20比5雙梁橋式起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
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內(nèi)容摘要:橋式起重機(jī)主要由起升機(jī)構(gòu)、小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、小車架和一些安全防護(hù)措施組成,橋架橫跨車間兩側(cè)的軌道上,小車在橋架橫梁上的軌道上沿著橫梁運(yùn)動(dòng),吊鉤可到達(dá)車間的每一個(gè)角落,實(shí)現(xiàn)物體的提升和平移。橋式起重機(jī),具有適應(yīng)范圍廣,提升重量范圍大,操作簡(jiǎn)單,安裝拆卸方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),廣泛用于工廠生產(chǎn)和港口物流搬運(yùn)中。機(jī)械部分主要由小車架、卷筒、吊鉤、橋架橫梁和操縱室等構(gòu)成。
橋式起重機(jī)可實(shí)現(xiàn)升降、平移兩種工作模式,本設(shè)計(jì)中根據(jù)起重量、起升速度和運(yùn)行速度計(jì)算出電機(jī)功率、減速器、卷筒及各聯(lián)軸器型號(hào),并以此依據(jù)來(lái)選型,綜合考慮多方面的因素,根據(jù)橋式起重機(jī)工作環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)了起重機(jī)的安全保護(hù)措施等;同時(shí)各個(gè)系統(tǒng)有相應(yīng)的安全保護(hù)措施來(lái)保證起重機(jī)安全可靠運(yùn)行。
關(guān)鍵詞:橋式起重機(jī) 車間 起重機(jī) 機(jī)械部分
Abstract: Bridge crane hoisting mechanism, cars run by institutions, mainly composed of small frame and some security measures, on a bridge across the shop floor on either side of the track, trolley tracks along the beam movement on the bridge beams, crane to reach every corner of the shop, improving the realization of objects of peace moves. Bridge cranes, has to adapt to a wide range and large range of lifting weights, simple operation, easy installation and removal, and other advantages, widely used in factories and ports for transport. Mechanical parts, mainly by small frame, reel, hook, form of bridge beams and cabinets.
Bridge type crane can implementation lifting, and pan two species work mode, this design in the under up weight, and up rose speed and run speed calculation out motor power, and reducer, and reel and the all coupling model, and to this pursuant to to selection, integrated considered many of factors, under bridge type crane work environment design has crane of security protection measures. At the same time the system has the appropriate security measures to ensure the safe and reliable operation of a crane.
Key Words:Bridge type hoist shop crane The mechanical part
緒 論
橋式起重機(jī)是橋架在高架軌道上運(yùn)行的一種橋架型起重機(jī),又稱天車。橋式起重機(jī)的橋架沿鋪設(shè)在兩側(cè)高架上的軌道上運(yùn)行,起重小車沿鋪設(shè)在橋架上的軌道橫向運(yùn)行,構(gòu)成一矩形的工作范圍,就可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運(yùn)物料,不受地面設(shè)備的阻礙。橋式起重機(jī)廣泛地應(yīng)用在室內(nèi)外倉(cāng)庫(kù)、廠房、碼頭和露天貯料場(chǎng)等處。
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普通橋式起重機(jī)一般由起重小車、橋架運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、橋架金屬結(jié)構(gòu)組成。
起重小車又由起升機(jī)構(gòu)、小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)和小車架三部分組成。起升機(jī)構(gòu)包括電動(dòng)機(jī)、制動(dòng)器、減速器、卷筒和滑輪組。電動(dòng)機(jī)通過(guò)減速器,帶動(dòng)卷筒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),使鋼絲繩繞上卷筒或從卷筒放下,以升降重物。小車架是支托和安裝起升機(jī)構(gòu)和小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)等部件的機(jī)架,通常為焊接結(jié)構(gòu)。
中、小型橋式起重機(jī)的運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)較多采用制動(dòng)器、減速器和電動(dòng)機(jī)組合成一體的“三合一”驅(qū)動(dòng)方式。起重機(jī)的行走一般用四個(gè)主動(dòng)和從動(dòng)車輪,如果起重量很大,常用增加車輪的辦法來(lái)降低輪壓。
橋架的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)由主梁和端梁組成。主梁與端梁剛性連接,端梁兩端裝有車輪,用以支承橋架在高架上運(yùn)行。主梁上焊有軌道,供起重小車運(yùn)行。
設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù):
起重量: 主起升20t 副起升5t 跨度13.5m
起升高度 :主起升12m 副起升14m
速度: 主起升 7.2m/min 副起升 19.5m/min
小車44.6m/min 大車84.7m/min
工作級(jí)別 : 主起升M5 副起升 M5 大車 M5 小車M5
車輪直徑 : 大車 600mm 小車350mm
卷筒直徑 : 主起升 500mm 副起升400mm
起升倍率: 主起升 4 副起升 21.主起升機(jī)構(gòu)的計(jì)算
1.1鋼絲繩的選擇
1.1.1雙聯(lián)滑輪組,鋼絲繩的最大靜拉力
式中Q—額定起升載荷Q=20000㎏;
—吊鉤組重量=500㎏;
m—滑輪組倍率m=4;
—滑輪組效率,查起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)=0.98
㎏
圖1.1起升機(jī)構(gòu)計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖
1.1.2鋼絲繩的選擇
所選鋼絲繩的破斷拉力應(yīng)滿足:;而
式中—鋼絲繩破斷拉力;
—鋼絲繩破斷拉力總和;
—折減系數(shù),對(duì)于6×19鋼絲繩=0.85
—鋼絲繩安全系數(shù)對(duì)于M5 =5.5;
由上式可得:
16920kg
根據(jù)查鋼絲繩產(chǎn)品目錄可選鋼絲繩6×19—18—1670 =18400kg,
>16920kg, 所以滿足要求
鋼絲繩直徑
1.2卷筒的設(shè)計(jì)
1.2.1主起升卷筒的設(shè)計(jì)
1)卷筒的主要幾何尺寸的確定卷筒名義直徑D:D=(e-1)d=(25-1×18=432mm
式中D—卷筒名義直徑(卷筒槽底直徑)
d—鋼絲繩直徑
e—簡(jiǎn)繩直徑比(查起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)取e=25)
2) 繩槽半徑R:R=(0.53-0.56)d=9.35㎜
3) 繩槽深度h:h=(0.25-0.4)d=6.8㎜
4) 繩槽節(jié)距p:p=d+(2-4)=20㎜
5) 卷筒上有螺紋部分長(zhǎng)度:()631mm
式中—最大起升高度=12m;
m—滑輪組倍率 m=4
=D+d—卷筒計(jì)算直徑有鋼絲繩中心算起的卷筒直徑;= D+d=500+18=518mm
—為鋼絲繩的安全圈數(shù)取Z=2
6) 卷筒長(zhǎng)度l:l=2()+=2×﹙631+60+60﹚+155=1657mm 取l=1.7m
式中—無(wú)繩槽卷筒端尺寸,有結(jié)構(gòu)需要決定
—固定鋼絲繩所需長(zhǎng)度=60mm
—中間光滑部分長(zhǎng)度根據(jù)鋼絲繩允許偏差決定取=155mm(根據(jù)計(jì)算常識(shí)得)
7) 卷筒壁厚δ:δ=0.02D+(6-10)=18㎜
1.2.2卷筒轉(zhuǎn)速
==
1.3起升電機(jī)的選擇
1.3.1計(jì)算起升靜功率
kw
kw
初選電機(jī)功率
