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1、外文資料翻譯 1. Principle of SCM Single-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the

2、 same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip. Also known as single-chip SCM

3、(Microcontroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integr

4、ated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the SCM and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways. Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most succ

5、essful is INTELs 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of industrial co

6、ntrol requirements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90s with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular,

7、 a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80s to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high

8、-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of the mid-90s close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer only

9、the bare-metal environment in the development and use of a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux

10、operating systems. More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the worlds largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chi

11、p integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equi

12、pped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the number of human beings. Hard wave introdu

13、ction The 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors s

14、ales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse w

15、idth modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a companys entire line of products since it can per

16、form many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform. 2. The basic architecture consists of the following features: An eight bit ALU 32 descriptive I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessed Two 16 bit timer/counters Full duplex UART 6 interrupt sourc

17、es with 2 priority levels 128 bytes of on board RAM Separate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memory One 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples o

18、f the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system wh

19、ich is using an 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds). 3. The SC

20、M development trend Now can say single chip microcomputer as the period of the flowers, the world each big companies have launched their own SCM chip making, from 8-bit, 16-bit to 32-bit, endless, of everything, they are all so different, mutual complement each other, for the application of single

21、chip microcomputer to provide broad heaven and earth. Throughout the SCM development process, can predict SCM development trend. (1) low power consumption CMOS MCS - 51 series of 8031 launched when the power of 630 mw, and now the single chip microcomputer generally around 100 mw, with single-chi

22、p computer power consumption requirements more and more low, now various microcontroller manufacturers generally adopted CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). 80C51 is adopted HMOS (i.e., high density metal oxide semiconductor) and CHMOS(complementary high-density metal oxide semic

23、onductor) process. CMOS low power consumption, but due to its physical characteristics determine its working speed is high enough, while CHMOS has high speed and low power consumption characteristics, these characteristics, more suitable for the low power consumption, battery powered applications. S

24、o this process will be a period microcontroller development the main way in the future. (2) miniature single chip Now the conventional SCM is generally is the central processor (CPU), random access data memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, interrupt sy

25、stem, timer circuit, clock circuit integrated on A single chip, enhanced SCM integrates such as A/D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), some single chip LCD driver circuit are integrated on A single chip, which microcontroller contains unit circuit is more, the more powe

26、rful. Even single chip manufacturers can also be customized according to users requirements, create with their characteristics of single-chip microcomputer. In addition, now product is generally require small size, light weight, which requires the microcontroller in addition to the strong function a

27、nd low power consumption. (3) mainstream coexist with many varieties Now although microcontroller variety, each has its own characteristics, but still with 80 c51 as the core of the single-chip computer were dominant, compatible with its structure and command system with PHILIPS products, ATMEL co

28、mpanys products and China Taiwan Win bond SCM series. So the C8051 held a half as the core of single chip microcomputer. And Microchip company PIC reduced instruction set (RISC) also has a strong momentum of development, Chinas Taiwan HOLTEK company in recent years, the monolithic integrated circuit

29、 output grows day by day, with the advantage of low price good quality, occupy a certain market share. In addition to the MOTOROLA products, several big Japanese company dedicated microcontroller. In a certain period of time, this kind of situation will continue, will not exist a microcontroller one

30、 worlds monopoly situation, go is dependent complementary, supplement each other and common development. (4) Large capacity and high performance Previous ROM the single-chip microcomputer of 1 KB ~ 4 KB, RAM is 64 ~ 128 b. But in need of complex control occasions, the storage capacity is not enou

31、gh, must undertake external expansion. In order to adapt to the requirement of the field, you must use new technology, to make the on chip memory capacity. At present, the single-chip microcomputer in ROM up to 64 KB, RAM up to 2 KB. Further change and single chip microcomputer CPU performance, spee

32、d up the instructions operation and improve the reliability of system control. Using the reduced instruction set (RISC) structure and the assembly line technology, can greatly improve the running speed. Has up to 100 MIPS Instruction speed is the highest (m letters Instruction Per Seconds, namely Mi

