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1、1不定式作狀語不定式作狀語 不定式作狀語常用來表目的、結(jié)果或不定式作狀語常用來表目的、結(jié)果或原因等。原因等。 例如：例如：We eat to live, but we dont live to eat. (目的目的) What has he said to make you so happy? (結(jié)果結(jié)果) She burst into tears to hear the bad news. (原因原因) 一一 作狀語作狀語注：表目的的不定式還常與注：表目的的不定式還常與so as或或in order連用，構(gòu)成連用，構(gòu)成so as (not) to do和和in order (not) to

2、do 結(jié)構(gòu)，其中結(jié)構(gòu)，其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。不能用于句首。 例如：例如：To get there in time, we got up very early. = In order to get there in time, we got up very early. = We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time. 不定式可用于作表語或補(bǔ)語的形容不定式可用于作表語或補(bǔ)語的形容詞之后作狀語。詞之后作狀語。 例如：例如：Be careful not to catch cold . The m

3、an is easy to get along with. 不定式常與不定式常與too或或enough連用，在句連用，在句中作狀語。中作狀語。 例如：例如：The boy is too young to go to school/ to be sent to school. = The boy is not old enough to go to school/ to be sent to school. 不定式有時(shí)用于不定式有時(shí)用于so.as to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)中作狀語。中作狀語。 例如：例如：Will you be so kind as to help me with the w

4、ork? 有時(shí)，不定式還可修飾一個(gè)句子，有時(shí)，不定式還可修飾一個(gè)句子，表明說話人的態(tài)度。常見的這類不定式表明說話人的態(tài)度。常見的這類不定式有有to tell you the truth, to be honest, to be franc, to be fair, 等。等。 例如：例如：To tell you the truth, I dont like the film. 2-ing分詞和分詞和-ed分詞作狀語分詞作狀語 -ing分詞和分詞和-ed分詞作狀語修飾謂語，分詞作狀語修飾謂語，多說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景、方式或伴隨情多說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景、方式或伴隨情況。如果在邏輯況。如果在邏輯 上句中的

5、主語與分詞上句中的主語與分詞有主謂關(guān)系，用有主謂關(guān)系，用-ing分詞，有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系分詞，有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系則用則用-ed分詞。分詞。 例如：例如：We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing. Built in 1900, the house is now 100 years old. -ing分詞和分詞和-ed分詞都可作原因或時(shí)分詞都可作原因或時(shí)間狀語間狀語, 其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)相應(yīng)的狀語從句。如果在邏輯從句。如果在邏輯 上句中的主語與分上句中的主語與分詞有主謂關(guān)系用詞有主謂關(guān)系用-ing分詞，有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系分詞，有動(dòng)賓

6、關(guān)系則用則用-ed分詞。分詞。 例如例如: Being so poor in those days, they couldnt send the boy to school.(原因原因) Born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school. (原因原因) Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. (時(shí)間時(shí)間) Seen from the hill, the park looks more beautiful. (時(shí)間時(shí)間) -ing分詞有時(shí)可作結(jié)果狀語。分詞有時(shí)可作結(jié)果狀語。 例如：例如：He

7、r husband died in the war, leaving her a widow with three children. We got up very early, arriving at the hospital ahead of time. -ed分詞有時(shí)用作條件狀語，其作用分詞有時(shí)用作條件狀語，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句。 例如：例如：Given more time, we could have done it much better. 如果不定式或分詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂如果不定式或分詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，該不定語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前

8、發(fā)生，該不定式或分詞用完成式。式或分詞用完成式。 例如：例如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. Having never/Not having met the man before, I couldnt recognize him at first. Having finished my homework, I went to play football. 分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，通常與主句中分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，通常與主句中的主語在邏輯上一致，但有時(shí)它也可的主語在邏輯上一致，但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)

9、構(gòu)稱為稱為“獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.(原因原因)The test finished, we began our holiday. （時(shí)間）（時(shí)間）The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.（原因）（原因）Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.（條件）（條件）有些分詞在句子中沒有主語，

10、這有些分詞在句子中沒有主語，這種分詞在語法上被稱為垂懸分詞，種分詞在語法上被稱為垂懸分詞，屬于分詞的一種特殊用法。屬于分詞的一種特殊用法。taking.intoconsideration考慮到考慮到 judging by / from從從判斷判斷speaking of 說到說到generally speaking一般說來一般說來to tell the truth說實(shí)話說實(shí)話 allowing for考慮到考慮到regarding關(guān)于關(guān)于concerning關(guān)于關(guān)于granting / ed (that)如果；如果；即使即使providing / ed (that)如果如果given (that