=0.85×26.50=22.53kw
選擇YZR 200L-8電機(jī),N=22kw, n=720r/min
1.4減速器的選擇
1.4.1起升機(jī)構(gòu)總的傳動(dòng)比:
i===40.6
根據(jù)傳動(dòng)比i=40,電機(jī)功率22kw,電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速n=720r/min,從減速器產(chǎn)品手冊(cè)上可選用 :ZQ-65---3CA型減速器,
1.4.2演算減速器被動(dòng)軸的最大扭矩及最大徑向力最大扭矩的驗(yàn)算
式中—電動(dòng)機(jī)額定扭矩,=
i—傳動(dòng)比,i=40.6
η—電動(dòng)機(jī)至減速器低速軸的效率η=0.94;
ψ—電動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩倍數(shù),ψ=3.35
—減速器低速軸上的最大容許轉(zhuǎn)矩,=6150kg·m
=0.75×3.35×29.18×48.6×0.94=2814.kg·m
∴
最大徑向力的驗(yàn)算
式中,—卷筒上鋼絲繩最大拉力,=2615kg;
—卷筒重量,=800kg;
—低速軸端的最大容許徑向載荷,=9940kg; 2615+3015kg
∴ 滿足要求
1.5制動(dòng)器的選擇
制動(dòng)器裝在高速軸上,其制動(dòng)應(yīng)滿足下式:
(kg.m)
式中—制動(dòng)安全系數(shù)對(duì)中級(jí)工作類型,=1.75;
—滿載時(shí)制動(dòng)軸上的靜力矩
=
式中—機(jī)構(gòu)總效率,=0.91
=1.75·m
查產(chǎn)品目錄,選擇YWZ4—300E/50制動(dòng)器,ed50/6匹配推力器
制動(dòng)輪直徑D=300㎜ 最大制動(dòng)力矩630N·m
2. 副起升機(jī)構(gòu)的驗(yàn)算
2.1.鋼絲繩的選擇
2.1.1雙聯(lián)滑輪組,鋼絲繩的最大靜拉力
式中Q—額定起升載荷Q=5000㎏;
—吊鉤組重量=100㎏;
m—滑輪組倍率m=2;
—滑輪組效率,查起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)=0.98
1287.8㎏
2.1.2鋼絲繩的選擇
所選鋼絲繩的破斷拉力應(yīng)滿足
;而
式中—鋼絲繩破斷拉力;
—鋼絲繩破斷拉力總和;
—折減系數(shù),對(duì)于6×19鋼絲繩=0.85
—鋼絲繩安全系數(shù)對(duì)于M5 =5.5;
由上式可得:
8334kg
根據(jù)查鋼絲繩產(chǎn)品目錄可選鋼絲繩6×19—16—155; =8870kg,
=8870>8334, 所以符合要求。d=16mm
2.2卷筒的設(shè)計(jì)
2.2.1主起升卷筒的設(shè)計(jì)
1)卷筒的主要幾何尺寸的確定
(此處為圖)
卷筒名義直徑D:D=(e-1)d=(25-1)×16=384㎜
取D=400㎜
式中D—卷筒名義直徑(卷筒槽底直徑)
d—鋼絲繩直徑
e—簡(jiǎn)繩直徑比(查起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)取e=18)
2)繩槽半徑R:R=(0.53-0.56)d=76.88㎜
3)繩槽深度h:h=(0.25-0.4)d=5㎜
4)繩槽節(jié)距p:p=d+(2-4)=18㎜
5)卷筒上有螺紋部分長(zhǎng)度:()
式中—最大起升高度=14m;
m—滑輪組倍率 m=2
=D+d—卷筒計(jì)算直徑有鋼絲繩中心算起的卷筒直徑,=414mm;
—為鋼絲繩的安全圈數(shù)取Z=2
式中—無(wú)繩槽卷筒端尺寸,有結(jié)構(gòu)需要決定
—固定鋼絲繩所需長(zhǎng)度=54mm
—中間光滑部分長(zhǎng)度根據(jù)鋼絲繩允許偏差決定取=80mm
6)卷筒長(zhǎng)度l:l=2()+=2×﹙425+54+54﹚+80=1146mm;取1=1.2m。卷筒材料采用HT20-40,其壁厚按經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式確定
2.2.2卷筒轉(zhuǎn)速
===30.11r/min
2.3起升電機(jī)的選擇
2.3.1計(jì)算起升凈功率
式中—起升機(jī)構(gòu)的總效率,==0.99×0.985×0.94=0.917
kw
初選電機(jī)功率
=0.85×17.73=15.07kw
式中—起升機(jī)構(gòu)按凈功率初選電動(dòng)機(jī)的系數(shù),起起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)=0.85
查電機(jī)手冊(cè),選功率YZR180L-8 ,N=17kw, 轉(zhuǎn)速n=710n/min
2.4減速器的選擇
2.4.1起升機(jī)構(gòu)總的傳動(dòng)比:
i==
根據(jù)傳動(dòng)比i=23.58,電機(jī)功率16kw,電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速n=710r/min,從減速器產(chǎn)品手冊(cè)上可選用 :ZQ65—31.5—Ⅱ—3CA
2.4.2演算減速器被動(dòng)軸的最大扭矩及最大徑向力最大扭矩的驗(yàn)算
式中—電動(dòng)機(jī)額定扭矩,=kg·m
i—傳動(dòng)比,i=23.58
η—電動(dòng)機(jī)至減速器低速軸的效率η=0.94;
ψ—電動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩倍數(shù),ψ=3.92
—減速器低速軸上的最大容許轉(zhuǎn)矩,=2500kg·m
=0.75×3.92×21.97×23.34×0.94=1417kg·m
∴
最大徑向力的驗(yàn)算
式中,—卷筒上鋼絲繩最大拉力,=1288kg;
—卷筒重量,=360kg;
—=9600kg;
1288+=1468kg
∴ 滿足要求
2.5制動(dòng)器的選擇
制動(dòng)器裝在高速軸上,其制動(dòng)應(yīng)滿足下式
式中—制動(dòng)安全系數(shù)對(duì)中級(jí)工作類型,=1.75;
—滿載時(shí)制動(dòng)軸上的靜力矩
=
=1.75×kg·m
查產(chǎn)品目錄,選擇YWZ4—300/45制動(dòng)器,Y—45Z/6匹配推力器
制動(dòng)輪直徑D=300㎜ 最大制動(dòng)力矩630N·m
∴=1.73>1.7
滿足要求
3. 小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的計(jì)算
3.1 小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖
根據(jù)起重小車架的平衡方程式,可分別示出主動(dòng)輪和從動(dòng)輪的輪壓
主動(dòng)輪:
式中P1——主動(dòng)輪輪壓
Kt——小車輪距。為2400mm
3.1運(yùn)行阻力的計(jì)算
3.1.1小車滿載時(shí)的最大摩擦阻力
=(Q+G+)
式中(Q+G)—額定起重量加吊鉤重量,(Q+G)=20500kg;
—小車自重,=7500kg;
k—滾動(dòng)摩擦系數(shù),k=0.05cm;
μ—軸承摩擦系數(shù),μ=0.015;
—附加摩擦阻力系數(shù),=1.5;
—車輪直徑,=350mm;
d—軸承內(nèi)徑,d=90mm;
=(20500+7500)
==56kg
3.1.2小車滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)的最大坡度阻力
=(Q+G+)·
式中—坡度阻力系數(shù),=0.02
=(20500+7500)0.002=56kg
空載運(yùn)行時(shí)=16kg
3.1.3小車滿載時(shí)的最大靜阻力
=282+56=338kg
=81+16=97kg
3.2選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)
3.2.1滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)電動(dòng)機(jī)的靜功率
=kw
3.2.2選擇電機(jī)
式中—電機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)為克服慣性的功率增大系數(shù),=1.4
N=1.4×2.74=3.86kw
查電動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品目錄,選擇YZR160電機(jī);功率N=8.5kw,轉(zhuǎn)速910r/min
3.3確定減速器
3.3.1確定傳動(dòng)比
i==
—小車運(yùn)行速度;
n—電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,n=910r/min;
D——小車車輪直徑,D=0.5m
=
i=
啟動(dòng)時(shí)的慣性力:
式中—小車滿載啟動(dòng)時(shí)的平均加速度,取=0.1m/;
啟動(dòng)時(shí)減速器輸入功率
N=
根據(jù)啟動(dòng)時(shí)的輸入功率,減速比i=22.4,輸入轉(zhuǎn)速及工作類型,查產(chǎn)品目錄,選擇ZQ50—40—Ⅱ—3CA型號(hào)。
4.大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的計(jì)算
4.1輪壓計(jì)算 參考同類型規(guī)格相近的起重機(jī),可挖認(rèn)為主鉤中心線至端梁兩端主、從車輪中心線距離相等,主鉤中心線離端梁中心線最小距離(極限尺寸)。
大車最大輪壓(滿載)
4.1.1大車最小輪壓(滿載)
4.1.2大車最大輪壓(空載)
4.1.3大車最小輪壓(空載)
4.2電機(jī)的選擇
4.2.1運(yùn)行阻力的計(jì)算
=+
式中—起升運(yùn)行靜阻力;
—起重運(yùn)行摩擦阻力;