33、llion instructions Per second), and strengthen the interruption of treatment, and timing control function. Computing speed of this kind of single chip microcontroller over 10 times higher than standard. Because this . 1. 單片機(jī)原理 單片機(jī)是指一個(gè)集成在一塊芯片上的完整計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。盡管他的大部分功能集成在一塊小芯片上，但是它具有一個(gè)完整計(jì)算機(jī)所需要的大部分部件：

34、CPU、內(nèi)存、內(nèi)部和外部總線系統(tǒng)，目前大部分還會(huì)具有外存。同時(shí)集成諸如通訊接口、定時(shí)器，實(shí)時(shí)時(shí)鐘等外圍設(shè)備。而現(xiàn)在最強(qiáng)大的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)甚至可以將聲音、圖像、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、復(fù)雜的輸入輸出系統(tǒng)集成在一塊芯片上。 單片機(jī)也被稱為微控制器（Microcontroller），是因?yàn)樗钤绫挥迷诠I(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機(jī)由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來(lái)。最早的設(shè)計(jì)理念是通過(guò)將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片中，使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成復(fù)雜的而對(duì)體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理器，從此以后，單片機(jī)和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。 早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中最

35、成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)單可靠而性能不錯(cuò)獲得了很大的好評(píng)。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大的提高。隨著INTEL i960系列特別是后來(lái)的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過(guò)300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理

36、器，而普通的型號(hào)出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元，最高端的型號(hào)也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。 單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)?，F(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、電話、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有1-2部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī)，

37、復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺(tái)單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作！單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的綜合，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。 2. 單片機(jī)硬件介紹 8051系列微控制器是建立在一個(gè)高度優(yōu)化的嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)上。它的運(yùn)用范圍比較廣，從軍事裝備到汽車再到你的PC機(jī)的鍵盤。僅次于摩托羅拉68HC11在8位處理器銷售，8051家庭的微控制器, 在制造商上有各種各樣的變化，如因特爾公司、西門子、飛利浦。這些廠家已經(jīng)增加了許多功能及外設(shè)，如總線接口，模擬到數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器,看門狗定時(shí)器、脈沖寬度調(diào)制的輸出。8051的變化，達(dá)到40MHz時(shí)鐘頻率下降到150伏電壓條件是可得到的。這種廣泛的部分基于一個(gè)核

38、心使8051系列的一個(gè)很好的選擇作為基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)的一個(gè)公司產(chǎn)品，因?yàn)樗梢詧?zhí)行許多功能和開發(fā)者只會(huì)有這樣的一個(gè)平臺(tái)。 基本結(jié)構(gòu)由以下特點(diǎn)： 一個(gè)8位的算術(shù)邏輯單元 32個(gè)離散輸入輸出端口（4組8位）可單獨(dú)訪問(wèn) 二個(gè)16位?定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器 全雙工通用異步接收/發(fā)送裝置 6個(gè)中斷源與2個(gè)優(yōu)先級(jí)別 128字節(jié)的隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器 64K分開字節(jié)地址空間的數(shù)據(jù)和代碼的記憶 一個(gè)數(shù)字處理器周期共有十二振蕩器的時(shí)期。他本是十二門徒里的每一個(gè)階段是用于振蕩器的特殊功能的核心，如鳳凰社代碼的數(shù)字和樣品中的全部中斷菊花鏈未決的中斷。所需的時(shí)間任何8051指令可以除以12例，時(shí)鐘頻率通過(guò)反演結(jié)果和增殖它的數(shù)

39、字處理器周期所指示的問(wèn)題。因此，如果你有一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，使用一個(gè)11.059MHz時(shí)鐘，可以計(jì)算出的指令數(shù)除以這個(gè)值每秒12分。這給出了921583指令每秒指令頻率。反相這將提供每個(gè)指令周期（1.085微秒）采取的時(shí)間。 3. 單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 現(xiàn)在可以說(shuō)單片機(jī)是百花齊放的時(shí)期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的單片機(jī)，從8位、16位到32位,數(shù)不勝數(shù)，應(yīng)有盡有，它們各具特色，互成互補(bǔ)，為單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用提供廣闊的天地。縱觀單片機(jī)的發(fā)展過(guò)程，可以預(yù)示單片機(jī)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 (1) 低功耗CMOS化 MCS-51系列的8031推出時(shí)的功耗達(dá)630mW，而現(xiàn)在的單片機(jī)普遍都在100mW左右，隨著對(duì)單片

