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1、microscopic mess 13 閱讀理解： 第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don’t question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond fro

2、m GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day

3、 chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape — one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs. “These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecologic

4、al conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "，said Dr. Richmond. The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to c

5、arry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. Two studies were conducted by the team in G

6、uinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University’s “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and th

7、e coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees’ behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource. When the rare coula nuts were available only in sma

8、ll numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely. In such high-co

9、mpetition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in on

10、e go by using everything available 一even their mouths. The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanz

11、ees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time. 詞匯： scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的 chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 ape n.無尾猿; 類人猿 bipedal adj. 二足的 anatomical adj.解剖的 coula nuts( coula也可寫作cola或kola)可

12、樂果 注釋： 1. GW’s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:喬治?華盛頓大學哥倫比亞藝術與科學學院。喬治華盛頓大學（George Washington University)的英文簡稱為GW，是美國頂尖的私立大學之一，于1821年建校，位于美國首都華盛頓。 2. ecological settings: 生態(tài)環(huán)境 3. bipedal activity：雙足活動 4. anatomical chaiige: 解剖學上的變化 5. Kyoto University:京都大學，是繼東京大學之后成立的日本第二所國立大學，于I897年建校。京

13、都大學主要校區(qū)位于日本歷史名城京都市。 6. Bossou: 博蘇,幾內(nèi)亞的一個地名。博蘇森林生活著黑猩猩群落。 7. oil palm nut: 油棕櫚堅果 8. increased by a factor of four:增加了四倍 9. in one go: —口氣 10. Oxford Brookes University: 牛津布魯克斯大學，創(chuàng)立于1865年，是英國最具特色的綜合性大學之一。牛津布魯克斯大學位于世界學術名城——牛津。這里學風濃郁、精英薈萃，歷來為求學圣地。 練習： 1. Which of the following statements is NOT

14、 true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items. B Chimpanzee’s behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs. C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources. D Our ancestors eco

15、logical conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees. 2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs. B what made our ancestors walk upright. C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors. D how walking upright h

16、elped chimpanzees monopolize resources. 3. Kyoto, Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees. A regarded both types of nut as priced resources. B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts. C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts. D ignored both types of nut altogether. 4. Why did the c

17、himpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment? A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun. B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them. C Because they wanted to get to die nut-rich forest faster by walking that way. D Bec

18、ause they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs. 5. What can we infer from the reading passage? A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were. B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors. C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have th

19、eir advantages. D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival. 答案與題解： 1. A第一段第一句和第二句說明，大多數(shù)人對人類直立行走習以為常,并不質(zhì)疑這種習慣。而A的內(nèi)容正好與此相反，所以是答案。其他選項所述內(nèi)容均可從第一段和第二段推斷出 2. B 文章報道，科學家通過實驗證實黑猩猩直立行走是為了解放前肢，讓前肢搬運對其生命至關重要的資源，從而推斷出人類祖先也經(jīng)歷了從四足到二足的進化過程。科學家想通過對黑猩猩的實驗解釋人類直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D選項不是科學家進行研究的

20、目的。 3. C第五段明白無誤地描述了黑猩猩全然不顧油棕櫚堅果（ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力搶運可樂果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的內(nèi)容不符合文章原意。 4. D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬運資源的效率提高了四倍。選項D符合原意，是答案。選項A、B、C的內(nèi)容文章中沒有提到，所以不是答案。 5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就會選擇選項D。人類直立行走是受生態(tài)環(huán)境所迫，是人類生存的一種手段，直立行走是自然選擇的結果。選項A和C的內(nèi)容文章中沒有涉及。文章中有選項B的內(nèi)容，但它不是文章的主旨。 譯文： 我們大多數(shù)人每天都走路而

21、且手里搬著東西。這樣的活動看似太簡單，大多數(shù)人沒有疑問。但是一個國際研究者（包括喬治?華盛頓大學哥倫比亞藝術與科學學院的Richmond博士）團隊已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類直立行走可能源于數(shù)百萬年以前適應搬運稀有的、高質(zhì)量的資源。這些來自美國、英國、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了當代黑猩猩爭搶食物時的行為特征，試圖對什么樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境竟然導致大猿（一種我們與現(xiàn)存的黑猩猩一樣的600萬年前的祖先）直立行走作出解釋。 “這些黑猩猩居住的生態(tài)環(huán)境和我們最早的祖先開始直立行走時是相同的，” Richmond博士說。研究結果顯示，當黑猩猩需要獨占一種資源時，它們就從四肢行走轉換為直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它們的雙手