—起重機(jī)在有坡軌道上運(yùn)行時(shí)需克服的由起重機(jī)重量分力引起的阻力;
1) 起重機(jī)滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)的最大摩擦阻力
=kg
2) 起重機(jī)滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)最大坡度阻力
=
=(32.5+20.5) ×1000×0.001=53kg;
3) 起重機(jī)滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)的最大靜阻力
4) 起重機(jī)滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)最小摩擦阻力
kg
5) 起重機(jī)空在運(yùn)行時(shí)坡度阻力
kg
6) 起重機(jī)空載運(yùn)行時(shí)的靜阻力
kg
4.2.2選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)
1) 滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)電動(dòng)機(jī)的凈功率
式中—起重機(jī)滿載運(yùn)行時(shí)的靜阻力,=530kg;
—大車運(yùn)行速度,=84.7m/min;
η—大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)傳動(dòng)效率,η=0.95;
m—電機(jī)個(gè)數(shù),m=2;
kw
2) 初選電動(dòng)機(jī)
式中—電動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)克服慣性的功率增大系數(shù),=2;
kw
查電動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品目錄,選YZR180L電機(jī),P=7.7kw,實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速930r/min
4.3確定減速器
4.3.1減速器傳動(dòng)比
式中—大車運(yùn)行速度,=84.7m/min;
n—電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,n=930r/min;
—大車車輪直徑,=0.6m;
4.3.2啟動(dòng)時(shí)的慣性力
kg
啟動(dòng)時(shí)減速器的輸入功率
kw
根據(jù)啟動(dòng)時(shí)的輸入功率,減速比i=20.67,輸入轉(zhuǎn)速及工作類型,查產(chǎn)品目錄選ZQ50—31.5—Ⅱ—3CA減速器。
5.主梁的設(shè)計(jì)
5.1選擇主梁
斷面面積
F=55×(1+1.2)+2×0.6×115=259
慣性矩
水平慣性矩
垂直慣性矩
斷面模數(shù)
5.2 主梁載荷的計(jì)算
箱形雙梁橋架的自重載荷和起升載荷
算式中為一根主梁的重量,大小為5298kg
為傳動(dòng)側(cè)走臺(tái)的重量,大小為1273kg
為主梁軌道的重量,大小為595kg
為一側(cè)欄桿的重量,大小為147kg
為主梁上的一些其他小物件,如接線盒等,大小為176kg
L為跨度,大小為13.5m
計(jì)算式所需的各個(gè)部件的重量,由參考文獻(xiàn)和設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)中差得,最后應(yīng)按實(shí)際結(jié)構(gòu)的重量進(jìn)行校核修改,具體數(shù)據(jù)大小參考了大連起重機(jī)器廠73年系列產(chǎn)品的主梁數(shù)據(jù)
均布載荷產(chǎn)生的最大彎矩(在跨中)
固定集中載荷的跨中產(chǎn)生的彎矩:
式中大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的重量,大小為440kg
為操縱室的重量,大小為1100kg
為布置在走臺(tái)上的電氣設(shè)備的重量,大小為194kg
=2588kg.m
固定載荷上主梁上的最大彎矩
5.3起升載荷及其最大彎矩的計(jì)算
小車靜輪壓:
小車計(jì)算輪壓:
式中 為小車自重引起的輪壓
為負(fù)載引起的輪壓
為動(dòng)力系數(shù),根據(jù)起重機(jī)的工作級(jí)別來(lái)確定,起重機(jī)的工作級(jí)別為M5,參考設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè),取。
小車靜輪壓:
靜載最大彎矩
計(jì)算最大彎矩
式中 小車輪距為2.4m
起重機(jī)跨度為L(zhǎng)=13.5m
5.4水平慣性載荷
水平慣性載荷是在小車及橋架的運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)起動(dòng)或制動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的這種慣性力,通過(guò)制動(dòng)車輪的粘著力,傳遞到主梁上。
當(dāng)小車制動(dòng)時(shí),水平慣性力。由于是縱向作用,所以在箱形結(jié)構(gòu)主梁計(jì)算中一般不考慮,只在端梁計(jì)算中考慮。
當(dāng)橋架制動(dòng)時(shí),橫向作用于主梁軸線的水平慣性載荷根據(jù)主動(dòng)車輪數(shù)決定。
在計(jì)算中,一般不單獨(dú)計(jì)算,而對(duì)主梁取水平慣性力引起彎矩等于垂直載荷引起的彎矩的0.1倍,端梁計(jì)算中去0.15倍。
由水平慣性力產(chǎn)生的主梁最大彎曲力矩為
5.5 載荷組合及主梁應(yīng)力的計(jì)算
5.5.1 跨中主梁法向應(yīng)力
第一類載荷組合:
第二類載荷組合
第三類載荷組合
為第一、第二類許用應(yīng)力,對(duì)取=1400kg/
為第三類許用應(yīng)力,對(duì)取=1700kg/
5.5.2 跨端主梁腹板的剪應(yīng)力
式中:在固定載荷及活動(dòng)載荷的作用下,主端跨端的最大剪力
其中:
為小車位于跨端極限位置,所以去=0
:滿足要求
55.6 剛度的計(jì)算
5.6.1主梁的靜剛度
對(duì)兩個(gè)輪壓力:
式中 為小車的實(shí)際靜輪壓,不計(jì)動(dòng)力系數(shù),分別取7.3t和6.7t
L為起重機(jī)的跨度,大小為1350cm
E為彈性模數(shù),大小為
為主梁跨中毛截面對(duì)中心軸的慣性矩,大小為558751
滿足要求
5.6.2 主梁的動(dòng)剛度
按空載時(shí)的自振周期
; K=
;所以滿足要求
6.端梁計(jì)算
端梁采用箱型的實(shí)體板梁式結(jié)構(gòu),是由車輪組合端梁架組成,端梁的中間截面也是由上蓋板,下蓋板和兩塊腹板組成;通常把端梁制成制成三個(gè)分段,端梁是由兩段通過(guò)連接板和角鋼用高強(qiáng)螺栓連接而成。端梁的主要尺寸是依據(jù)主梁的跨度,大車的輪距和小車的軌距來(lái)確定的;大車的運(yùn)行采用分別驅(qū)動(dòng)的方案。在裝配起重機(jī)的時(shí)候,先將端梁的一段與其中的一根主梁連接在一起,然后再將端梁的兩段連接起來(lái)。
箱形結(jié)構(gòu)橋架的端梁一般亦采用箱形斷面。端梁構(gòu)造如圖
6.1端梁構(gòu)造圖
6.1中間斷面系數(shù)
下蓋板凈斷面面積
對(duì)x-x軸凈斷面慣性矩
對(duì)x-x軸凈斷面系數(shù);
對(duì)y-y軸凈斷面慣性矩
對(duì)y-y軸凈斷面系數(shù)
6.2端部支承處斷面系數(shù)
斷面上部對(duì)x-x軸的靜矩
斷面上蓋板對(duì)x-x軸的靜矩
斷面下蓋板對(duì)x-x軸的靜矩
7.整車總功率
7.1整車電機(jī)功率之和P
P=
=22+17+8.5+2=62.9kw
結(jié)束語(yǔ)
通過(guò)此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),讓我了解到了很多方面東西。首先,此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)把大學(xué)幾年來(lái)的理論知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)、總結(jié)并應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐當(dāng)中,讓我們對(duì)工程機(jī)械特別是起重機(jī)械有了更深入的了解。從整體結(jié)構(gòu)到各個(gè)部件都有了一個(gè)全面的認(rèn)識(shí)。此次設(shè)計(jì)不但是對(duì)我們以前學(xué)習(xí)的一種深入,更是我們今后工作的一種理論基礎(chǔ)。
回顧整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程,從自己確定設(shè)計(jì)題目,到自己通過(guò)各種方法收集資料,為設(shè)計(jì)做準(zhǔn)備,再到設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算等等。我獨(dú)立完成了整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),其中的感受是深刻的,不是幾段文字能完全表達(dá)清楚的,在這期間,設(shè)計(jì)帶給我苦悶,也給我?guī)?lái)了歡樂(lè)。
