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1、 學(xué)號(hào)： 709202125 遼寧師范大學(xué)海華學(xué)院學(xué)院 文學(xué)批評(píng)方法論文 專 業(yè) 英語 年 級(jí) 09級(jí) 1 班 姓 名 論文題目 Analysis on The Adventures of Tom Sawyer from Mythological and Archetypal Approa

2、ches 2012年 05 月 24 日 Abtract: Tom Sawyer , a plain American boy ,lives with his younger brother Sid and Aunt Polly in St.Petersburg , a remote town on the banks of the Mississippi River .But the two brothers are totally different . In Tom‘s daily life , his behaviors and

3、 thoughts are never according to his brother who is a “model” boy but cruel in heart , and Tom Sawyer always makes his aunt angry . Whatever in school or in life , he is a naughty boy . But exactly he clever and brave still . He knows what he want to do and what he should do . Just as all the things

4、 he worked for little Becky , and the things he sticked to persuing. And he is so sincere that he have enough brave to exposed the real criminal the Indian Joe who escapes through an open window of the court-room . Due these fine characters he bacame a ture hero fially . Key words : Naughty a

5、dventerous hero 摘要： 湯姆索亞，一個(gè)平凡的美國男孩。和哥哥山地與姑媽波利住在密西西比河河岸一個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的山村里。但他們這兩個(gè)住在一個(gè)屋檐下的弟兄兩卻是大相徑庭。在湯姆的日常生活里，他的行為與想法似乎從未與這個(gè)外表是模范內(nèi)心險(xiǎn)惡的哥哥一致過。不過，湯姆是經(jīng)常惹姑媽和哥哥不開心的那一位。無論是在學(xué)?；蚴瞧匠５纳钪?，湯姆一直是個(gè)淘氣、聰明和勇敢的孩子。他知道什么是自己想做的，什么是自己該做的。就像他一心為追求貝奇所付出的，就像他所謂的海盜式生活，就像他在正義面前勇敢指出兇手那樣。也正是由于這些淘氣的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，他這種為所追求的堅(jiān)持不懈的勇氣和為所堅(jiān)持的正義而果斷

6、的做出決定，最終使他成為了本故事的小英雄。 關(guān)鍵詞： 淘氣 冒險(xiǎn)主義 英雄 Bibliography WuWeiRen: History and Anthology of American Literature In 2 vols Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press Dce .2011 QianQin: A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature In 4 vols Foreign Language Teac

7、hing And Research Press. Oxford University Press . Jan 2012 Mark Twain : The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Bantam classic reissue . Jan 2004 Voto De. Benard. Mark Twain’s America. Cambridge.MA. Houthton Mifflin Company.1932. Burrows. David J. Lapides. Frederich R.and Shawcross. John T.ed. My

8、th &Motifs in literature. New York：Free Press.1973. Lodge. David. ed. 20th Century Literary Criticism.A Reader. London. Longman.1972. Scharnhorst.Garry. ed. Critical Essays on the Adventure of Tom Sawyer. New York.G. K. Hall.993. T wain.Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. London. P

9、enguin Books.1988. 一． Introduction The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is one of the most famous work written by American realistic wirter Mark Twain . For a long time , many critics of the modification have the prejudice to it , they think the it is a book for children , or a book that only can a

10、rouse people’s childish works, or in the words of Bernard di Vuto , the book is “ the best idyllic life style of American”. Even the American critic W.H.Hao Wells also thinks the book is created for entertain children . However , this work contains more profound contents . The Adventures of Tom Sawy

11、er is roughly a realistic work , the reader is not difficult to found that the novel also reflect the horror , violence , cruelty , abuse , virtual in real life . From this work to dig into the myth archetype , myth prototype is inclusion in reality life and into the legendary world . Live, legend o

12、f the world, and the mythological archetype of these three elements tightly interwoven. The novel Lord to reflect the resurrection, the devil prototype and nature combine Han myth prototype. However, more importantly, through to these myths prototype analysis, readers can find Mark Twin expressed th

13、e Americans holds a fuzzy attitude and contradiction thoughts on the original and civilization. 二．The United States literary works appeared in the myth archetype A modern literary criticism method widely accepted by people were put up by Lattice (1875- 1961), who created the psychoanalytic method.

