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1、 預測點題 閱讀理解（一） 本課知識點： 1. 文章背景分析 2. 文章和題目講解 3. 知識點助記 Spacing in Animals Flight Distance Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this

2、interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The w

3、all lizard’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures. Critical Distance Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating

4、 flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk

5、 the man. Social Distance Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—that is, the di

6、stance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group. Social distance varies from species to species

7、. It is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others. Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may b

8、e the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has

9、 only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street. 中文翻譯： 動物的空間距離 逃離距離 一些善于觀察的人已經(jīng)注意到一只野生動物只讓人或其他潛在的敵人在特定的距離內(nèi)接近它，然后它便會逃走。“逃離距離”是用來描述這種物種間的空間距離的術(shù)語。一般說來，動物體積與其逃離距離之間成正比關(guān)系——動物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距離就越大。當敵人離羚羊500碼遠時，羚羊就會逃離。另一方面,壁虎的逃離距離大約6英尺。逃離是動物生存的基本手段。 關(guān)鍵距離 關(guān)

10、鍵距離顯然與逃離行為的時間和地點有關(guān)。關(guān)鍵距離指的是逃離距離和進攻距離之間的狹窄區(qū)域。動物園的獅子會躲開接近它的人，直到它遇到不可跨過的障礙物才停步。如果那人繼續(xù)朝它走去,他就很快地進入了獅子的關(guān)鍵距離,這時無路可走的獅子會調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)方向，開始慢慢逼近那個人。 相聚距離 群居動物需要相互之間保持聯(lián)系。和群體失去聯(lián)系會因為各種原因（包括面臨敵人）而導致不幸。相聚距離不僅僅是動物和群體失去聯(lián)系時的距離——也就是說，在這個距離它不再能看到、聽到或聞到群體——確切地說，它更是一種心理距離，一種當動物超越它的限度后會明顯感到焦慮的距離。我們可以認為它是一條控制群體的隱形帶。 相聚距離會因動物種類不同而有

11、差別。對一些動物而言，相聚距離非常近，僅有幾碼遠。但其他動物的相聚距離會非常遠。 相聚距離不是一成不變的，而是部分地取決于環(huán)境。當無尾猿和人類的幼兒會活動，但還不受母親言語控制時，相聚距離是她手臂夠得著的長度。從動物園的狒狒，我們很容易看到這點。當小狒狒走到某個位置時，狒狒媽媽會伸出手來，抓住小狒狒的尾巴，把它拖回身邊。因為危險而需要加強控制時，相聚距離就會縮小。要在人類身上證明這點，你只要觀察一個有許多孩子的家庭就行了。當孩子們橫過一條繁忙的街道時，他們會互相牽著手。 1、 文章背景分析 本文只要是介紹動物之間的空間的距離，總共介紹了三種情況： 1、 逃離距離：動物體積與其逃離距離之

12、間成正比關(guān)系——動物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距離就越大。 2、 關(guān)鍵距離：關(guān)鍵距離指的是逃離距離和進攻距離之間的狹窄區(qū)域。 3、 相聚距離：確切地說，它更是一種心理距離，一種當動物超越它的限度后會明顯感到焦慮的距離。 二、文章和題目講解 段落一： Flight Distance Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Fl

13、ight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is

14、 as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures. 要點1：“Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. 要點分析：“逃離距離”是用來描述這種物種間的空間距離的術(shù)語。 要點2：As a general rule, the

15、re is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. 要點:分析：動物體積與其逃離距離之間成正比關(guān)系——動物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距離就越大。 【涉及題目】 1. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of "Flig

16、ht Distance"? A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing. B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing. C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing. 這個距離指的是和敵人之間的距離 D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing. 【解題思路】 第一步：劃出題干的信息詞："

17、Flight Distance"。本題問的是對于"Flight Distance"的最適合的定義是什么。 第二步：信息詞回歸原文，第一段第二句說到了這個概念術(shù)語：“Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. 后面一句進行了解說：As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal ...the greater the distance it must keep between itself and