我設(shè)計(jì)的主要是橋式起重機(jī)的整體。橋式起重機(jī)包括起升機(jī)構(gòu)、大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)、金屬結(jié)構(gòu)中主梁、端梁、以及一些其它小零部件。在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,要有詳細(xì)的圖紙,我的圖紙折合4張圖紙,包括橋式起重機(jī)總圖一張,小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)一張,主梁一張和端梁一張,圖紙還不完全詳細(xì)。在這過(guò)程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的一些不足,包括計(jì)算時(shí)有些細(xì)節(jié)沒(méi)有考慮到,畫(huà)圖時(shí),還不是很專業(yè),難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些小的錯(cuò)誤,因此我會(huì)在今后學(xué)習(xí)和工作中會(huì)加以改進(jìn)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn).起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范(GB3811-83).北京:中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社,1984,20~35
[2] 徐格寧.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)[M].北京:機(jī)械工程出版社,1995,67~79
[3]張質(zhì)文 等.起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].北京:中國(guó)鐵道出版社,1998,89~103
[4]起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械[J].國(guó)外期刊文摘,2006.11,66~89
[5]陳道南.起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1988.8,12~32
[6]黃大巍等.現(xiàn)代起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2006.6,73~101
[7]林貴瑜,史勇.關(guān)于起重機(jī)發(fā)展的幾個(gè)技術(shù)問(wèn)題[J].建設(shè)機(jī)械技術(shù)與管理,2006,12,203~277
[8]坂本種芳、長(zhǎng)谷川政弘著. 池成淵 譯 .《橋式起重機(jī)計(jì)算》.中國(guó)鐵道出版社出版 ,1987,108~122
致謝
29
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))任務(wù)書(shū)
題目名稱 20/5噸雙梁橋式起重機(jī)
學(xué)生姓名
所學(xué)專業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班級(jí)
指導(dǎo)教師姓名
所學(xué)專業(yè)
職稱
完成期限
2012年4月
一、論文(設(shè)計(jì))主要內(nèi)容及主要技術(shù)指標(biāo)
1、對(duì)起重機(jī)的介紹及雙梁橋式起重機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)組成和工作原理的說(shuō)明。
2、起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)方案的比較與確定確定橋架結(jié)構(gòu)的型式和大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)方式。
3、工程力學(xué)、金屬機(jī)構(gòu)學(xué)、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的選擇與計(jì)算。
4、主要零部件選擇方案的比較與確定。
5、綜合考慮完成各部分的設(shè)計(jì)。
二、畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))的基本要求
1、進(jìn)行廣泛的資料查詢和文獻(xiàn)檢索等前期準(zhǔn)備工作,并完成符合要求的開(kāi)題報(bào)告和任務(wù)書(shū)。
2、開(kāi)題報(bào)告、任務(wù)書(shū)經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師審核通過(guò)后進(jìn)行論文的撰寫(xiě)工作。
3、論文寫(xiě)作要求符合新鄉(xiāng)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文排版規(guī)范。
4、按時(shí)、保質(zhì)、保量完成論文撰寫(xiě),并按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式裝訂成冊(cè)。
三、畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))進(jìn)度安排
(1)2012年4月上旬,查閱與題目有關(guān)的報(bào)告,填好論文開(kāi)題報(bào)告,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)老師及指導(dǎo)小組初審再經(jīng)教研室集體討論通過(guò)后,開(kāi)始畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作提綱的編寫(xiě)。4月中旬向指導(dǎo)老師提交論文寫(xiě)作提綱,待指導(dǎo)老師批準(zhǔn)后,正式開(kāi)始論文寫(xiě)作。
(2)2012年4月下旬完成論文處稿,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)老師審閱提出修改意見(jiàn)后進(jìn)行修改。
(3)2012年5月上旬前完成論文第二稿,再經(jīng)指導(dǎo)老師進(jìn)行修改,最后定稿。
(4)2012年5月上旬,進(jìn)行論文答辯資格審查。
題目:20/5噸雙梁橋式起重機(jī)
————機(jī)械部件選型及金屬結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
目錄
內(nèi)容摘要……………………………………………………………………………1
關(guān) 鍵 詞……………………………………………………………………………1
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………1
Key words…………………………………………………………………………1
緒 論………………………………………………………………………………2
1.主起升機(jī)構(gòu)計(jì)算…………………………………………………………………3
1.1鋼絲繩選擇…………………………………………………………………3
1.2卷筒設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………………………3
1.3起升電機(jī)選擇………………………………………………………………5
1.4減速器選擇…………………………………………………………………5
1.5制動(dòng)器選擇…………………………………………………………………6
2. 副起升機(jī)構(gòu)計(jì)算…………………………………………………………………7
2.1鋼絲繩選擇…………………………………………………………………7
2.2卷筒設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………………………8
2.3起升電機(jī)選擇………………………………………………………………9
2.4減速器選擇…………………………………………………………………9
2.5制動(dòng)器選擇…………………………………………………………………10
3.小車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)計(jì)算………………………………………………………………10
3.1運(yùn)行阻力……………………………………………………………………11
3.2選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)…………………………………………………………………12
3.3確定減速器…………………………………………………………………12
4.大車運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)計(jì)算………………………………………………………………13
4.1輪壓計(jì)算……………………………………………………………………13
4.2電機(jī)選擇……………………………………………………………………14
4.3確定減速器…………………………………………………………………15
5.主梁設(shè)計(jì)………………………………………………………………………… 16
5.1選擇主梁……………………………………………………………………16
5.2主梁載荷計(jì)算………………………………………………………………18
5.3起升載荷及其最大彎矩計(jì)算………………………………………………18
5.4水平慣性載荷………………………………………………………………20
5.5載荷組合與主梁應(yīng)力計(jì)算…………………………………………………20
5.6剛度計(jì)算……………………………………………………………………22
6.端梁計(jì)算…………………………………………………………………………23
6.1中間斷面系數(shù)計(jì)算…………………………………………………………23