11、) 考慮到考慮到 considering考慮到考慮到presuming 假定假定admitting (that)承認(rèn)承認(rèn)典型例題典型例題 1. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 解析：解析： 此題考查此題考查-ing分詞作結(jié)果狀分詞作結(jié)果狀語的用法。語的用法。 2. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

12、A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 解析：此題考查解析：此題考查-ed分詞短語作原因分詞短語作原因 狀語的用法狀語的用法be lost in thought是一是一 個(gè)短語，意為個(gè)短語，意為“陷入沉陷入沉 思思”。 3. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 解析：此題考查不定式作目的狀語及解析：此題考查不定式作目的狀語及其結(jié)構(gòu)，所以選其結(jié)構(gòu)，所以選B。

13、Exercise1. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 2. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing 3. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not rec

14、eiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 4. She is upstairs _ letters. A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing 5. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 二二 作表語作表語1. 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語

15、動(dòng)詞不定式作表語 be to do sth.說明主語的內(nèi)容說明主語的內(nèi)容His job is to send papers every morning.計(jì)劃要做某事計(jì)劃要做某事What am I to do them？2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語 be doing sth.This story is very interesting.This match is very exciting.注意：注意：主語常是物；主語常是物；doing具有了形容詞的特性；具有了形容詞的特性；注意與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別注意與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別3. 過去分詞作表語過去分詞作表語 be done過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的

16、區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別：被動(dòng)語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，過去分詞作表語被動(dòng)語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，過去分詞作表語說明主語的狀態(tài)與特征。說明主語的狀態(tài)與特征。This novel was written in 1976.This novel is well written.被動(dòng)語態(tài)后常接被動(dòng)語態(tài)后常接by+執(zhí)行者；而過執(zhí)行者；而過去分詞作表語后不接介詞去分詞作表語后不接介詞by，但可以，但可以接其他介詞，表示特征。接其他介詞，表示特征。The cup was broken by him.The cup is broken.I am interested in English.-ing動(dòng)詞作表語和動(dòng)詞作表語

17、和-ing動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞作表語說明主語動(dòng)名詞作表語說明主語“是什么是什么”，現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在在分詞作表語說明主語是特征。分詞作表語說明主語是特征。-ing動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞用于正在進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，說明主語正在執(zhí)行用于正在進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，說明主語正在執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作。如：的動(dòng)作。如：Her work is taking care of the children.（說明主語（說明主語“是什么是什么”）Her work is interesting, and she enjoys taking care of the children.（說明她工作的特征是有意思的）（說明她工作的特征是有意思的） 不

18、定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別：不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別： 不定式作表語強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次性、具體的、不定式作表語強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次性、具體的、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作表語強(qiáng)調(diào)的是將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作表語強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一般性、抽象的、經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：一般性、抽象的、經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： His job is to paint the walls.（目前要做的事情，并不是他日常的工作）（目前要做的事情，并不是他日常的工作） His job is painting walls.（這是他日常的工作）（這是他日常的工作）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別：別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示：現(xiàn)在分

19、詞表示： “令令怎么樣怎么樣”exciting / interesting / surprising / disappointing /astonishing / puzzling / exhausting / discouraging過去分詞表示：過去分詞表示： “感覺起來怎么樣感覺起來怎么樣”delight / disappointed / upset / astonished / excited /frightened / interested / puzzled / exhausted / satisfied /qualified 不定式作表語和不定式表示將來時(shí)的不定式作表語和不定式表

20、示將來時(shí)的區(qū)區(qū)別別 ：不定式作表語用于說明主語不定式作表語用于說明主語“是什是什么么”，和主語之間是可以劃等號(hào)的，和主語之間是可以劃等號(hào)的，不不定式用來表示將來時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示主語定式用來表示將來時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示主語即即將要執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作，和主語之間是不能將要執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作，和主語之間是不能劃劃等號(hào)的。如：等號(hào)的。如：What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales.My American teacher is to leave China soon.1. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get changeC. get changing D. get to changeExercise2. It is believed that if a book is _, it will surely _ the reader. A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interestedC. interested; be interestingD. interesting; interest