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1、 外文資料譯文 Single-chip SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals a

2、nd CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTELsZ80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways. Are

3、 8-bit microcontroller early or4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of i

4、ndustrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, because the cost is not satisfactory but have not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later serie

5、s of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clo

6、cked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars.Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary e

7、mbedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems. SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it

8、was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the worlds largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip.Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer acces

9、sories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 SCM, complex industrial control systems may even have hundreds of SCM in the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and

10、other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip.Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontrolle

11、r I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best choice. SCM and the compu

12、ter functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect as well, and hard disk memory devices, and different is its performance of these components were relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can d

13、o with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is primarily as a control section of the core components It is an online real-time

14、control computer, control-line is that the scene is needed is a stronger anti-jamming ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference. Single chip MCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions,

15、in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some great efforts are very difficult to do. A not very complex functions if the 50s with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must

16、 be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70s with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability! As the microcontroller on the cost-sen

17、sitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that the

18、re is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device.A visualization of small high-level language program which even if only one button, will reach tens of K of size! For the home PCs hard drive in terms of nothing, but in terms of the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the u

19、tilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up to get home PC, home PC, also can not afford to. Can be said that the twentieth century a

20、cross the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most

21、people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of intelligent machines single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually hidden in the charge

22、d mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has a very broad field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household ap

23、pliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent," such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to eng

24、age in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device. SCM history SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM,

25、 MCU, SOC three stages. First model 1.SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development.

26、In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed. 2.MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various periphe

27、ral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control.It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore, the development of MCUs responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development

28、has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look b

29、ack at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History. Embedded Systems Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; The

30、refore, the development of dedicated single chip SOC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SOC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to t

31、he single-chip micro-controller applications. MCU applications SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission,

32、 industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the micro

33、controller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers. SCM is widely used in instruments and me

34、ters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas: 1. In the application of Intelligent Instruments SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function,

35、expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SC

36、M makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument). 2. In the industrial control application With the MCU can consti

37、tute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control 3. In Household Appliances can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other

38、 audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. 4. In the field of computer networks and communications applications MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer

39、 applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work ca

40、n be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc.. 5. Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications SCM in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipmen

41、t and hospital beds, etc. call system. 6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If mus

42、ic integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller,

43、analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card). In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace. 7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment SCM

44、in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc.. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, national defense, aerospace a

45、nd other fields has a very wide range of applications. Application of six important part of learning MCU learning an important part of the six applications 1, Bus: We know that a circuit is always made by the devices connected by wires, in analog circuits, the connection does not become a prob

46、lem because the device is a serial relationship between the general, the device is not much connection between the , but the computer is not the same circuit, it is a microprocessor core, the device must be connected with the microprocessor, the device must be coordination between, so they need to c

47、onnect on a lot, as if still analog circuit like the microprocessor and devices in the connection between the individual, the number of lines will be a little more surprising, therefore the introduction of the microprocessor bus Zhong Each device Gongtong access connections, all devices 8 Shuju line

48、 all received eight public online, that is the equivalent of all devices together in parallel, but only this does not work, if there are two devices send data at the same time, a 0, a 1, then, whether the receiver received what is it? This situation is not allowed, so to be controlled by controlling

49、 the line, time-sharing the device to work at any time only one device to send data (which can have multiple devices to receive both). Devices data connection is known as the data bus, the device is called line of control all the control bus. Internal or external memory in the microcontroller and ot

50、her devices have memory cells, the memory cell to be assigned addresses, you can use, distribution, of course, to address given in the form of electrical signals, and as more memory cells, so, for the address allocation The line is also more of these lines is called the address bus. Second, data, a

51、ddress, command The reason why these three together because of the nature of these three are the same - the number, or are a string of 0 and 1 form the sequence. In other words, addresses, instructions are also data. Instruction: from single chip designer provides a number of commonly used instruct

52、ions with mnemonic we have a strict correspondence between the developer can not be changed by the MCU. Address: the search for MCU internal, external storage units, input and output port based on the address of the internal unit value provided by the chip designer is good, can not be changed, the e

53、xternal unit can be single chip developers to decide, but there are a number of address units is a must (see procedures for the implementation of the process). Third, P0 port, P2 and P3 of the second function I use: Beginners often on the P0 port, P2 and P3 port I use the second function pu

54、zzled that the second function and have a switch between the original function of the process, or have a directive, in fact, the port The second feature is automatic, do not need instructions to convert. Such as P3.6, P3.7 respectively WR, RD signal, when the microchip processing machines external R

55、AM or external I / O port, they are used as a second function, not as a general-purpose I / O port used, so long as a A microprocessor implementation of the MOVX instruction, there will be a corresponding signal sent from the P3.6 or P3.7, no prior use of commands. In fact not as a general-purpose I

56、 / O port use is also not a no but (user) not as a general-purpose I / O port to use. You can arrange the order of a SETB P3.7s instructions, and when the MCU execution to the instruction, the also make P3.7 into a high, but users will not do so because this is usually will cause the system to colla

57、pse. Fourth, the programs implementation: Reduction in power after the 8051 microcontroller within the program counter (PC) in the value of 0000 , the process is always from the 0000 units started, that is: the system must exist in ROM 0000 this unit , and in 0000 unit must be stored in a single i

58、nstruction. 5, the stack: Stack is a region, is used to store data, there is no special about the region itself is a part of internal RAM, special access to its data storage and the way that the so-called advanced post out backward first out , and the stack has a special data transmission in

59、structions that PUSH and POP , has a special expertise in its services unit, that is, the stack pointer SP, whenever a PUSH instruction execution, SP on (in the Based on the original value) automatically add 1, whenever the implementation of a POP instruction, SP will (on the basis of the original v

60、alue) automatically by 1. As the SP values can be changed with the instructions, so long as the beginning of the process to change the value of the SP, you can set the stack memory unit required, such as the program begins, with an MOV SP, # 5FH instructions When set on the stack starting from the m

61、emory unit 60H unit. There is always the beginning of the general procedure with such a directive to set the stack pointer, because boot, SP initial value of 07H, 08H This unit from the beginning to stack next, and 08H to 1FH 8031 is the second in the region, three or four working register area, oft

62、en used, this will lead to confusion of data. Different authors when writing programs, initialize the stack is not exactly the same directive, which is the authors habit. When set up the stack zone, does not mean that the region become a special memory, it can still use the same memory region as nor

63、mal, but generally the programmer does not regard it as an ordinary memory used. 中文資料原文 單片機(jī) 單片機(jī)也被稱為微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的縮寫MCU表示單片機(jī)，它最早是被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機(jī)由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來。最早的設(shè)計(jì)理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片中，使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理

64、器，從此以后，單片機(jī)和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。 早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹唵慰煽慷阅懿诲e(cuò)獲得了很大的好評。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTEL i960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高

65、了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型號也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。 單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)。現(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、電話、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配

66、件中都配有1-2部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī)，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作！單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。 單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型的計(jì)算機(jī)，和計(jì)算機(jī)相比，單片機(jī)只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。 單片機(jī)內(nèi)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊，比如CPU，內(nèi)存，并行總線，還有和硬盤作用相同的存儲器件，不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對我們的家用電腦弱很多，不過價(jià)錢也是低的，一般不超過10元即可......用它來做一些控制電器一類不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動(dòng)滾筒洗衣機(jī)、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影！......它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。 它是一種在線式實(shí)時(shí)