溝槽32的底部。后部32，體27的上部分和邊緣31一起確定一個開口，并且當(dāng)其之間的距離大于上部耳狀物23是，上部耳狀物就能夠滑進(jìn)滑出了。彈簧29的張力大于滑塊的重量，因此彈簧29能夠保證滑塊15的上升，移動和固定。 銷25是從洞的下體孔27通過彈簧29、套筒30和上體孔28卸除的。通過卸除銷25 ，滑塊15可以刪除和更改為不同類型或規(guī)格的滑塊，不同的規(guī)格適合處理不同直徑的管柱或不同類型的管柱，如管，這可能需要選取不同類型的管牙，以盡可能的減少管柱表面的損失。銷25然后通過上體孔28放回到套筒30， 彈簧29和下體孔27 。銷25也許是通過線程來參與到下體孔27和上體孔28的中的，并可由一個安防在上方的銷25 防止從上下體孔中滑落。每個滑塊15，16，17和18是提供一個頂級的體15，17A和（未顯示）有一個洞，以促進(jìn)撤換. 對于上面所描述的吊卡，滑塊15，16，17，18能夠更換六種不同直徑的套管，第一類滑塊針對管徑從2.3∕8〃到2.7∕8〃，第二類滑塊針對管徑從2.7∕8〃到3.1∕2〃，第三類滑塊針對管徑從3.1∕2〃到4.1∕2〃，第四類滑塊針對管徑從4.1∕2〃到5.1∕2〃，第五類滑塊針對管徑從5.5∕8〃到6.5∕8〃，第六類滑塊針對管徑從6.5∕8〃到7.5∕8〃。吊卡1比較適合的負(fù)載是227-250噸，還可以負(fù)載454-500噸，681-750噸，907-1000噸。 滑塊15具有一個較為堅實的機(jī)構(gòu)，這可能是由多種材料制成的抗壓縮能力達(dá)到了227萬噸到250短噸，其他的也能達(dá)到454噸到500噸，681噸到750噸，907噸到1000噸以上。這個堅實的機(jī)構(gòu)有三個槽33，34，35，它們?nèi)鐖D5中所示，自上而下的運行。凹槽33 ，34 ，35位于機(jī)構(gòu)的較低處。插入裝置36，37，38分別向相應(yīng)的低處靠攏，同時滑向相對應(yīng)的凹槽33，34 ，35 。對于牙尖與管柱表面39 ，可能適合完成這個運動的材料，如碳化鎢顆粒，金剛石顆粒，金屬牙齒，或任何能夠抗壓縮的材料。 當(dāng)?shù)蹩ǖ拈T6，7打開，管柱就被吊卡卡住。從視圖一到視圖七，我們能夠看到自鎖裝置10打開，然后門6，7打開。自鎖裝置10是由鎖銷58組成的。鎖銷58的上下兩臂59，60通過銷61鉸鏈接在門6上。曲柄連桿62安裝在門6的凸壁63上。曲柄連桿62有兩端，一端連接短臂連桿60上，其由銷61鉸接。另一端連接在軸承64上，并可以繞門6的圓銷8自由轉(zhuǎn)動。長臂連桿65連接在吊卡1中主體2的開口66上，開口66從吊卡1前方貫穿到吊耳3的后方。從視圖四中我們能看到，長臂連桿65有兩端，一端連接在軸承64上，另一端鉸連接連桿67上，連桿67是連接在往復(fù)活塞68和泵69。當(dāng)往復(fù)活塞68的環(huán)形接觸面的液壓壓力增加或減小活塞68的前缸房68b，活塞68伸拉短連桿67，帶動連桿65繞軸承64旋轉(zhuǎn)，接著帶動曲柄連桿62使自鎖裝置10繞銷61旋轉(zhuǎn)來，門銷58脫離門7門鎖71。 然后門6，7打開。連桿72，73每個都有兩端，都安裝在通孔里，這兩通孔從吊卡1的前方貫通到后面。連桿72，73的一端安裝在凸壁74，75上，并且相應(yīng)地固定在銷8，9上來控制門6，7。連桿72，73的另一端相應(yīng)地連接在短連桿76，77上，并且相應(yīng)地繞銷78，79轉(zhuǎn)動。短連桿76，77是連接在活塞80上。新體81是安裝在連桿82使活塞80的行程更長。當(dāng)液壓缸環(huán)形槽83里的液壓壓力增加，推動活塞頭運動，活塞84使活塞桿85帶動短臂76，77繞銷78，79運動，從而傳遞拉力帶動連桿72，73來打開門6，7。 管柱是擺進(jìn)或者直接進(jìn)給的，或由吊卡1直接抓住管柱的，通過打開門裝置6和7合攏形成吊卡1的喉嚨12，并且管柱的毗鄰緩沖區(qū)57安裝在端蓋53的U形管56處。開門裝置6，7的關(guān)閉是通過提高環(huán)形腔86的壓力或者降低液壓缸80的腔體內(nèi)的油液的液壓壓力實現(xiàn)的。從視圖4中，我們能夠看到液壓缸80驅(qū)動活塞84，使活塞84向左運動并且液壓缸體85向右運動?；钊麠U84和液壓缸體85運動足夠長，因此推動短連桿76，77的末端，使短連桿76，77繞銷78，79旋轉(zhuǎn)。從而傳動推力來推動連桿72，73來關(guān)閉門6，7進(jìn)而夾住管柱。我們從視圖五中可以看到，塑料或金屬材料，最好是軟韌性金屬，緩沖器86和87提供的彎曲邊緣88和89，它們覆蓋位于頂面的門6和7的板90和91 。該緩沖器86和87作為管指導(dǎo)，以促進(jìn)定位管道進(jìn)入吊卡1的喉嚨時關(guān)閉的門6和7 。該緩沖器86，87由螺栓90和91固定在板上。緩沖器92 ， 93和94安裝在吊卡 1的覆蓋板95 ，96和97上，如視圖6所示 。 開門裝置6，7承擔(dān)了管柱的絕大部分重量，因此設(shè)計時必須能承受227-250噸，其他類型為454-500噸，681-750噸，907-1000噸。自鎖裝置保證門6，7關(guān)閉，所以也必須承擔(dān)當(dāng)滑塊夾緊管柱時產(chǎn)生的壓力。自鎖裝置10在設(shè)計時必須承擔(dān)227-250噸，其他類型為454-500噸，681-750噸，907-1000噸。 我們從視圖3可以看到，吊耳3，4是由下部耳狀物98，99和耳臂98a，99a構(gòu)成的，它們是焊接在吊卡主體2上的。曲臂98b和99b都是通過銷連接的，因此曲臂98b和99b能夠更換。曲臂98b有一個整體的耳狀物98c和小空隙，這個小空隙是用來放吊環(huán)裝置進(jìn)來，提升吊卡。這種吊環(huán)裝置可以在BJV公司買到。它是和BX吊卡一起使用。在視圖17中我們能看到這一切。 圖1 圖3 圖2 圖4 圖5 圖 6 圖7 圖 8 圖 9 圖 10 圖 11 圖 12 圖 13 - 16 -