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1、The Relative Clause I. Some examples of attributive 1. an interesting film = a film which / that is interesting 2. a boy standing there = a boy who is standing there 3. a novel written by a famous writer = a book which was written by a famous writer 4. a book on the table = a book which / tha

2、t is on the table 5. something important = something that is important 6. people present = people who are present 7. I have nothing to do. = I have nothing that I can do. II. 定語從句的概念：在復合句中用來修飾名詞或代詞的從句。可分為限定性與非限定性定語從句。被從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞（antecedent）。從句需放在先行詞之后。 III. 關系代詞的用法 關系代詞that, which, who

3、, whom, whose, as起到聯(lián)系先行詞和從句的作用， 同時在從句中擔任成分。 that: 修飾人或物，可作主語或賓語 which: 修飾物，可作主語或賓語 who/ whom: 修飾人, who 在從句中充當主語或賓語whom充當賓語 whose： (所有格，作定語), as： ( 常與 the same, such, as連用) 一、 關系代詞在從句中擔任主語或及物動詞的賓語 1. which (1) A chemist’s shop is a shop which / that sells medicine. (2) The film (which / t

4、hat) we saw last nigh is wonderful. (3) The book (which/ that) you want is on the desk. (4) This is the school (which /that) he visited the day before yesterday. (5) Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? 2. that (1) A plane is a machine that / which can fly. (2) Who is the man tha

5、t is standing over there? (3) Which is the book that you are looking for? (4) The letter ( that / which) I received yesterday was from my sister. 3. who, whom (1) The man who/ that visited our school yesterday is a headmaster. (2) The man (whom / that) you spoke to just now is our maths teacher

6、. (3) Who’s the comrade ( whom ) you shook hands with? 4. whose修飾人或物均可, 在從句中充當定語 (1) Wang Fang is the student whose house caught fire last night. (2) The book whose cover is red is mine. 5. as (1) I need such books as are useful to me. (2) Such books as we talked about yesterday are very usef

7、ul. (3) I’ll buy the same dress as you bought yesterday. (4) This is the same key that I lost yesterday. Note: 1、當先行詞在從句中作賓語時，關系代詞可省略。 2、which, that 在一般情況下可以替換。 3、當先行詞在從句中作主語時， 應該注意從句中的謂語動詞與其保持一致。 （1）The child who is reading there is the monitor. （2）The children who are reading there are

8、from class Four （3）He is one of the students who know money matters. （4）He is the one of the students who knows money matters. 一些特殊情況 1. 只用that 的場合 (1) 先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代詞時 a. He told me all that he knew. b. They had done everything that they c

9、ould. c. He saw much that was bad. (2)先行詞被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時 a. I’ve read all the books that he lent me. (3) 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last等修飾時 a. It’s the only book that I like. b. It’s the very key that I’m looking for. c. The last place that we vis

10、ited was the chemical works. (4)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時 a. This is the best film that I’ve ever seen. (5)當兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的名詞時，引導定語從句必須用that，而不用who, whom 或 which a. They talked for an hour about things and persons that they remembered. (6) 當主句是以who或 which開頭的特殊疑問句時，定語從句要用that，而不用 who，whom或 which

11、a. Who is the person that is standing over there? b. Which is the book that interests him most? (7)time作先行詞，前面如有序數(shù)詞或last修飾時，引導定語從句不能用when ，只能用that 或兩個都不用。但前面如沒有序數(shù)詞或 last修飾時，既可用when，也可用that. a. This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson. b. I don’t know the exact time when / that

12、the sports meet will be held. c. The first time I wrote a letter in English, I made a lot of mistakes. 2. 只用which的一些場合 (1)介詞后只用 which a. This is the factory in which he worked ten years ago. (2)非限制性定語從句中只用which a. I saw a film, which was about the First World War. b. The sun gives us heat a

13、nd light, which makes it possible for plants to grow. 3. 定語從句的關系代詞指人時不宜用that而宜用who 的情況。 (1)先行詞為one, ones , anyone等人稱代詞時 a. Anyone who wants to go to college must study hard. b. He who laughs last laughs best. (2)先行詞為those時 a. Those who are not fit for their work could not see the beautiful c

14、lothes made of the magic cloth. (3) 當先行詞是人稱代詞時 （1）He who helps himself will be helped by God. 二、關系代詞擔任從句中介詞的賓語 （1）The professor ( that / who / whom) we were talking about will give us a lecture on school education. = The professor about whom we were talking will give us a lecture on school ed

