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1、 譯 文 原文題目： Automobile anti-lock braking system design 譯文題目： 學(xué) 院：  汽車防抱死系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級：  機(jī)械工程及自動化  09 級（ 3）班

2、 學(xué)生姓名：  xxxxxxx 學(xué) 號：  xxxxxxxxxxxx 西安工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文 Automobile anti-lock braking system(ABS) Abstract This article introduced briefly the automobile anti-lock braking system(Anti-lock Braking System,is called ABS)the control principle,the control technology which

3、used in the present automobile anti-lock braking system has carried on the summaym and has carried on the forecast to its trend of development. Key word:Automobile anti-lock braking system control technology 1.outline "ABS"Chinese translates is "against deadlocks the brake system".It is

4、 one kind has the skid prevention,against to deadlock and so on merit auto safety control systems.ABS is in the convention brake system foundation advanced version technology,separable mechanical and electronic formula two kinds. On the modern automobile installs the anti-lock braking system mass

5、ively,ABS both has the automobile sill to change under the stopping,guaranteed that automobile's brake yawing stability,prevented to have the side-slipping and to run,was on the present automobile is most advanced,the brake effect best arresting gear. The ordinary braking system applies the brake

6、 in the slippery road surface,or in emergency brake,because the wheel is easy the braking force to surpass the tire and the ground friction force hugs safely dies. The automobile anti-lock braking system is refers to the automobile in the brake process to be able the real-time determination wh

7、eel's glide rate,the automatic control function on wheel's braking moment,prevents the wheel to hug dies.Thus obtains the best brake potency the electronic installation.It can wheel's glide rate control in certain scope,usefully between the tire and the road surface adhesion,reduces the stopping dis

8、tance effectively,obviously enhances when the car braking controllability and stability,when each kind of traffic accident which has avoided the wheel hugs dies easy to appear.Along with brake intensity's increase,the wheel rolling ingredient are getting fewer and fewer,but skids the ingredient to b

9、e getting more and more,generally expains in the brake process with glide rate S to skid ingredient how many.The glide rate is bigger,the glide ingredient are less. And:u--wheel center speed;r--does not have time the ground braking force wheel rolling radius;w--wheel's angular spe

10、ed. - 1 - 西安工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文 Longitudinal and the lateral adhesion coefficient may express for the wheel slip rate is called critical point of fixity SK.Grips fast the pace according to the control theory is smaller than the SK region is called the stable brake area,wha SK later has cus

11、tom-made unstable moves the area.ABS is precisely uses between the path and tire's relations,compulsory wheel slid pate control nearby critical point of ficity SK,enables the toad surface adhesion property to botain the fullest display,thus achieves the best brake effect.

12、 Figure 1 coeffient of adhesion-glide rate curve At present uses ABS mainly by a round fast sensor,the electronic control unit,appendices and so on pressure control valve and group of lines,pipeline is composed.The ABS development is mainly studies

13、the design optimization operation and the control procedure software,realizes the real-time presise brake adjustment technology,simultaneously raises hardware's level. 2. Conrtol technology used by ABS now The ABS control effect is decided control technology[4]which to a great extent uses in t

14、he system.At present uses is mainly the logical threshold value control technology.To further enhance ABS the performance,but also proposed some based on the glide tate control technology,like the PID control,the glide modality change the srtucture controls,fuzzycontrol and so on.Each kind of contro

15、l approaches the expectation by the different control rule the spot. 2.1 PID controls The definition expects glide rate S0 and difference of the actual glide rate S for e=S-S0,then the PID control rule may be represented as: - 2 - 西安工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文

16、 Therefore,the ABS controller's design sums up finally as,according to the AB S dynamic system,determined group of best arameter Kp,Ki and Kd,enable wheel's glide rate to approach hypothesis goal S0 by the quickest way. 2.2 The glide modality changes the structure control Aga

17、inst holds the dead brake by the automobile basic principle to be possible to know,its brake process's essential question is wheel's glide tate control in coefficient of adhesion peak point SK,then the glide modality changed structure basis system condition,the deviation and the derivative value the

18、n,in the different controlled area,by perfect switch' way hand-off control quantity's size and the mark,the guarantee system in the glide region very small scope,the state point locus(S,*S)along moved the festival curve to slide slippery to the control objective(SK,0). Usually takes the braking m

19、oment for controlled variable U,the cut condition is: And Mb-,Mb+ represent the braking moment which decided by the governing system to reduce,to increase two different conditions separately. For the cut function,e=S-Sk is the actual glide rate telat

20、ive target point devivation. 2.3 Fuzzy control Regarding take the glide tare as controlled member's anti-lock braking system,its input value takes the expecatation glide rate and wheel actual glide tate deviation E as well as deviation's rate of change EC,the output for the brake line flowing

