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1、會計學(xué)1無機(jī)非金屬材料工程專業(yè)英語無機(jī)非金屬材料工程專業(yè)英語 第1頁/共55頁第2頁/共55頁第3頁/共55頁第4頁/共55頁第5頁/共55頁VocabularyContemporary 當(dāng)代當(dāng)代Stimulus 激勵，刺激激勵，刺激Opaque 不透明不透明 Translucent 半透明半透明Transparent 透明透明Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深層的根深蒂固的，深層的Existence 存在存在, 實在實在, 生活生活, 存在物存在物, 實在物實在物Sophisticated 復(fù)雜的復(fù)雜的Forerunner 先驅(qū)先驅(qū)(者者), 傳令官傳令官, 預(yù)兆預(yù)兆Intimately

2、 密切地密切地第6頁/共55頁第7頁/共55頁第8頁/共55頁第9頁/共55頁1.1 Historical perspective (觀察，透視觀察，透視) Materials are probably more deep-seated (根深蒂固的根深蒂固的, 深層的深層的) in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation（娛樂）, and food productionvirtually（事實上） every segment （方面）of

3、 our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度地） by materials. 第10頁/共55頁第11頁/共55頁Stone ageiron ageSteel ageAdvanced materials agebronze age第12頁/共55頁第13頁/共55頁第14頁/共55頁It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elemen

4、ts of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能夠） them to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常）, the characteristics of materials. 第15頁/共55頁第16頁/共55頁The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl

5、 is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?porcelainceramics第17頁/共55頁第18頁/共55頁what are called semi-conducting （半導(dǎo)體的）materials.第19頁/共55頁Materials scientists and engineers seek （try, investigate尋求）尋求）to understand and control the basic structure of materials in order to make the produ

6、cts stronger, lighter, brighter, safer, faster and better suited (adapt, fit )to (適合適合) human needs. Every part in your car and every piece of your computer are carefully selected to optimize (優(yōu)化優(yōu)化) performance and cost effectiveness.3.Task for Materials scientists and engineers第20頁/共55頁4.Materials

7、Science and Engineering (MSE) discipline The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering t

8、he structure of a material to produce a predetermined (預(yù)定的) set of properties. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships between material properties and structural elements.第21頁/共55頁第22頁/共55頁第23頁/共55頁第24頁/共55頁第25頁/共55頁第26頁/共55頁第27頁/共55頁第28頁/共55頁第29頁/共55頁For example, the development

9、 of steels permitted the building of skyscrapers and suspension bridges; advances in silicon based technology provided the foundation for electronics and computers,New biomaterials have resulted in medical breakthroughs that save and improve lives. Materials scientists and engineers focus on the man

10、ipulation of atomic scale structure to change materials properties第30頁/共55頁This focus has pushed our discipline to the forefront（最前沿）（最前沿） of developing and applying new tools to observe and manipulate matter at the smallest scales. These advances continue to play an important part in the emergence

11、of fields such as nanotechnology at the beginning of the 21st century. 第31頁/共55頁5 The future of humanity depends on our wise use of materialsMost of the technological innovations that we associate with contemporary（現(xiàn)代）（現(xiàn)代） life have involved some major advance in materials processing or application.

12、 第32頁/共55頁Automobiles, satellites, televisions, computers and DVD players all would not be possible without advances in polymers, ceramics, metals and semiconductors. New advances are being pioneered in our laboratories. 第33頁/共55頁pThe direct threat of global warming and dwindling(縮小縮小)fossil fuel re

13、sources have made the efficient use of energy a priority(優(yōu)先優(yōu)先). pMSE faculty and students work actively to make light-weight engine components out of aluminum and magnesium in order to boost(促進(jìn)促進(jìn),增強(qiáng)增強(qiáng)) fuel efficiency. pThey also pioneer improved high-temperature materials that are important for eff

14、icient jet engines and electricity generation. 第34頁/共55頁To restore hearing to deaf people and sight to blind people prosthetic devices must make contact between the brain and a microphone or camera. MSE faculty and students work to find ways to Interface（ 界面）界面）silicon technology to neural tissue（神經(jīng)

15、組織）（神經(jīng)組織）. This requires the development of coatings that are biocompatible (生物相容的生物相容的) and electrically conducting.第35頁/共55頁Moores law states that the number of transistors（晶體管）（晶體管） on the latest computer chip doubles approximately every 18 months. This translates into more memory and faster, che