15、ucation. （2）It is a topic ( that / which ) we’ll take great interest in. = It is a topic in which we’ll take great interest . （3）The tool with which he is working is very heavy. = The tool which he is working with is very heavy. （4）American women usually identify their best friend as someone _

16、_D they can talk frequently. （04’上海高考） A. who B. as C. about whom D. with whom （5）In the dark street there wasn’t a single person to whom he could turn for help. (02上海高考 ) Fill in the blanks. 1. This is the comrade about whom you were talking. 2. He is the comrade from whom we ha

17、ve learned a lot. 3. The train on which we were traveling was late. 4. This is the way in which / that I did it. 5. I couldn’t find a single person to whom I could turn for help. 6. This is the book (which / that ) I’m looking for. Note:像 look for, look after等這些詞組，介詞和動詞不能拆開。 三、由關系副詞whe

18、n, where, why引導的定語從句 1． 關系副詞when, where, why代替先行詞在從句中作時間狀語， 地點狀語，原因狀語， 有時可省略 2． 關系副詞可轉化為介詞+ which的結構 3． （1）I will remember the day when / on which I entered the college. （2）This is the school where / at which we’ll stay for three years. （3）This is the reason why / for which he was late.

19、4． 分清先行詞在從句中的不同功能 (1) This is the school where we’ll stay for three years. This is the school which we’ll visit. (2) I’ll remember the day when I entered the college. I’ll remember the days which we spent together. (3) This is the reason why he was late. This is the reason which he gave me for

20、 being late. 四、限定性與非限定性定語從句的用法差異 限定性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分， 主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。非限定性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明，沒有這種從句不影響主句意思的完整。用逗號把主句和從句分開。 a. He has a son who serves in the army. He has a son, who serves in the army. b. I was the only person in the office who was invited. c. I have lost my pen, which I like ve

21、ry much. d. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, which was the capital of Greece. e. Last year I visited the United States, where my father is studying. f. Our teacher Jane, who is very patient, wins the hearts of her students. 五、易犯錯誤的幾種情況： (1). It’s the place that we visited

22、yesterday. It’s the place where we once lived. (2) Do you remember the day when we spent our holidays together? Do you remember the day that / which we spent together? 3. Is this the museum that you visited yesterday? Is this museum the one which / that you visited yesterday? 4. The re

23、ason why he was late was that he got up late. I don’t believe the reason which / that he gave me. 5. This is one of the books that / which are written on it. This is the only one of the books that is written on it. 6. Those who study hard will succeed. 7. He / anyone who works hard will suc

24、ceed. 8. He told me the news that our football team had won. The news that he told me was not true. 9. As is known to all, he is a famous scientist. It is known to all that he is a famous scientist. 10. He has three sons, all of whom are doctors. He has three sons and all of them are do

25、ctors. Practice: Joining each of the following pairs of sentences into one complete sentence 1. Do you know the man? He gave us the talk yesterday. Do you know the man who gave us the talk yesterday? 2. A postman is a man. He delivers letters. A postman is a man who delivers letters. 3.

26、 A sewing machine is a machine. It is used to make clothes. A sewing machine is a machine which / that is used to make clothes. 4. The book is very interesting. I bought it yesterday. The book (which / that ) I bought yesterday is very interesting. 5. Do you know the girl? The girl’s eyes ar

27、e big and bright. Do you know the girl whose eyes are big and bright? 6. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer. This is the boy whose sister is a famous singer. 7. The boy studies hard. You met him just now. The boy ( whom ) you met just now studies hard. 8. Who is the man? You

28、are looking for the man. Who is the man ( whom )you are looking for? 9. There will be a day. People can fly into the moon that day. There will be a day when people can fly into the moon. 10. The village has greatly changed. We worked there two years ago The village where we worked two ye

29、ars ago has greatly changed. 11. What is the reason? You must study foreign languages. What is the reason why you must learn foreign languages. 12. The knife is not mine. You sharpened the pencil with it. The knife with which you sharpened the pencil is not mine. 13. I don’t know the girl

30、. You are living with the girl. I don’t know the girl with whom you are living. As 用法歸納 1． 在限定性定語從句中充當主語或賓語，常與the same, such, as連用 （1）I have the same trouble as you (have ). （2）I feel just the same as you do. （3）Such books as you read are meaningless. （4）Such English as is spoken here i

31、s not British. （5）It is such a modern machine as few workers can operate. (It is such a modern machine that few workers can operate it). 2． 在非限定性定語從句中 代替整個句子，無明顯的先行詞，可譯為“正如” （1）As is known to all, traffic keeps to the left in Britain. （2）He didn’t agree with his friend, as could be expected.