21、tubing head pressure.Usesthe belt modification factor the fuzzy controller,uses the control list summary which the fuzzy reasoning algorithm forms is an analysis formula: And Alpha is the modification factor,Alpha the value size has reflected directly to - 3 - 西安工程

22、大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文 the deviation and the debiation rate of change weighting degree.Through the adjustment modification factor Alpha,may change the control rule.When Alpha is big,indicated that is big to deviation's weighting,the step response is quick,the control energy mainly uses in reducing the devi

23、ation,but easy to present the over modulation;When Alpja is small,the control goal reduces the over modulation,but the response process is slow.Usually uses the belt two Alpha values the modification factor exptessions to be able to request on the satisfiability,namely: u = α X E + (1-α )EC An

24、d,modification factor αin1,(0,1)α2. 2.4 Logical threshold value control This method establishes some control limit advance to certain controlled variable(threshold)the value,when applies the brake,according to the computation real-time parameter value and the corresponding threshold value's si

25、ze relations,determines wheel's state of motion,thus the control adjustment brake pressure,gains enough big brake intensity and the good yawing stability.Often includes as the ABS controlled variable:Wheel skidding rate S,the wheel rotates the angle adds(reduces)thespeed Omega and the rate of change

26、. ωand so on three kind of descrimtion wheel movement situation or danamics condition parameter.Because only uses a controlled variable difficulty with to guarantee that ABS has the good performance under each kind of travel condition,therefore,the logical threshold value control method rotates at p

27、resent the wheel the angle adds(reduce)the speed to take the primary control parameter,but takes wheel' s glide tate S the secondary control parameter.And the glide rate is from each wheel fast signal after certain logic determined automobile's velocity,calculates the reference glide rate,has the di

28、fference with the actual glide rate. 2.5 Double parameter control Double parameter control's ABS,by the vehicle speed sensor(velocity radar),a round fast sensor,the control device(computer)and the implementing agency is composed. Its principle of work is the vehicle speed sensor and a roun

29、d fast sensor,separately singal input the vehicle speed and round fast the computer,calculates the actual slipping rate based on the computer,and 15% one 20% ?????dose with the ideal slipping tate compares,fluctuates brake's braking force again through the solenoid valve.This kind tows the fast sens

30、or commonly used Doppler velocity radar.When the automobile goes the Doppler radar antenna by certain frequency to the earth launching electromagnetic wave,simultaneously receives the electromagnetic wave which unceasingly reflects,surveys the automobile radar lanch and the receive differential valu

31、e,then may calculate the automobile vehicle speed accurately.But turns the fast sensor to install in the transmission gearbox outer covering,acuatesby the transmission gearbox output shaft,it is a pulse electrical machinery,procuces frequency and round intensive direct proportion.The impiementing ag

32、ency and so on is composed of the solenoid valve and the relay.Solenoid valve adjustment braking forve,with the aim of maintaining the ideal - 4 - 西安工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文 slipping rate.This kind of ABS may guarantee that the slipping rate ideal control,against holds the braking quality to

33、be good,but because increased a velocity radar,there the structure is complex,the cost is also high. 2.6 Single parameter control It take controls wheel's angle tetarded velocity as the object,controls wheel's braking force,realizes against holds the dead brake,its structure mainly by a round

34、fast sensor,the controller(computer)and the solenoid valve is composed.For accurate meter wheel fast,the sensing and between the wheel tooth ring should leave leeway the 1mm gap.In order to avoid the water,the putty,the dust to the sensor influence,before the installment,should the sensor replenishm

35、ent butter.The solenoid valve uses in wheel brake's pressure control.Regarding four channel braking system,a vehicle rim has a solenoid valve;Three channel braking system,each front wheel has one,two two trailing wheels use in common one.The solenoid valve has three hydraulic pressure holes,separate

36、lyapplies the brake with the brake master cylinder and the wheel to divide the cylinder to be connected the brake with the brake master cylinder and the wheel to divide the cylinder to be connected,and can realize pressure lifting,pressure maintenance,the pressure drop accent to press the function.T

37、he principle of work is as follows: 1)Pressure-rise when the solenoid valve does not work,the brake master cylinder connection and applies the brake to divide the cylinder connection respectively to go nonstop.Because the main spring intensity is big,makes charging valve openning,the brake pressu

38、re to increase. 2)pressure maintenance,when wheel's brake divides in cylinder's pressure grows to certain value,charging valve cut-off closure.The support maintains at the compound state,three panels seal,maintain the brake pressures mutually. 3)voltage dropping,when the solenoid valve works,t