16、aper computers. But there is a limit to the density of transistors that can be placed on a computer chip using current technology. 第36頁/共55頁MSE faculty and students develop methods to spontaneously（自發(fā)）（自發(fā)）generate structures a few tens to hundreds of atoms across to form the basis for quantum （量子）（量

17、子）computers. These next generation computers will exploit the physics of quantum confinement （量子陷阱）（量子陷阱） that dominate at that tiny scale. 第37頁/共55頁Making components out of new materials often involves an extensive cycle of design, creation, testing and redesign. This process is costly and time con

18、suming. MSE faculty and students develop computer simulation techniques to predict material behavior such as resistance to failure, stability, and high temperature formability. These computing advances speed the way toward the introduction of new materials in a safe and cost-effective manner. 第38頁/共

19、55頁Building on a solid foundation and bridging many fields第39頁/共55頁 Course work in the MSE department emphasizes the relationship between how a material is processed, its structure and the resulting properties and is built on a firm grounding in physics and chemistry. Hands-on learning and access to

20、 sophisticated instrumentation allow students to gain valuable experience in characterizing materials structure and properties.（you can be a police using SEM or TEM） 第40頁/共55頁Because materials enable new products and technologies, it is nearly impossible to find an engineering discipline that does n

21、ot interface in some way with Materials Science and Engineering. This is especially true for mechanical, aerospace, electrical, chemical and biomedical engineering where dual majors are often pursued. 第41頁/共55頁1.2 Materials science and engineering1. Terms of definition Materials Science: investigati

22、ng the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.Materials Engineering: on the basis of structure property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.第42頁/共55頁Structure: A nebulous(模糊）模糊） term; In

23、brief, the arrangement of its internal componentsSubatomic structure-involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nucleiAt atomic level-structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.microscopic (顯微顯微)a large group of atoms agglomer

24、ated together.Macroscopic (宏觀宏觀) where the structure elements might be viewed by naked eye. 第43頁/共55頁property: 1.a material trait (特性特性) in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus。Examples:A loaded steel bar will be deformedA heated plastic plate will be softened A

25、 polished metal surface will reflect light第44頁/共55頁1.Mechanical2.electrical 3.thermal 4. Magnetic5.optical 6.deteriorative(變質(zhì)，化學(xué)變質(zhì)，化學(xué)) a elastic modulusb. index of refractionc. strengthd. reflectivitye. thermal conductivityf. heat capacityg. electrical conductivityh. plasticityI. electromagneticj. l

26、ight radiationk.chemical reactivityl.Dielectric constantVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different property:第45頁/共55頁In addition to structure and properties, processing and performance are another two important components for MSE. Four components that are

27、 involved in the design, production and utilization of materialsprocessing structure properties performance第46頁/共55頁Three thin aluminum disk specimens placed over printed matter, from left to right they are transparent, translucent and opaque, why? Because they are processed differently , then have

28、different structure; different structure leads to different properties and if they are put into use, the performance must be different too.第47頁/共55頁1.3 Why study Materials science and engineering? Many an applied scientist or engineer will at one time or another，whether mechanical, civil (土木), chemi

29、cal, or electrical, be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear (傳動齒輪), the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery (煉油廠) component, or an integrated circuit chip (集成電路板). Of course, materials scientists and engineers are such specialist who

30、are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials. For them try to selection proper materials to fulfill specific purpose is not easy. 第48頁/共55頁Three criteria that are important in the materials selection purpose:1. In-service conditions must be characterized2. Any deterioration of m

31、aterial properties that may be occur during service operation3. Overriding(最重要最重要) consideration is that of economics第49頁/共55頁1.4 Classification(分類分類) of materialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based pri

32、marily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. 第50頁/共55頁第51頁/共55頁Metals: lustrous(有光澤）appearance, good conductors of electricity and heat, not transparent to visible light.Ceramics: compounds betwe

33、en metallic and nonmetallic elements, insulative (絕緣的) to the passage of electricity and heat, including clay(陶土), cement(水泥) and glass.Polymers: organic compounds, large molecular structures, low densities and may be extremely flexible第52頁/共55頁第53頁/共55頁Solar energy change to electricityElevated temperature materials: space flight, rocketEnvironmental quality: magnesium alloy1.5 Advanced materials第54頁/共55頁