22、，這使得它們能搬更多的東西。久而久之，雙足活動的強烈爆發(fā)可能導致了解剖學上的變化，因此這種變化也就成為自然選擇的主題，在那種情況下，對食物或其他資源的爭奪是十分激烈的。 有兩項研究是在幾內(nèi)亞完成的。第一項研究是在京都大學博蘇森林的一塊天然空地——“室外實驗室”進行的。研究者們允許森林里的黑猩猩能得到兩種不同的堅果，一種叫油棕櫚堅果，自然界隨處可見，一種叫可樂果，自然環(huán)境中不常見。人們監(jiān)控黑猩猩在下列三種情形下的行為：(a)只有油棕櫚堅果；（b)只有少量的可樂果，大多數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果;(c)大多數(shù)是可樂果，少數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果。 當稀有的可樂果數(shù)量很少時，黑猩猩一次就會拿得多。同樣，當大部分是可樂

23、果時，黑猩猩對油棕櫚堅果根本視而不見。黑猩猩認為可樂果才是珍貴的資源，并為得到可樂果激烈競爭。 處于這種激烈競爭的環(huán)境中，黑猩猩直立行走的頻率增加了四倍。很顯然，雙足行走可以使它們拿走更多的稀有資源，而且，為了盡可能地一口氣多拿，它們積極利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。 第二項研究是在牛津布魯克斯大學的Kimberley Hockings進行的。該研究歷時14個月，主題是博蘇的黑猩猩搶劫糧食，場景是它們不得不為稀有和不可預知的資源競爭。在這項研究中，黑猩猩35%的活動是直立行走。而這一次研究再一次證實了黑猩猩的直立行走與它們試圖一次搬走盡可能多的東西有關。 第五十篇Cell Ph

24、ones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities 　　Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one. Two new studies show that talking on the phone while traveling, whether youre driving or on foot, is increasing both pedestrian deaths and those of drivers and passengers, and recommend crackd

25、owns on cell1 use by both pedestrians and drivers. 　　The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb2, relate the impact of cell phones on accident fatalities to the number of cell phones in use, showing that the current increase in deaths resulting f

26、rom cell phone use follows a period when cell phones actually helped to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities. However, this reduction in fatalities disappeared once the numbers of phones in use reached a "critical mass" 3 of 100 million, the study found.These studies looked at cell phone use and

27、 motor vehicle accidents from 1975 through 2002, and factored in4 a number of variables, including vehicle speed, alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and miles driven. The studies found the cell phone-fatality correlation to be true even when including factors such as speed, alcohol consumption, and

28、 seat belt use. 　　Loeb and his co-author determined that, at the current time, cell phone use has a "significant adverse effect on pedestrian safety" and that “cell phones and their usage above a critical thresholds adds to motor vehicle fatalities." In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before

29、the numbers of phones exploded, cell phone use actually had a "life-saving effect" in pedestrian and traffic accidents, Loeb notes. "Cell-phone users were able to quickly call for medical assistance when involved in an accident. This quick medical response actually reduced the number of traffic deat

30、hs for a time," Loeb hypothesizes. 　　However, this was not the case when cells were first used in the mid-1980s, when they caused a "life-taking effect" among pedestrians, drivers and passengers in vehicles. In those early days, when there were fewer than a million phones, fatalities increased, say

31、s Loeb, because drivers and pedestrians probably were still adjusting to the novelty of using them, and there werent enough cell phones in use to make a difference in summoning help following an accident, he explains. 　　The "life-saving effect" occurred as the volume of phones grew into the early 1

32、990s, and increasing numbers of cells were used to call 911 following accidents, leading to a drop in fatalities, explains Loeb. But this life-saving effect was canceled out6 once the numbers of phones reached a "critical mass" of about 100 million and the "life-taking effect" - increased accidents

33、and fatalities outweighed the benefits of quick access to 911 services, according to Loeb. 　　Loeb and his co-authors used econometric models to analyze data from a number of government and private studies. He and his co-authors recommend that governments consider more aggressive policies to reduce

34、cell phone use by both drivers and pedestrians, to reduce the number of fatalities. 詞匯：crackdown n.制裁，嚴懲 outweigh v.超過 fatality n.死亡者 econometric adj.計量經(jīng)濟的 hypothesize v.假設，假定 注釋： 1. cell：cell phone 的縮寫。 2. The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter

35、D. Loeb ...第一作者為羅格斯大學紐瓦克分校的經(jīng)濟學教授 Peter D. Loeb 的新研究成果……lead-author：第一作者;lead-authored 為動詞的過去分 詞形式，具有被動意義。羅格斯大學紐瓦克分校是美國新澤西州最負盛名的文理學院。 3. critical mass：臨界數(shù)量。 4. factored in：包括，把……計算在內(nèi)。 5. a critical threshold：指的是前文所說的 critical mass。見注釋3。 6. was canceled out：被抵消。 練習： 1. The two new studies, lead-

36、authored by Professor Peter D. Loeb A show that talking on the phone while driving or walking in the street increases deaths of drivers and pedestrians. B show that talking on the phone while driving increases pedestrian deaths. C recommend that strict measures be taken to restrain cell phone use

37、. D both A and C. 2. According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities? A Right after cell phones were invented. B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass C When cell phone users totaled to a certain number.