18、 the enemy. 第三步：對比分析原文和選項，原文說到了“逃離距離”是用來描述這種物種間的空間距離的術(shù)語。后面一句進行了詳細解說：一般說來，動物體積與其逃離距離之間成正比關(guān)系——動物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距離就越大?？梢?，這個距離指的是和敵人之間的距離（between itself and the enemy），與C選項表述的意思一致，所以本題答案為C選項。 潛在題目：Which of the following statements about “ Flight Distance” is true? 答案：The larger the animal, the greater t

19、he distance it must keep between itself and the enemy.( 動物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距離就越大。) 段落二： Critical Distance Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a

20、zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man. 要點1：“Critical distance” includes the nar

21、row zone separating flight distance from attack distance. 要點分析：關(guān)鍵距離指的是逃離距離和進攻距離之間的狹窄區(qū)域。 要點2：If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man. 要點分析：如果那人繼續(xù)朝它走去,他就很快地進入了獅子的關(guān)鍵距離,這時

22、無路可走的獅子會調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)方向，開始慢慢逼近那個人。 【涉及題目】 2. If an animals critical distance is penetrated, it will A. begin to attack. 開始攻擊接近它的人 B. try to hide. C. begin to jump. D. run away. 【解題思路】 第一步：劃出題干的信息詞：critical distance，penetrated。 第二步：信息詞回歸原文，定位到第二段最后一句：If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrat

23、es the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man. 第三步：對比分析原文和題目，題目問的是：如果一個動物的關(guān)鍵距離被入侵，它就會怎么樣？原文是用的一個獅子的例子來說明的。如果那人繼續(xù)朝它走去,他就很快地進入了獅子的關(guān)鍵距離，這時無路可走的獅子會調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)方向（reverses direction），開始慢慢逼近那個人（stalk the man）。比較四個選項，A選項說它就會開始攻擊接近它的人，符合原文表述的意思

24、。B、C、D的內(nèi)容都沒有提到，所以本題答案為A選項。 段落三： Social Distance Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group—

25、that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group. 要點1：Loss of contact with the group

26、can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. 要點分析：和群體失去聯(lián)系會因為各種原因（包括面臨敵人）而導致不幸。 要點2：It is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. 要點分析：確切地說，它更是一種心理距離，一種當動物超越它的限度后會明顯感到焦慮的距離。 【涉及題目】 3. According

27、 to the passage, social distance refers to A. physical distance B. psychological distance. 是一種心理距離 C. physiological distance. D. philosophical distance. 【解題思路】 第一步：劃出題干的信息詞：social distance。 第二步：信息詞回歸原文，定位到第三段第三句： Social distance is not simply the distance at which...it is rather a psychologi

28、cal distance. 第三步：對比分析原文和題目，題目問的是social distance指代的是什么？原文明確說到了“確切地說，它更是一種心理距離（it is rather a psychological distance）”。B選項和原文一致，所以本題答案為B選項。 【涉及題目】 4. Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3)? A. Str

29、ip of land “帶狀，地帶” B. Distance C. Society D. Community 【解題思路】 第一步：本題問的是“band”這個詞，在“We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” 這句話中的含義。 第二步：分析語境含義，確切地說，它更是一種心理距離，一種當動物超越它的限度后會明顯感到焦慮的距離。我們可以認為它是一條控制群體的隱形帶。band本身有“帶狀，地帶”的意思。比較四個選項，A選項“地帶”符合原文意思，所以本題答案為A選項。 下面來做一下課堂練習： 【課堂練

30、習】 1.原文：Flight Distance Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship

31、between the size of an animal and its flight distance—the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight

32、is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures. 題目：Which of the following statements about “ Flight Distance” is true? A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing. B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing. C. Distance between an animal and its enemy befo

33、re fleeing. D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing. 2.原文：Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will l