6.2端部支承處斷面系數(shù)計(jì)算…………………………………………………24
7.整車總功率………………………………………………………………………25
7.1整車電機(jī)功率之和…………………………………………………………25
總結(jié)語(yǔ)………………………………………………………………………………26
參考文獻(xiàn)……………………………………………………………………………27
致謝…………………………………………………………………………………28
未來(lái)中國(guó)起重機(jī)的發(fā)展方向
隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)不斷更新,工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大和自動(dòng)化程度的提高,起重機(jī)在現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣,作用愈來(lái)愈大,對(duì)起重機(jī)的要求也越來(lái)越高。尤其是電子計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,促使了許多跨學(xué)科的先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方法出現(xiàn),推動(dòng)了現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)和檢測(cè)技術(shù)的提高。激烈的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也越來(lái)越依賴于技術(shù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這些都促使起重機(jī)的技術(shù)性能進(jìn)入嶄新的發(fā)展階段,起重機(jī)正經(jīng)歷著一場(chǎng)巨大的變革。
我國(guó)正以前所未有的速度進(jìn)入全球化國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng),中國(guó)的起重機(jī)制造業(yè)面臨著機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存的新形勢(shì)。因此中國(guó)起重機(jī)要不斷發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新?,F(xiàn)根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外起重機(jī)的新理論、新技術(shù)和新動(dòng)向,結(jié)合實(shí)例,簡(jiǎn)要論述現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)的特征和未來(lái)中國(guó)起重機(jī)的發(fā)展方向。
1.重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)品大型化、高速化
由于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,生產(chǎn)效率日益提高,以及產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中物料裝卸搬運(yùn)費(fèi)用所占比例逐漸增加,促使大型或高速起重機(jī)的需求量不斷增長(zhǎng)。起重量越來(lái)越大,工作越來(lái)越頻繁,并對(duì)能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重機(jī)已成為自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)流程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。起重機(jī)不但要好用,容易維護(hù),操作方便,而且安全性要好,故障要少,平均無(wú)故障工作時(shí)間要長(zhǎng)??煽啃允菄?guó)際市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn),國(guó)外許多大公司都制定了可靠性內(nèi)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我國(guó)起重機(jī)的性能要趕超世界先進(jìn)水平,最關(guān)鍵的是要改變傳統(tǒng)的思維理念,提高可靠性,使起重機(jī)具有優(yōu)異的耐久性、無(wú)故障性、維修性和使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
2、系列產(chǎn)品模塊化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、組合化和實(shí)用化
許多起重機(jī)是成系列成批量的產(chǎn)品,采用系統(tǒng)多目標(biāo)整體優(yōu)化方法進(jìn)行起重機(jī)系列設(shè)計(jì)已成為發(fā)展重點(diǎn),通過(guò)全面考慮性能、成本、工藝、生產(chǎn)管理、制造批量和使用維護(hù)等多種因素對(duì)系列主參數(shù)進(jìn)行合理匹配,以達(dá)到改善整機(jī)性能.降低制造成本,提高通用化程度,用較少規(guī)格數(shù)的零部件組成多品種、多規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品,充分滿足用戶需求。
用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方法,將起重機(jī)上功能基本相同的構(gòu)件、部件和零件 制成有多種用途,有相同聯(lián)接要素和可互換的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊,通過(guò)不同模塊的組合,形成不同類型和規(guī)格的起重機(jī)。對(duì)起重機(jī)進(jìn)行改進(jìn),只需針對(duì)某幾個(gè)模塊。設(shè)計(jì)新型起重機(jī),只需選用不同模塊重新進(jìn)行組合。由于提高了通用化程度,可使單件小批生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品改換成具有相當(dāng)批量的模塊生產(chǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn),降低制造成本。能以較少的模塊形式,組合成多品種多規(guī)格的起重機(jī),滿足市場(chǎng)需求,增加競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。
3、通用產(chǎn)品輕型化、小型化和多樣化
有相當(dāng)批量的起重機(jī)是在一般的車間倉(cāng)庫(kù)使用,要求并不很高,工作并不十分繁重。如何提高這些起重機(jī)的適用性,降低制造成本,是市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能否獲勝的關(guān)鍵??紤]綜合效益,要求起重機(jī)盡量降低外形高度,簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu),減小自重和輪壓,也可使整個(gè)建筑物高度下降,建筑結(jié)構(gòu)輕型化,降低造價(jià)和使用維護(hù)費(fèi)用。因此電動(dòng)葫蘆橋式起重機(jī)和輕型梁式起重機(jī)會(huì)有更快的發(fā)展,并將大部分取代中小噸位一般用途橋式起重機(jī)。
用戶的需求性促進(jìn)了起重機(jī)的多樣性。起重機(jī)的系列參數(shù)范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,功能選擇進(jìn)一步增加,一機(jī)多用產(chǎn)品進(jìn)一步得到發(fā)展,以增強(qiáng)應(yīng)變能力。在一般使用場(chǎng)合采用無(wú)線遙控操作的比例也將逐步增多。
芬蘭科尼起重機(jī)公司經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的開(kāi)發(fā)和創(chuàng)新,已形成一個(gè)輕型組合式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起重機(jī)系列。整個(gè)系列由組合式工字形單梁、箱形單梁、懸掛箱形單梁、角形小車箱形單梁、偏軌箱形雙梁和UKA流動(dòng)工作站多個(gè)品種組成。主梁與端梁相接共有20多種形式,可適合不同建筑物和不同起吊物的要求。每種規(guī)格起重機(jī)都有三種單速及三種雙速可供任意選擇,并且大小車運(yùn)行采用變頻控制作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置,還能根據(jù)客戶要求、使用工況做針對(duì)性的設(shè)計(jì)。操縱方式有地面手電門自行移動(dòng)、手電門隨小車移動(dòng)、手電門固定、遠(yuǎn)紅外或無(wú)線電遙控、司機(jī)室固定、司機(jī)室隨小車移動(dòng)、司機(jī)室自行移動(dòng)、PLC編程控制等多種選擇,外加不同的導(dǎo)電形式,不同的電控形式,通過(guò)不同的組合,可搭配成百上千種起重機(jī),充分滿足用戶不同的需求。
4、產(chǎn)品性能自動(dòng)化、智能化和集成化