40、機(jī)功耗要求越來(lái)越低，現(xiàn)在的各個(gè)單片機(jī)制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互補(bǔ)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)。80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)和CHMOS(互補(bǔ)高密度金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體工藝)。CMOS雖然功耗較低，但由于其物理特征決定其工作速度不夠高，而CHMOS則具備了高速和低功耗的特點(diǎn)，這些特征更適合于在要求低功耗，電池供電的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合。所以這種工藝將是今后一段時(shí)期單片機(jī)發(fā)展的主要途徑。 (2) 微型單片化 現(xiàn)在常規(guī)的單片機(jī)普遍都是將中央處理器(CPU)、隨機(jī)存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)(RAM)、只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中斷系統(tǒng)、定時(shí)電路、時(shí)鐘電路集成在一塊單一的芯片上，

41、增強(qiáng)型的單片機(jī)集成了如A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器、PMW(脈寬調(diào)制電路)、WDT(看門狗)、有些單片機(jī)將LCD(液晶)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路都集成在單一的芯片上，這樣單片機(jī)包含的單元電路就更多，功能就越強(qiáng)大。甚至單片機(jī)廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的單片機(jī)芯片。 此外，現(xiàn)在的產(chǎn)品普遍要求體積小、重量輕，這就要求單片機(jī)除了功能強(qiáng)和功耗低外，還要求其體積要小?，F(xiàn)在的許多單片機(jī)都具有多種封裝形式，其中SMD(表面封裝)越來(lái)越受歡迎，使得由單片機(jī)構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)正朝微型化方向發(fā)展。 (3) 主流與多品種共存 現(xiàn)在雖然單片機(jī)的品種繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51為核心的單片機(jī)占主流，兼容其結(jié)構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)的有P

42、HILIPS公司的產(chǎn)品，ATMEL公司的產(chǎn)品和中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的Winbond系列單片機(jī)。所以C8051為核心的單片機(jī)占據(jù)了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精簡(jiǎn)指令集(RISC)也有著強(qiáng)勁的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭，中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的HOLTEK公司近年的單片機(jī)產(chǎn)量與日俱增，與其低價(jià)質(zhì)優(yōu)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，占據(jù)一定的市場(chǎng)分額。此外還有MOTOROLA公司的產(chǎn)品，日本幾大公司的專用單片機(jī)。在一定的時(shí)期內(nèi)，這種情形將得以延續(xù)，將不存在某個(gè)單片機(jī)一統(tǒng)天下的壟斷局面，走的是依存互補(bǔ)，相輔相成、共同發(fā)展的道路。 (4) 大容量、高性能 以往單片機(jī)內(nèi)的ROM為1KB～4KB，RAM 為64～128B。但在需要復(fù)雜控制的場(chǎng)合，該存儲(chǔ)容

43、量是不夠的，必須進(jìn)行外接擴(kuò)充。為了適應(yīng)這種領(lǐng)域的要求，須運(yùn)用新的工藝，使片內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器大容量化。目前，單片機(jī)內(nèi)ROM 最大可達(dá)64KB,RAM 最大為2KB。另外單片機(jī)進(jìn)一步改變CPU的性能，加快指令運(yùn)算的速度和提高系統(tǒng)控制的可靠性。采用精簡(jiǎn)指令集(RISC)結(jié)構(gòu)和流水線技術(shù)，可以大幅度提高運(yùn)行速度?，F(xiàn)指令速度最高者已達(dá)100MIPS(Million Instruction Per Seconds，即兆指令每秒)，并加強(qiáng)了位處理、中斷和定時(shí)控制功能。這類單片機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的單片機(jī)高出10 倍以上。由于這類單片機(jī)有極高的指令速度，可以使用軟件模擬其I/O功能，由此引入了虛擬外設(shè)的新概念。