32、詞組：as is said above, as it is, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper, as is mentioned above … 3．與which在非限定性定語從句中的用法差異 (1) 含義不同，as可譯為“正如”，而which沒有此含義 a. He was late again, as was often the case. b. He was late again, which made the teacher very angry. (2)位置不同，as可位于句中或句首或句末，而which

33、只能位跟在主句后面 (3) 功能不同，as代替整個句子，而which可代替整個句子或者某個先行詞,如： a. I lost my pen, which I like very much. b. He said he was very busy, which was not true. Special examples 1. There are some students in the room, some of whom are reading. There are some students in the room. Some of them are reading. 2.

34、 You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 3. There is no one but ( = who / that not ) likes the film. 當way作先行詞時 a. That’s the way ( in which / that ) I look at it. b. I am looking for a way that nobody has ever used. 在某些句型中不用when Every / Each time the phone rings, he feels nervous.

35、 Come any time you like. 相似句型辨析 1. He made a promise _____ he would come to see me as soon as possible. 2. The promise _______ he made was very funny. 3. We should go ________ working conditions are difficult. We should go to the place _______ working conditions are difficult. 4. Could it be

36、in the restaurant in _______ you had dinner with me yesterday ______ you left behind your keys and wallet? 5. It’s known to all that the earth is round. As is known to all, the earth is round. That與what的替換, 及what 的特殊用法 1. Thank you for the gift. This is exactly what I wanted. = Thank you for t

37、he gift. This is exactly the thing that I wanted. 2. He isn’t what he used to be. = He isn’t the person that he used to be. 3. Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body. 4. Virtue is to the soul what health is to the body. 帶有插入成分的定語從句 1. Jack is a man who I believe is honest. 2. Jack i

38、s a man whom I believe to be honest. 3. He made another important discovery, ________ of great importance. (98’上海高考) A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is 4. The girl _____ we supposed to be injured in the accident came back safe and s

39、ound. A. who B. whom C. that D. with whom 典型習題 1.(a) _____ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. (03’上海春考) (b) _____ has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. A. That B. As C. It D. What 2.(a) It

40、was for this reason ____ her uncle moved out of NewYork. (01’上海春考) (b) Lack of courage was the reason _____ he failed again and again. A. why B. that C. which D. for which 3. (a) He made a promise _______ he would never be able to keep. (b) He made a promise _____

41、_ he would keep the secret. A. that B. which C. what D. as 4. (a) You should make it a rule to leave things ______ you can find them again. (b) You should make it a rule to leave things in the place ______ you can find them again. A. where B. in which C. in wher

42、e D. which 5. (a) This machine is such an advanced one ____ no one can operate . (b) This machine is such an advanced one ____ no one can operate it. A. as B. that C. which D. so Exercises: 1. He took all ______ was here and left nothing. A. what B.

43、 which C. that D. / 2. I’m one of the boys ____________ never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is 3. Do you know that girl________ wearing a red dress? A. whose B. who C. whom D. who’s 4. Her sister, __________ you met at my home, was a teacher o

44、f English. A. whom B. that C. which D. / 5. The old man _________ yesterday is a scientist. A. I spoke B. I spoke to C. whom I spoke D. that I spoke to him 6. The young man ___________ is an engineer of our factory. A. that you just talked B. you just talked to C. whom you j

45、ust talked D. you just talked to him 7. The house _____________ roof was damaged has now been repaired. A. who’s B. whose C. that D. of which 8. These books are for students ________ native language is not English. A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose 9. The second bo

46、ok __________ I want to read is “ Travels in China”. A. which B. what C. that D. as 10. The boy handed everything ________ he had picked up in the street to the police. A. which B. that C. what D. whatever 11. I’ve never been to Beijing , but it’s the place _______

47、___________. A. I most want to visit B. where I like to visit C. in which I’d like to visit D. that I want to visit it most 12. The only language ________ is easy to learn is the mother language. A. that B. which C. of which C. what 13. You may borrow any book ______