38、 D When the number of cell phones decreased to a certain number. 3. What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4? A The number of cell phones in use exploded in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s. B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to c

39、ell phone use. C Cell phone users are likely to be involved in traffic accidents. D The use of cell phones has a life-saving effect for pedestrians and drivers. 4. What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5? A It had a life-taking effect because there werent enough cell

40、phones in use then. B The increased use of cell phones then caused a "life-taking effect." C Traffic fatalities increased then because the number of cell phones in use decreased. D Traffic fatalities decreased then because the number of cell phones in use increased. 5. Which of the following s

41、tatements DOES NOT answer the question "What caused the "life-saving effect" to occur in the early 1990s?" A There were more cell phone users during that period. B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million. C More cell phones were used to call 911 when accidents occurred. D Cell p

42、hones enabled people to have quick access to 911 services. 答案與題解： 1. D 根據(jù)短文第一段的內(nèi)容，Loeb 教授的最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，開車或行路時打手機使司機和行 路人的死亡率上升，并建議采取嚴厲措施限制司機和行路人使用手機。B 是錯誤理解， 因為只有行路人被提到。 2. B 短文第二段最后兩個句子提供了答案：在手機使用者達到 1 億的臨界點之前，手機的 使用的確減少了交通事故的死亡率。A、C 和 D 的表述內(nèi)容都沒有在文章中提到。 3. B A 是錯誤選擇，因為該段的第四個句子 In the late 1980s

43、 and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, ...表明。手機數(shù)量在 80 年代末期和 90 年 代早期還未激增。C 的表述內(nèi)容沒有在文章中提到。句子…cell phone use actually had a “l(fā)ife-saving effect”用的是過去式，說的是發(fā)生在 80 年代末期和 90 年代早 期的事情，而 D 句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時，表示通常的狀況，所以是錯誤的選擇。 4. A第五段的大概意思是，80 年代中期，交通事故的死亡率增加，因為人們還在適應這一 新事物，沒有足夠的手機讓人們在發(fā)生交通事

44、故時及時求救。該段沒有討論 80 年代中 期手機數(shù)量的增減問題，所以 B、C 和 D 都是錯誤選擇。 5. B第六段最后一個句子說，當手機使用者數(shù)量達到 100 萬時，life-saving effect 就被 抵消了，life-saving effect 超過了手機使用者能迅速呼叫 911 服務的優(yōu)點。所以，B 不是問題的答案。其他選項都表述了該段的內(nèi)容。 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources 　　Today petroleum provides around 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuell

45、ing automobiles. Coal is still used, mostly in pover stations, to cover one-quarter of our energy needs, but it is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel. Natural gas reserves could plug some of the gap from oil, but reserves of that will not last into the 22

46、nd century either. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years. We could fast reach an energy crisis. We need to rapidly develop sustainable solutions to fuel our future. Less-polluting renewable energy sources offer a more practical long-term energy solution. The

47、y may benefit the world’s poor too. “Renewable” refers to the fact that these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced. 　　Hydroelectric power is now the most common form of renewable energy, supplying around 20% of world electricity. China’s three gorges Dam, which has just been com

48、pleted, is the largest ever. At five times the size of the US’s Hoover Dam, its 26 turbines will generate the equivalent energy of 18 coal-fired power stations. It will satisfy 3% of China’s entire electricity demand. 　　In 2003, the first commercial power station to harness tidal currents in the o

49、pen sea opened in Norway. It is designed like windmill, but others take the form of turbines. 　　As prices fall, wind power has become the fastest growing type of electricity generation – quadrupling worldwide between 1999 and 2005. Modern wind farms consist of turbines that generate electricity. T

50、hough it will be more expensive, there is more than enough wind to provide the world’s entire energy needs. Wind farms come in onshore and offshore forms. They can often end up at spots of natural beauty, and are often unpopular with residents. And turbines are not totally benign – they can interfer

51、e with radar and leave a significant ecological footprint, altering climate and lilling sea birds. Migrating birds may have more luck avoiding them. Scotland is building europe’s largest wind farm, which wil power 200,000 homes. The UK’s goal is to generate onefifth of power from renewable sources,

52、mainly wind, by 2020. But this may cause problems, because wind is unreliable. 練習： 1. What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article? A Petroleum and coal. B Natural gas. C Wind and water. D A and B. 2. Chinas Three Gorges Dam A is the first hydroelectric da

53、m in the world. B is of the same size of the USs Hoover Dam. C is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world. D supplies around 20% of the world electricity. 3. Which is the country with thefirst commercial power station that makes use of ocean currents produced by tides? A China.