起重機(jī)的更新和發(fā)展,很大程度上取決于電氣傳動(dòng)與控制的改進(jìn)。將自動(dòng)化技術(shù)和機(jī)械傳動(dòng)技術(shù)相結(jié)合,將先進(jìn)的微電子技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、光纜通訊技術(shù)、液壓技術(shù)、模糊控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用到機(jī)械的驅(qū)動(dòng)和控制系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化和半自動(dòng)化。使起重機(jī)組成的物料搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)具有更高的柔性,以適應(yīng)未來(lái)多批次少批量的柔性生產(chǎn)模式。
大型高效起重機(jī)的新一代電氣控制裝置已發(fā)展為全電子數(shù)字化控制系統(tǒng)。主要由全數(shù)字化控制驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置、可編程序控制器PLC、故障診斷及數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)字化操縱給定檢測(cè)等設(shè)備組成。它賦于起重機(jī)以信息功能,可進(jìn)行信息傳遞、處理及動(dòng)力控制,大大提高了綜合自動(dòng)化水平。目前控制方面重點(diǎn)發(fā)展吊具防偏防搖技術(shù),取物裝置自動(dòng)取、卸物技術(shù),位置檢測(cè)及自動(dòng)位置控制技術(shù),故障自診斷監(jiān)控技術(shù)等。
電氣傳動(dòng)方面重點(diǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)以微處理機(jī)為核心的高性能電氣傳動(dòng)裝置,使起重機(jī)具有優(yōu)良的調(diào)速和靜動(dòng)特性,可進(jìn)行操作的自動(dòng)控制、自動(dòng)顯示與記錄,起重機(jī)運(yùn)行的自動(dòng)保護(hù)與自動(dòng)檢測(cè),復(fù)雜條件下的遠(yuǎn)距離遙控等,以適應(yīng)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)的需要。
科尼起重機(jī)針對(duì)一些特殊行業(yè),采用激光裝置查找起吊物的重心位置,依靠超聲波傳感器引導(dǎo)取物裝置抓取貨物。大車和小車運(yùn)行采用編碼軌系統(tǒng)測(cè)定路徑,起升高度采用恒定張緊的測(cè)量索和角度發(fā)生器測(cè)定。起重機(jī)采用磁場(chǎng)變換器或激光達(dá)到高精度定位。起重機(jī)上安裝了近場(chǎng)感應(yīng)系統(tǒng),可避免起重機(jī)之間的互相碰撞。采用無(wú)線遙控時(shí)載重稱量也能在遠(yuǎn)控發(fā)射機(jī)上顯示。起重機(jī)上還裝有微機(jī)自診斷監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)能提供大部分常規(guī)維護(hù)檢查內(nèi)容,如鋼絲繩狀況,減速器油溫油位,車輪軸承溫度,起重機(jī)載荷、應(yīng)力和振動(dòng)情況,制動(dòng)器摩擦襯片的壽命及溫度狀況等。
5、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)微機(jī)化、精確化和快速化
隨著電子計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用和系統(tǒng)工程、優(yōu)化工程、價(jià)值工程、可靠性工程、創(chuàng)造工程和人機(jī)工程等現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)理論的不斷發(fā)展,促使許多跨學(xué)科的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法出現(xiàn),使起重機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)入創(chuàng)新、高質(zhì)量、高效率的新階段。目前,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)已逐步深入到設(shè)計(jì)的各個(gè)階段和設(shè)計(jì)工作所涉及的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。不僅能利用計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)算速度快、計(jì)算精度高、存儲(chǔ)信息量大和邏輯推理能力強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)代替人工進(jìn)行方案選擇、計(jì)算分析與繪圖,而且還能通過(guò)人機(jī)交互,最大限度地發(fā)揮設(shè)計(jì)人員的創(chuàng)造力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。國(guó)際上一些大型的起重機(jī)公司都廣泛應(yīng)用CAD徹底拋棄了傳統(tǒng)的圖板。并且還與計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝規(guī)劃(CAPP)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造(CAM)相銜接,做到了無(wú)圖化生產(chǎn)。
芬蘭科尼起重機(jī)公司對(duì)其所有產(chǎn)品采用三維模擬仿真設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)每個(gè)受力點(diǎn)進(jìn)行模擬計(jì)算,使每個(gè)配件都能發(fā)揮理想的效用;并且科尼起重機(jī)公司以預(yù)先編制程序和設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為基礎(chǔ)開(kāi)發(fā)了高質(zhì),高效和先進(jìn)的設(shè)計(jì)軟件以確保起重機(jī)的安全性和可靠性。采用相同和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法設(shè)計(jì)起重機(jī)和選擇科尼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零部件,遍布全球的科尼工程師均可采用公司集中開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件,方便而先進(jìn)的工程軟件使得起重機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)更便捷和可靠。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)和零部件正確選擇確保起重機(jī)在其整個(gè)壽命內(nèi)安全可靠,級(jí)別適宜,性能穩(wěn)定。
隨著起重機(jī)的高速化和大型化,還需進(jìn)一步深入開(kāi)展對(duì)起重機(jī)載荷變化規(guī)律、動(dòng)態(tài)特性和疲勞特性的研究。進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展對(duì)起重機(jī)整機(jī)及零部件的可靠性試驗(yàn)研究,提供起重機(jī)新的設(shè)計(jì)方法和數(shù)據(jù)。極限狀態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)、優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、可靠性設(shè)計(jì)、有限元法、模塊化設(shè)計(jì)、疲勞設(shè)計(jì)將會(huì)更深入全面地得到應(yīng)用。
6、產(chǎn)品構(gòu)造新型化、美觀化和綜合化
結(jié)構(gòu)方面采用薄壁型材和異型鋼,減少結(jié)構(gòu)的拼接焊縫,提高抗疲勞性能。采用各種高強(qiáng)度低合金鋼新材料,提高承載能力,改善受力條件,減輕自重和增加外形美觀。橋式類型起重機(jī)橋架大多采用箱形四梁結(jié)構(gòu)(兩根端梁,兩根主梁),主梁與端梁采用高強(qiáng)度螺栓聯(lián)接,便于加工、運(yùn)輸與安裝。
在機(jī)構(gòu)方面進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)新型傳動(dòng)零部件,簡(jiǎn)化機(jī)構(gòu)。“三合一”運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)由于結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。拆裝方便、調(diào)整簡(jiǎn)單并運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),將成為起重機(jī)運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)的主流,減速器殼體、卷筒及滑輪等的制造都以焊代鑄,能減輕自重、增加承載能力和改善加工制造條件。減速器齒輪采用硬齒面,以減小體積,提高承載能力,增加使用壽命。
7、售后服務(wù)快捷化、專業(yè)化和人性化
公司的發(fā)展很大程度來(lái)自于售后服務(wù)是否完善,對(duì)客戶來(lái)說(shuō)自己所購(gòu)買的產(chǎn)品售后是否有保障,設(shè)備出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)能否即時(shí)處理,減少對(duì)生產(chǎn)的影響。