48、_______________. A. that you interest B. which you are interested C. that interests you D. which interests you 14. Guilin is the most beautiful place ________ people all over the world want to visit. A. where B. that C. which D. what 15. The dictionary _________

49、is on sale in the bookshop. A. you need B. what you need C. which you need it D. that you need it 16. Is this the shop __________ sells children’s clothing? A. which B. where C. in which D. from which 17. The continent ________ I visited last year was not

50、 the one ______ I once worked. A. which; where B. which; which C. where; which D. where; where 18. Is this museum ___________ they visited last month? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 19. Is this the museum ___________ they visited last month? A. when

51、 B. where C. which D. the one 20. _________ cleans the blackboard is to be praised. A. Anyone B. The boy C. The one D. The one who 21. I shall be surprised if he does this the same way ________ I do. A. as B. like C. which D. that 22. ________ is k

52、nown to all, oil and water don’t mix up. A. It B. What C. Which D. As 23. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others ,______, of course, made the others unhappy. A. which B. that C. what D. who 24. The girl __________________ inju

53、red in the accident came back safe and sound. A. who we supposed B. whom we supposed she was C. who we supposed was D. whom we supposed 25. That’s ____________ I’ve seen and heard. A. what B. all which C. all what D. all of which 26. China isn’t _________ it used

54、to be. A. that B. what C. where D. how 27. Einstein’s most famous theory is ___________ we call the Theory of Relativity. A. what B. that C. which D. how 28. It wasn’t such a good dinner _______ she had promised us. A. that B. which C. a

55、s D. what 29. On the bus I saw a student ________ I thought was your brother. A. who B. whom C. which D. he 30. All ___________ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life. A. what is needed B. for our needs C. the thing needed D. th

56、at is needed 31. There is a mountain __________ the top is always covered with snow. A. of that B. of which C. whose D. its 32. I’m sorry I have lost the book ___________ for me last week. A. you bought it B. which you bought it C. you bought D. what you bought

57、 33. She still remembers the days _________ she spent I the countryside. A. while B. which C. when D. during which 34. The beautiful place ________ we spent our holiday lies at the foot of the mountain. A. where B. that C. which D. what 35. She had two daughters

58、, _________ became doctors. A. all of them B. all of whom C. both of them D. both of whom 36. The shop I bought a new dress _______ yesterday has been pulled down. A. in B. on C. / D. during 37. The reason ________ I’m writing to you is to tell you about a party

59、on Saturday. A. because B. why C. for D. which 38. That is the reason __________ he gave us for carrying out the plan. A. because B. why C. how D. which 39. Do you remember the day _____ I came to you to borrow a dictionary/ A. that B. which

60、 C. when D. where MORE DIFFIUCLT ONES 1. In my old school album are pictures of some teachers __________ can’t be found in yours. A. which B. who C. those D. they 2. There was a tea pot fashioned like a china duck ______ the water was supposed to come. A. from wh

61、ich open mouth B. by the open mouth C. out of whose open mouth D. with its open mouth 3._______ was known to all that William had broken his promise _______ he would give us a rise. A. As ; which B. What ; that C. it ; that D. It ; which 4. Henry set up a club for football f

62、ans , ______ he invited all his friends. A. to which B. to whom C. for whom D. from which 5. He regretted the days _____ he wasted in the woods and ____ he should have studied. A. when ; when B. that ; when C. when ; that D. that ; that 6. Was it about three o’clock in the aft

63、ernoon _______ we reached the foot of the mountain? A. that B. when C. what D. why 7. Fortunately we had a map, without ____ we should have got lost. A. which B. it C. that D. what 8. It is said that we will move into the new school next term,

64、 _____ it will be completely finished. A. by the time B. by which time C. by that time D. by this time 9. The university ______ my father used to study in is one with a long history. A. where B. as C. that D. since 10. He is late, _____ i

65、s often the case. A. as B. which C. that D. it 11. he’s got himself into a dangerous situation ________ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 12. Each player of chess is trying to trap the other player’s king

66、 into a position ___________ escape is impossible. A. when B. that C. in which D. from which 13. The back garden of our house contains a lawn _________ very pleasant to sit on in summer. A. where it is B. it is C. which it is D. which I think 14. It was raining hard, _______ prevented us from going to the concert. A. as B. that C. which D. what 15. Was it midnight ______ you fell asleep while reading? A. when B. then C. th