34、ose contact with his group—that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group—it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group. 題目：Which

35、 of the following statement is true about “Social distance”? A. physical distance B. psychological distance. C. physiological distance. D. philosophical distance. 【第1題解題思路】信息詞回歸原文，第一段第二句說到了這個概念術(shù)語：“Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. 后面一句進行了解說：As a general rule, th

36、ere is a positive relationship between the size of an animal ...the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. 對比分析原文和選項，原文說到了“逃離距離”是用來描述這種物種間的空間距離的術(shù)語。后面一句進行了詳細解說：一般說來，動物體積與其逃離距離之間成正比關(guān)系——動物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距離就越大?？梢?，這個距離指的是和敵人之間的距離（between itself and the enemy），與C選項表述的意思一致，所以本題答案為C選項。

37、 【第2題解題思路】信息詞回歸原文，定位到第三段第三句： Social distance is not simply the distance at which...it is rather a psychological distance.對比分析原文和題目，題目問的是social distance指代的是什么？原文明確說到了“確切地說，它更是一種心理距離（it is rather a psychological distance）”。B選項和原文一致，所以本題答案為B選項。 段落四： Social distance varies from species to species. It

38、 is quite short—apparently only a few yards—among some animals, and quite long among others. 要點1：Social distance varies from species to species. 要點分析：相聚距離會因動物種類不同而有差別。 潛在題目：Which of the following statement is true about “Social distance”? 答案：Social distance varies from species to species.（相聚距離會因

39、動物種類不同而有差別。） 段落五： Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo

40、. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they

41、cross a busy street. 要點1：Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. 要點分析：相聚距離不是一成不變的，而是部分地取決于環(huán)境。 要點2： When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. 要點分析：當無尾

42、猿和人類的幼兒會活動，但還不受母親言語控制時，相聚距離是她手臂夠得著的長度。 【涉及題目】 5. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that A. social distance is not always needed. B. there is no social distance among small children. C. humans are different from animals in social dista

43、nce. D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors. 相聚距離有時候是取決于外界因素的。 【解題思路】 第一步：劃出題干的信息詞：children，crossing the street。 第二步：信息詞回歸原文，定位到最后一段最后一句：To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street. 第三步：對比分析

44、原文和題目，題目問的是最后一段中，孩子們手牽手過街道的例子說明了什么？最后一段的中心句是第一句：Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation.后面舉的幾個例子（無尾猿和人類的幼兒，動物園的狒狒，孩子們牽手過街道）都是為了說明這個中心意思：相聚距離不是一成不變的，而是部分地取決于環(huán)境。比較四個選項，D選項說相聚距離（social distance）有時候是取決于外界因素的（determined by outside factors），與原文表達的意思一致。所以本題答案為

45、D選項。 三、知識點助記 題目 答案 1、關(guān)于逃離距離(flight distance)最準確的定義（definition）是？ 這個距離指的是和敵人之間的距離（between itself and the enemy） 2、如果一個動物的關(guān)鍵距離(critical distance)被入侵(penetrated )，它就會怎么樣？ 它就會開始攻擊接近它的人（stalk the man） 3、social distance指代的是什么？ 它更是一種心理距離（it is rather a psychological distance） 4、“band”這個詞，在 “We

46、can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” 這句話中的含義 我們可以認為它是一條控制群體的隱形帶。 5、孩子們手牽手(holding hands)過街道的例子說明了什么？ 相聚距離不是一成不變的，而是部分地取決于環(huán)境。（determined by outside factors） 6、關(guān)于逃離距離(flight distance)的說法，下面哪一點是對的？ 動物的體積越大（larger），和敵人保特的距離就越大。 7、關(guān)于相聚距離(social distance)的說法，下面哪一點是對的？ 相聚距離會因動物種類不同而有差別。(varies from) 本課重點回顧： 1. 文章背景分析 2. 文章題目講解 3. 知識點助記 - - 9 - -