芬蘭科尼起重機(jī)公司在電氣系統(tǒng)方面采用了接插件設(shè)計(jì),每部分控制電路都采用對(duì)號(hào)入座,大大提高了安裝與維修的效率;在電氣系統(tǒng)中加入了監(jiān)控單元,對(duì)電氣系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行故障自檢,電子顯示屏顯示錯(cuò)誤信息,并對(duì)使用過(guò)程中的違規(guī)操作進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)儲(chǔ)存,這些數(shù)據(jù)都可以導(dǎo)入PC設(shè)備,從而很快的分析出原因,排出故障??颇岬呐嘤?xùn)中心,不僅僅只為科尼公司的技術(shù)人員和檢測(cè)人員提供培訓(xùn),同時(shí)也為客戶的服務(wù)人員,起重機(jī)操作人員提供系統(tǒng)全面的設(shè)備培訓(xùn)??颇帷耙钥蛻魹楸尽钡淖谥?,為客戶解除后顧之憂,使客戶能把更多的關(guān)注投入到生產(chǎn)發(fā)展上。
總結(jié)過(guò)去,中國(guó)的起重機(jī)應(yīng)吸取國(guó)內(nèi)外起重機(jī)的新理論、新技術(shù)和新動(dòng)向,提高產(chǎn)品的可靠性,走現(xiàn)代化起重機(jī)之路,以強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)實(shí)力,融入國(guó)際化市場(chǎng)的大舞臺(tái)!
China's future development direction of crane
Along with China's economic development, modern science and technology constantly updated, the expansion of the scale of industrial production and automation degree rise, crane in modern production process used more and more widely, and more and more big role, to the requirements of the crane more and more is also high. Especially the wide application of electronic computer technology, prompted many interdisciplinary advanced design method appears, promote the modern manufacturing technology and detection technology improvement. The fierce international competition in the market also rely more and more on technology competition. These have prompted the crane technical performance into a new stage of development, crane is experiencing a big changes.
country is in an unprecedented speed into the global international competition market, China's crane manufacturing are facing opportunities and challenges of the new situation. Thus China's development and innovation to crane. Now according to the domestic and foreign crane of new theories, new technology and new trends, combined with examples, briefly discusses the modern crane characteristics and the future development direction of Chinese crane.
1. The key product large-scale, quick running
With the industrial production scale unceasingly expands, the production efficiency is increasing day by day, and the product manufacturing process materials handling fee increase gradually proportion, prompting the large or high-speed crane growing demand. The weight is more and more big, the work is more and more frequent, and the energy consumption and demand higher reliability. Crane has become an important link in the automatic production process. Crane is not only to use, easy maintenance, convenient operation, and better safety, failure to less, the average trouble-free time should be long. Reliability is the focus of the products in the international market competition, the overseas many big companies have formulated reliability internal control standards. The performance of the crane to catch up in the advanced world level, the most important thing is to change the traditional thinking principle, improve reliability to make excellent durability, crane sex, maintainability and use without efficiency.
2.series product modularization, standardization, combination, and practical
Many crane is a series of batch into product, the whole system multiobjective optimization methods for crane series design has become the focus of development, through the overall consideration performance, cost and process, production management, manufacturing batch and maintenance of the many factors such as parameters for reasonable matching series, in order to improve the comprehensive performance. Reduce manufacturing cost, improve generalization degree, with a relatively small number of parts specifications many varieties and specifications of products, fully meet user requirements.
Use the modular design of the whole machine instead of traditional design method, the crane function basically the same components, components and parts are made from a variety of purposes, with the same connection elements and interchangeable standard module, through the combination of different modules, form different types and specifications of the crane. In crane was improved, just for one several modules. A new design crane, need to choose different modules combination again. Due to improve the generalization degree, can make mini-batch production of products with a batch convert the module production, achieve high efficiency specialized production, reduce the production cost. To less module form, a combination of many specifications varieties of crane, meet the market demand, increasing competition ability.