39、he support overcomes two spring's tension,opens the discharge meat to cause to apply the brake to divide cylinder presure drop.Once the pressure reduces,the solenoid valve transformes to the pressure maintenance condition,or pressure-rise ready condition. The control device ECU primary mission

40、 is the signal which passes on various wheel's sensor carries on the computation,the analysis,the enlargement and the distintion,outputs again from thc output stagc thc command signal thc solcnoid valvc,carrics out thc brac pressure adjustment task.The electronic control,by four major part is compos

41、ed,input level A,conteoller B,output stage C,constant voltage and protective device D.Electronic controller by 4101tz frequency actuation solenoid valves,this is the polot is unable to achieve.This kind of single parameter control mode ABS,because the structure is simple,the cost is low,thereforce t

42、he present use is broad. Mostly has provided this kind of single parameter control mode ABS in the American Chrysler custom car.Tt is loaded with a round fast sensor on passenger vehicle's four wheels.The installment has 45 teeth or 100 tooth's tooth rings on the axle tree,turns a fast sensor's send

43、ing attite to go against in the tooth ring.When the wheel totates,causes the sensor to produce the voltage siglae unceasingly,and input the computer,the ideal speed compares with RoM,figures out wheel's speed-up or the deceleration,issues - 5 - 西安工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文 pressure-rise or the

44、release of pressure instruction to the solenoid valve,controls applies the brake to divide the cylinder braking force. 3.The problems by used the ABS system (1)replaces the brake or the replacement hydraulic pressure braking system part,should arrange only in brake line' air,in order to avoid

45、influence braking system's normal work. (2)is loaded with the ABS automobile,every year should replace a brake fluid.Otherwise,the brake fluid water absorbability is very strong,after the watery,not only will reduce the boiling point will have the corrosion, will also create the brake potency dec

46、line. 3)inspects the ABS anti-lock braking system to cramp out the power source frrst. 4.Trend of development Uses the logical threshold value control algorithm may avoid a series of numerous and diverse theoretical analysis and to some element of certainty quota measurement. Simplified c

47、ontroller's design because moreover on1y need determine wheel's angular speed is advantageousrealizes therefore the load cost is low. This algor hm already drew close maturely for current automobile ABS system universal usebut it by no means best control algorithm. Because under the different sta

48、te of roads each kind of threshold value and guarantees presses the time isthe empirical value which obtains after the repeated test does not have the very explicit theory basistherefore the ABS development's cycle is longand the control quality guaranteed with difficulty. Easy to realize the ste

49、pless control based on the glide rate control algorithmand has the very explicit theory to instructbut present restricts the cost question which its development the bottleneck is mainly realizes believed according to ours research om now on ABS control algorithm development direction in the followin

50、g several aspects. (1) aims at current widely uses the logical threshold value control algorithm which exists the research can track the road surface characteristic changecauses the ABS each performance index to be at the optimum condition throughout the control algorithm. And the predictive

51、control technology is worth taking seriously. Because when the brake process iction characteristic between the tire and the road surface causes the anti-lock braking system has the very obvious misalignmentthe denaturation and the uncertainty. Therefore difficulty with establishes its precise mathem

52、atical modelbut the predictive control has the basic characteristic which the forecast model the undle optimize and feed back adjust may act according to some optimized target design control systemdetermined that a control quantity the time seriesafter causing in period of time to move the quanti

53、ty and the process will soften between the expectation path's e η or to be smallest in the future. What because this algorithm uses is the online trundle optimizes unceasingly and unceasingly carries on the feedback in the optimal process through the actual system output and the forecast model

54、 output's e η or to adjust can therefore overcome to a certain extent as a result of the forecast model e η or an - 6 - 西安工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文 uncertainty disturbance and so on influence enables system's robustness to obtain the enhancement. )1s smaller along with the volume the pri

55、ce is cheaper the reliable higher vehicle speed sensor's appearance in the ABS system will increase the vehicle speed sensor to become possible the defmite wheel slip rate will become is accurate and is fast. And the non-contact type's vehicle speed sensor (for example electro-optical type Do

56、ppler and so on) the present will most have the possibility to apply in the automobile ABS system. This time may take seriously based on the glide rate control algorithm. And the fuzzy control will not rely on the object by the mathematical model is advantageous uses person's experience knowledge

57、 robustness is good simple practical and so on characteristics but widely will be used. )Changes the multi-objectives by the sole ABS control objective integrated control [10]appeared not only the force of action control system (TCS) can prevent the wheel in the brake process to occur hugs dies m

58、oreover can in the actuation process (be specially in processes and so on state acceleration curve) prevents the driving gear to have the slipping causes automobile's in actuation process yawing stability to change the operation ability and the pick-up and so on also has the enhancement.1n the futur