54、 B Norway. C England. D America. 4. Which of the following statements is true of wind power? A There is plenty of wind to provide the worlds entire energy needs. B It is the most rapidly growing type of electricity production. C It may not be reliable. D All of the above.　 5. According

55、to the article, resources such as wind A are sustainable but not replaceable. B are renewable so sustainable. C are sustainable so renewable. D are irreplaceable. 答案與題解 : 　　1. D 文章的第一段提到石油 (petroleum)、煤(coal)和天然氣(natural gas)三種礦物燃料 (fossil fuel)，并且說這些可采掘到的燃料將在 50年的時間里用完，所以需要開發(fā)再生能源，文章后幾段提到了水

56、資源和風能這兩種 renewable resources。根據(jù)這一理解 D是正確選項。 　　2. C A是錯誤選項.因為第二段第二句說世界上第一個水利大壩建在英國 ;B是錯誤的選項，因為該段第五句指出三峽大壩比美國的 Hoover大壩大五倍 ;該段第三句說水力發(fā)電為世界提供 20%的電能，所以 D也是錯誤的選項。該段第四句則明確告訴我們 C是答案。 　　3. B文章第三段說 2003年挪威首次運營利用潮汐進行發(fā)電的商業(yè)電站。所以 B是正確選項。 　　4. D 文章的第四段提到了 A、B、C的內(nèi)容，所以 D是正確選項。 　　5. B 這個問題的理解依賴對整篇文章內(nèi)容的理解

57、。文章的第一段昀后一句說 :refers to the fact that “Renewable”these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.其意思是 :再生能源消耗的速度很慢，以至于不會被替代。所以這種能源是 sustainable。 譯文： 可再生能源 現(xiàn)今，汽油滿足了世界上約百分之四十的能源需要，大多用來為汽車提供燃料。煤仍被使用，主要是在發(fā)電站，以解決我們四分之一的能源需求。但煤卻是最無效率，最不健康，最不環(huán)保的礦物燃料。天然氣的儲量可填補部分石油短缺。但這些儲量也不能維持到22世紀。許多專家預計

58、，我們很容易在50年內(nèi)耗盡可采掘的燃料儲備。我們將很快遇到能源危機。我們需要立即發(fā)展可持續(xù)的方案來為未來提供能源。污染少的可再生能源為我們提供了一個更現(xiàn)實的長期解決方案。這些能源也會對世界上的窮人有益。“可再生”是指這些能源被使用的速度低于其被更新的速度。 2000多年前，中國人和羅馬人使用風車。但第一個水電大壩是1870年建于英國?，F(xiàn)在的水力發(fā)電已是最常見的可再生能源，占世界電力總量的20％。中國剛建成的三峽大壩是最大的一個發(fā)電站。它是美國胡佛發(fā)電站的5倍大。它的26臺渦輪機可產(chǎn)生相當于18個燒煤的發(fā)電站所發(fā)的電量。它將滿足中國電力總需求的3％。令人吃驚的是，有人說，水電站排放大量溫室氣體

59、、2003年，第一個利用大海上的潮汐能發(fā)電的商業(yè)電站在挪威建成。它的設計好像一個風車，但其他方面則采用了渦輪的形式。 由于費用降低，風力發(fā)電已成為了發(fā)展最迅速的一種發(fā)電方式——1999年到2005年翻了兩番?，F(xiàn)代風力農(nóng)場由發(fā)電的渦輪機組成。盡管成本更高，卻會有源源不斷的風力來滿足全世界的所有能量需求。風力農(nóng)場分向岸和向海兩種形式。它們常常會出現(xiàn)在美麗的環(huán)境中，并常常人煙稀少。渦輪機也并非百無一害的。它們可干擾雷達信號，并在生態(tài)環(huán)境中留下痕跡，改變氣候，殺死海鳥。遷徙的鳥類可以更幸運地避開它們。蘇格蘭正在建造歐洲最大的風力農(nóng)場，可為20萬戶家庭提供電力。英國的目標是截至2020年達到五分之一的

60、電力來自可再生能源，主要指風能，但這樣做也有問題，因為風是不可靠的。 第三十七篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning In what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their

61、 libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer. After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a s

62、ignificant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer

63、. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. For their new analysis，the European scientists divide

64、d people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 C

65、ancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only withmeals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites o

66、ther than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who av