14、 Jungs two most important think are the "collective unconscious" and "prototype". The collective unconscious refers to humans by genetic Force caused by a psychological characteristics, and consciousness is come by it. "Collective has no intention Consensus in the literature are always those recurr

15、ing images, scenarios and characters to the body Now, from prototype to reflect - the so-called "prototype" refers to "human after numerous same Memory residue of the experience will still exist, "Jungs collective unconscious, and prototype management On the original myth and anthropology at the c

16、eremony (in Frazers "Golden Bough" detailed Elaboration), closely linked. Recurring images and metaphors in literature . Shows the original characteristics inherited from their ancestors. Therefore, Jung recognized always be wrapped in the original myth theme recurring modern coat. Fry also looking

17、for a prototype is to study the literature of anthropology, that is, how literature literature appear before things such as: ritual, myth and folklore provide creative source. According to Wing Grid and Frys theory, critics of many literary works such as Miltons "force interest rates up to Prototype

18、 in Sri Lanka "(Lycidas) and TS Eliots" Waste Land "have been reviewed. Which contains the works of many writers in American literature, myth prototype. Washington Irving, the originator of American literature, created the American prototype Rip Branch, he represented the United States Die Nisuo Si,

19、 the work is considered to be the highest arts of Irving technical achievements. Accordingly, the writer Cooper of the same period to create a prototype figure Cincinnati? Bangmu Bo, a true pioneer and Indian. Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter "Hester. Prion who epitomized the mother archetype and the g

20、rowth of the prototype, to reflect the implication in the works of ambiguity and contradiction. "Moby Dick" accurately portrayed a whaler Lost and cleverly integrated into the myth - search for prototype. In addition, James Sri Lankas "Portrait of a Lady" Isabella experienced in the U.S. and Europe

21、also implicature with the pursuit of a prototype. In addition, the work The Adventures of Huckberry Fin. Mark Twain makes the real life, romance and myth prototype woven together. Book in the description along the Mississippi River on both sides of the actual scene of the myth of moral interludes

22、in which such complex live prototype. This prototype apartment Han in the novel, Huck carefully arranged to be "murder" .Then in the rebirth and resurrection from the cave scene. Another example is the V Torre said, "the myth of the books embodied original type in the rite of passage, and fell monst

23、ers, these two themes, "this method of literary creation .And characteristics are also used in "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". 二． The analysis of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer prototype myth What prototypes to reflect the main Problem? What subject can be mapped to the ideology of social issues and

24、 the Americans? 1. The resurrection of the prototype Myth and folklore are always at the same time, and showing the prototype in front of readers. In "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , the reader can easily find the superstition of the villagers comes from Widespread folklore; in the "Huck Beilifeien

25、, Adventure", there are similar Superstition, there is always bad luck to believe to see the snake, such as Jim. The villagers are superstitious, and also believe Magic, witchcraft, and so on. Thus, they not only serve to portray the role of local characteristics, and gave increase of dark and terro

26、r story for future Moonlight gravedigger graveyard murder and the cave adventure foreshadowed. A very important theme in the book - Resurrection prototype is reflected in the second chapter, "In Cemetery. "Tom and Huck witnessed the Yin Youen Joe exhumation and the murder of Robinson doctor Scene, t

27、his plot to show the people the dead were taken to the living world, live People driven to the underworld, unconscious muffle Potter but in between these two positions, which these circumstances are very in line with the resurrection of the prototype. The resurrection of the prototype is based on fo

28、lklore in this way. Introduced to a good body build-up of the story, Tom and Huck dead cats can be cured, Robin Jackson doctor is convinced that the dead body to help with his medical skills. Results in the process they find Robinson was kill by Joe, Tom has been threatened by the Qiaosuo Wei, in a

29、 life-threatening. Waiting for the devil to take away the dead soul of William, and good time to throw the dead cat in his body. However, they witnessed the Tomb of the exhumation and burial murder. Folklore in love Section to start the resurrection of the prototype with the folklore is reflected.

30、2. Devil prototype Around the body of Joe, the book show many myths features. Believe about dead cat superstition, children anticipate the emergence of the devil, just at this time, Joe appeared, he play the role of the devil prototype. "Joe, a savage, he is the Americans themselves mythical image.

31、 "Due to his half Indian descent, he is American culture in the wild very incarnation of the original. He and Cooper described by Tacitus Teague and Kuikui Ge, the same is printed. The first Native-Americans, but with them, his character is only cruel and barbaric. Unlike the Cooper, Herman Melville

32、 and William Faulkners Indians, he did the white wizard The identity of friends and companions is not unjustly wicked and him that only genuine the original characteristics. He hated the white society that civilized society, this edge due to the white. His abuse, his abhorrence led to his murder Ro

33、binson doctor, and murder turn to marry Porter. To yEn Joe not only has the features of the mythology of the United States, also has a general characteristics of the myth of the devil, "he lurk in the deep hole in the story to the most God Secret place, he begain appeared, like dormant in the groun

34、d all the legendary demons guarding his treasure. "His devil image in the book are described, and in the scene of the most representative of the cemetery. "At midnight, the devil appears, it may be two or three together, you can not see them, but you can hear the wind, or they talk about initials, F

35、inals. "Hack the language of myth about precisely predicted the next hair students do. Then, th devil - Yin Youen Joe exhumation murder. Whenever Joe out At present, the word of the devil in his body, he always Huck called "killers" and Yin Youen the devil. "Yinyou En Joe characters appropriate to