59、e automobile electronic control system toward om multi-electronic control unit (ECU) the scatlered independent con 01 to the sole ECU complete bikes control realizes data sharing and the integrated control direction by thenetwork way develops; Or develops to the dynamic hierarchical control direc

60、tion namely each dispersion con 01 system's ECU is not on1y the respective independence constructs own d lamic compensator moreover must establish a high-level d lamic synchronizer to help unified again to determine each ECU the control policy strengthens each ECU the control when the solution di

61、spersion control system existence unstable mold cannot use dynamic dispersion control calm question [1]enables the complete bikes overall performance to obtain the guarantee. 5 Summary The automobi1e anti-lock braking system S) can enhance the automobilein the low coefficient of adhesion or ch

62、anges under the coefficient of adhesion road surface condition the braking quality At present the ABS control technology mainly uses the logical threshold value control method but along with vehicle speed sensor technology develop ment based on wheel slip rate each kind of control algorithm by wides

63、pread value and use. Moreover. 1n the future the automobile electronic control technology and the equipment will realize the resource sharing and the integrated control by the network way and toward the multi-objective integrated controls enhances the system performance cost ratio the direction t

64、o develop. 汽車防抱死制動系統(tǒng)（ ABS） 摘 要 - 7 - 西安工程大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文譯文 本文簡要介紹了汽車防抱死制動系統(tǒng) （ Anti-lock Braking System ，簡稱 ABS）的控制原理，對目前汽車防抱死制動系統(tǒng)采用的控制技術(shù)進(jìn)行了綜述， 并對其發(fā)展趨勢進(jìn)行了預(yù)測。 關(guān)鍵詞：汽車；防抱死制動系統(tǒng)；控制技術(shù) 1 概述 隨著汽車工業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展和高速公路的不斷修建， 汽車的行駛安全性越來越為人們重視。為了全面滿足制動過程中汽車對制動的要求， 使制動器制動力分配更趨合

65、理。清楚防抱死制動系統(tǒng)（簡稱 ABS）已越來越多地應(yīng)用在汽車上。 “ABS ”中文譯為“防鎖死剎車系統(tǒng)” 。他是一種具有防滑、防鎖死等優(yōu)點(diǎn)的汽車安全控制系統(tǒng)。 ABS 是常規(guī)剎車裝置基礎(chǔ)上的改進(jìn)型技術(shù)，可分為機(jī)械式和電子式兩種。 現(xiàn)在汽車上大量安裝防抱死制動系統(tǒng)， ABS 既有普通制動系統(tǒng)的制動功能，又能防止車輪鎖死，使汽車在制動狀態(tài)下仍能轉(zhuǎn)向， 保證汽車的制動方向穩(wěn)定性，防止產(chǎn)生側(cè)滑和跑偏，是目前汽車上最先進(jìn)、制動效果最佳的制動裝置。 普通制動系統(tǒng)在濕滑路面上制動， 或在緊急制動的時候， 車輪容易因制動力超過輪胎與地面的摩擦力而完全抱死。 清楚防抱死制動系統(tǒng)是指汽車在

66、制動過程中能實(shí)時判定車輪的滑移率， 自動調(diào)節(jié)作用在車輪上的制動力矩， 防止車輪抱死。 從而獲得最佳制動效能的電子裝置。它能把車輪的滑移率控制在一定的范圍之內(nèi)， 充分地利用輪胎與路面之間的附著力，有效地縮短制動距離， 顯著地提高車輛制動時的可操縱性和穩(wěn)定性， 從而避免了車輪抱死時易出現(xiàn)的各種交通事故。 隨著制動強(qiáng)度增加， 車輪滾動成分越來越少， 而滑移成分越來越多， 一般用滑移 S 來說明制動過程中滑移成分的多少。滑移率越大，滑移成分越少。 其中： u——車輪中心的速度； r ——沒有地面制動力時的車輪滾動半徑；w——車輪的角速度。 縱向和側(cè)向附著系數(shù)課表達(dá)為車輪滑移率的函數(shù)（如圖 1）。最大的縱向附 著系數(shù)所對應(yīng)的滑移率稱為臨街穩(wěn)定點(diǎn) SK。根據(jù)控制理論吧滑移率小語 SK 的區(qū)域稱為穩(wěn)定最大區(qū)， SK 以后的為非穩(wěn)定穩(wěn)定去。 ABS 正是利用道路與輪胎之間的關(guān)系，強(qiáng)制性地把車輪滑移率控制在臨街穩(wěn)定點(diǎn) SK 附近，使路面附著性能得到最充分的發(fā)揮，從而達(dá)到最佳的制動效果。