3. general product light-duty, miniaturization, and diversification
There are quite a batch of crane is in general use workshop warehouses, the requirement is not very high, work is not very heavy. How to improve the applicability of the crane, reduce manufacturing cost, is the market competition can the keys of success. Consider benefit, and requirements to minimize appearance crane height, simplified structure, reduce weight and wheel pressure, also can make the whole building highly drop, light-duty architecture structure, reduce the costs and maintenance costs. So the electric hoist bridge crane and light beam type faster development opportunity lifting, and will replace most of medium and small tonnage general purpose bridge crane.
The user needs of promoting the diversity of crane. The crane series parameters range further expand, function selection to further increase, multi-use further develop products, in order to improve capability. In general use occasions the remote proportion also will gradually increase.
Finland coney crane companies after long-term development and innovation, and has formed a light combined standard crane series. The whole series single by combined i-section box single-girder, hanging box single-girder, Angle form small trunk form, partial rail single box beam and flow workstation double UKA of varieties. The main girder beams with various forms of 20 connect, suitable for different buildings and different lifted the requirement of content. Each specification cranes have three single speed and three double speed for any choice, and the big car running USES frequency conversion control as standard equipment, can also according to the customer request, do the design of specific aim operating conditions. Control have ground flashlight door to mobile, flashlight door with the small car mobile, flashlight door fixed, far infrared remote control, the driver or radio fixed, driver, with room room car mobile, the driver room to move, PLC program control and so on many kinds of choices, and different conducting form, the application of different forms, through the different combination, can match hundreds or thousands of kind of crane, fully meet the needs of different users.
4. product performance automation, intelligent and integration
Crane update and development, to a great extent, depends on the electric drive and control improvement. Will automation technology and mechanical transmission technologies, advanced microelectronics technology, will power electronic technology, fiber optic cable communication technology, the hydraulic pressure technology, the fuzzy control technology is applied to mechanical drive and control system, and realize the automatic and semi-automatic. Make up of crane materials handling system has higher flexible, to meet the future batches of small quantity flexible production mode.
Large efficient crane of a new generation of electrical control equipment has been developed as the electronic digital control system. Mainly by the digital control drive device, PLC programmable controller, fault diagnosis and data management system, digital manipulation of a given detection equipment. It with the information function of the crane fu, information transmission, processing and power control, greatly improving the integrated automation level. Currently control key development sling anti-eccentrically the wave technology, take content device to be automatic take things, unloading technology, position detection and automatic position control technology, fault diagnosis monitoring technology, etc.
Electric drive in microprocessor key development as the core of the high-performance electric transmission device, make the crane with excellent speed and static dynamic characteristics, can undertake operating automatic control, automatic shows and records, crane operation of the automatic protection and automatic detection, under complicated conditions such as long distance remote, in order to adapt to the needs of the production of the automation.
Coney crane for some special industries, using laser device it the center of gravity of the search that position, rely on ultrasonic sensors guide take content device grab goods. And the car running the cart coding rail systems measure path, lifting height of the constant tensioning measurement cable and Angle generator determination. Crane used magnetic field or laser achieve high precision positioning converter. The crane installed near field induction system, can avoid the each other between crane collision. Using wireless remote control truck when weighing also can be in that remote control on the launch. The crane with microcomputer diagnosis monitoring system, this system can provide most of the routine maintenance and inspection content, such as wire rope status, reducer oil temperature oil level, wheel bearing temperature, crane load, stress and vibration, the brake friction burr and life expectancy of the temperature condition and so on.
5. the design of the product of computerization, precision and quickly
Along with the wide application of electronic computer technology and system engineering, optimizing the engineering, value engineering, reliability engineering, engineering and man-machine engineering to create the development of the modern design theory, prompting many interdisciplinary modern design method appears, make the design of the crane, high quality, and innovation in the new stage of high efficiency. At present, the computer aided design (CAD) has gradually into the design of each stage and design work involved in various fields. Don't
Can only use computer operation speed, high precision, store information and logical reasoning ability strong advantages to replace artificial scheme selection and calculation analysis and drawing, but also through the human-computer interaction, maximum design personnel's creativity and experience. Some large crane on international companies are widely used CAD thoroughly discards the traditional board. And still with computer aided process planning (CAPP) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) link up, do no pictures of production.
Finland coney crane company on the product all the 3 d simulation design, each bearing point to simulate calculation, and that every accessories can play the ideal utility; And coney crane company with programmed procedures and design standards for the development foundation of high quality, high efficient and advanced design software to ensure the safety and reliability of the crane. Use the same standard method and design and choice of crane coney standard parts, all over the world's coney engineers are can use focuses on the development of software, convenient and advanced engineering software makes crane design more convenient and reliable. The steel structure of the optimization design and the parts to ensure the correct choice in the whole span crane safe, reliable, and suitable for level, stable performance.
Along with the fast pace and large crane, must have further research on crane load change rule, dynamic characteristic and fatigue property of research. Further research on the reliability of the machine parts and crane test research, a new design method and provide crane data. Limit state design, optimization design, design reliability, finite element method, the modular design, fatigue design will be more comprehensive, to get the application.
6. product structure, MeiGuanHua and integration of new type
The structure of a thin-walled profile and the special-shaped steel, reduce the joining together of weld structure, improve the anti-fatigue performance. With various kinds of high strength low alloy steel new materials, improve the bearing capacity, improve the stress condition, reduce weight and increase the beautiful appearance. Bridge type type crane bridge is used mostly box four beam structure (two of the girders, two of the main girder), the main girder beams with high strength bolt connection, and facilitate processing, transportation and installation.
Further development in institutions new transmission parts, simplifying the mechanism. "" operation organization because of compact structure. Disassembling convenient, easy adjustment and smooth operation, will become the mainstream of the crane operation organization, reducer, drum and pulley shell in the manufacturing welding generation cast, it can reduce weight, increase the bearing capacity and improving processing manufacturing conditions. Using a reduction gear tooth surface, in order to reduce the volume, improve the bearing capacity, increase the service life.
7. and after-sales service, professional and humanized high-speeding
The development of the company to a great degree from after-sales service is perfect to the customer to purchase the products for your after-sales if there is security, equipment failure can real-time processing, and to reduce the influence of the production.
Finland coney crane companies in the electrical system adopt the connector design, each part of the control circuit is adopted by the reserved seats, greatly improving the installation and maintenance of the efficiency; In the electrical system with the monitoring unit, to the electric breakdown self check system, electronic display screen display an error message, and the deregulation operation in the process of using data storage, these data are can import PC devices, and the analysis of the reason out soon, discharge fault. Coney training center, not only for coney corporate technicians and testing personnel to provide training, but also for the customer the service personnel, crane operatio personnel to provide comprehensive training system of the. Co equipment ney "customers foremost" purpose for the customer remove trouble back at home, so that customers can put more attention to production development in.
Learn from the past, China should learn from the domestic and foreign crane crane new theories, new technology and new trend, improve the reliability of products, go way of modern crane, with strong technical strength and into the international market big stage!
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