36、reflect the devil prototype. 3.The nature of the prototype "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" the characters living in the 1840s close West than on both sides of the river, there is with the myth of the prototype features landforms: river Virgin forests, islands and holes. Traditional mythology of th

37、e river, wilderness, Island and hole topography characteristics of this feature in the Jacksons Island "in this chapter. Virgin forest and island mythology in their paradise in the idyllic ideal, a symbol of the American myth of freedom paradise. However, Joe, as an American Myth The image is always

38、 closely linked and Jackson Island. Island is a Barbarian Joe out did not place, the Island and the virgin forest, a symbol of Americans have not yet developed to the music far away from civilization Soil. Completely barbaric and Another feature of the original is also a virgin forest. When the chil

39、dren from back to town on the island, they return to the earthly paradise of freedom, the river has symbolism is a romantic paradise system real-world cut off. Island idyllic song-style view with St. Petersburg, boring, dangerous and vulgar life in stark ratio. The town of civilized life not only co

40、nstrain the freedom of the children play, there are some potentially dangerous threat to the lives of children. In the wilderness of the island, they both are not the constraints of social norms, but also away from life-threatening. Many of the traditional myth, the hole has a function in the cave

41、, the hero is always through a long sleep, but not dead, the hole is always temporarily away from the real life place "in" Tom Sawyer Adventure ", it has a similar function, the hole means by the devil ruled the underground. Hole, as in the book called "Labyrinth" dark desolation, chaos is a terror

42、place away from normal life. However, the "hole is students and a symbol of regeneration, Tom in the cave to protect Betty allowed itself to become a hero, because from the cave, Tom newborn Tom. The hole also the burial place of the devil,after his death to the children left the property, the prope

43、rty was returned to town, for the children into line civilized enlightenment. Savage demon possession and guardian of property services in the open ignorance and enlightenment of knowledge, it also symbolizes the expulsion and conquest of civilization to the savage.Fourth, Mark Twain and American tr

44、eatment of civilization to conquer the barbaric attitude Joe understand the prototype for the devil makes people have to think of the American Myth The original owner of the Indians - on American soil. As an Indian, Joe White for no reason hate the village, he hated to Robinson, because "five years

45、ago from the kitchen of your father, I rush out, and I just want to discuss points to eat, you say I should not even think to get a little bit of something, then I swear one day I will accounts with you, your father no reason to put me in jail. Do you think I forget? I Yinyou En blood is not in vain

46、! "Widow Douglas, Joe intends to like right be sow cut her nose, cut her ears! "That is because" your husband ,Husband had brutally hit me, hit a lot of times - he just give me as a judge.Security charges and thrown into prison. This is nothing, he whipped me- Pumping nigger, like pumping in prison

47、in front of me! - The whole town is watching! With a whip! - Can you understand? " Mark Twain expressed this way the Indian fuzzy state degrees. In his eyes, Joe is both a devil, they are the victims. His evil is white on his injustice and abuse aroused. Scene table of ambiguities in the Joe died

48、Now the most obvious. Tom saw Yinyou En Joe fell to the ground, dead, his face close to the door, seems that he is still full of desire until the last moment of looking at have a bright a world of laughter, "this scene shook his soul." Tom was touched, because his experience told him this wicked by

49、how kind of suffering. He slowly mercy and compassion, and more with relief and a sense of security. "All Americans filling in this attitude of the Indians - fear mixed with relief and contrition. By Robinson doctors and Judge Douglas represent civilization is decadent and ugly, he Their cruel beha

50、vior was stirred Joe barbaric and criminal. Joes death in a civilized society the original . The beginning of the savage conquest, the last civilization to win in the end. However, the paper, the author did not have conclusions - civilization to conquer the original is definitely progress, as the is

51、lands original forest. Not only represents the barbaric and primitive, and they represent the traditional rules no hint of the American Myth norm constraint free paradise. Civilization to conquer the barbaric, but also stifle freedom; by a civilized, too civilized enlightenment precisely the cloak o

52、f the vulgar and ugly deeds. Make By this fuzzy point of view because the civilization and the above-mentioned in the original each positive and a negative impact, which reflects Americans treatment of the primitive and the civilized contradictions thinking.V. Conclusion. Mark Twain in "Tom Sawyer

53、 Adventure" in real life, the legendary World Sector and the myth of a prototype three together, and as the story of the anti-exhibition show to express the American treatment of American civilization and American Indians, the original of this ambiguities of the relationship. Thus, the Americans on

54、behalf of Mark Twain conquer Indian period of history have a complex and contradictory feelings. By means of the myth of a prototype sub-analysis of works intended to highlight social problems and their creative thinking is becoming clear. Extremely phase ,Like, Mark? Series of works of Twain "Huck Beilifeien, Adventures," and also anti-reflect the profound social problems, including the civilized and primitive relations, it also shows of the continuity of thought, the more that the work is far from the general view that as is a simple child’s books . 14