《貴州省遵義市私立貴龍中學(xué)高三數(shù)學(xué)總復(fù)習(xí) 2.6對(duì)數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)課件 新人教A版》由會(huì)員分享,可在線閱讀,更多相關(guān)《貴州省遵義市私立貴龍中學(xué)高三數(shù)學(xué)總復(fù)習(xí) 2.6對(duì)數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)課件 新人教A版(50頁(yè)珍藏版)》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
1、2.6對(duì)數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)考點(diǎn)探究考點(diǎn)探究挑戰(zhàn)高考挑戰(zhàn)高考考向瞭望考向瞭望把脈高考把脈高考2.6對(duì)對(duì)數(shù)數(shù)與與對(duì)對(duì)數(shù)數(shù)函函數(shù)數(shù)雙基研習(xí)雙基研習(xí)面對(duì)高考面對(duì)高考雙基研習(xí)雙基研習(xí)面對(duì)高考面對(duì)高考1對(duì)數(shù)的概念對(duì)數(shù)的概念(1)對(duì)數(shù)的定義對(duì)數(shù)的定義如果如果abN(a0且且a1),那么,那么b叫作以叫作以a為為底底N的對(duì)數(shù),記作的對(duì)數(shù),記作_,其中,其中a叫作對(duì)叫作對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù),數(shù)的底數(shù),_叫作真數(shù)叫作真數(shù)blogaNN(2)幾種常見(jiàn)對(duì)數(shù)幾種常見(jiàn)對(duì)數(shù)對(duì)數(shù)形式對(duì)數(shù)形式特點(diǎn)特點(diǎn)記法記法一般對(duì)數(shù)一般對(duì)數(shù)底數(shù)為底數(shù)為a(a0且且a1)logaN常用對(duì)數(shù)常用對(duì)數(shù)底數(shù)為底數(shù)為10_自然對(duì)數(shù)自然對(duì)數(shù)底數(shù)為底數(shù)為_(kāi)l
2、nNlgNe2對(duì)數(shù)的性質(zhì)、換底公式與運(yùn)算法則對(duì)數(shù)的性質(zhì)、換底公式與運(yùn)算法則性質(zhì)性質(zhì)loga1_,logaa1, _運(yùn)算運(yùn)算性質(zhì)性質(zhì)如果如果a0,a1,M0,N0,則:,則:(1)loga(Mn)_,(2)logaMn_,(3)Loga _換底換底公式公式logbN (a,b0,a,b1,N0)0NlogaMlogaNnlogaM(NR)logaMlogaN.MNaalog Nlog balog Na思考感悟思考感悟 1試結(jié)合換底公式探究試結(jié)合換底公式探究logab與與logba,logambn與與logab之間的關(guān)系?之間的關(guān)系?3對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的定義、圖像與性質(zhì)對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的定義、圖像與性質(zhì)定定義義函
3、數(shù)函數(shù)_ (a0,a1)叫叫作對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù),作對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù),a叫作對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的底數(shù)叫作對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的底數(shù)圖圖像像a10a1ylogax 性性質(zhì)質(zhì)(1)定義域:定義域:_(2)值域:值域:_(3)過(guò)點(diǎn)過(guò)點(diǎn)(1,0),即當(dāng),即當(dāng)x1時(shí),時(shí),y0(4)當(dāng)當(dāng)x1時(shí),時(shí),_;當(dāng);當(dāng)0 x1時(shí),時(shí),_ (4)當(dāng)當(dāng)x1時(shí),時(shí),_;當(dāng);當(dāng)0 x1時(shí),時(shí),_(5)是是(0,)上的上的_(5)是是(0,) 上的上的_(0,)Ry0y0y0y0增函數(shù)增函數(shù)減函數(shù)減函數(shù)思考感悟思考感悟 2如何確定圖中函數(shù)的底數(shù)如何確定圖中函數(shù)的底數(shù)a,b,c,d與與1的大小關(guān)系?的大小關(guān)系?提示:提示:作一直線作一直線y1,該直線與四個(gè)函數(shù)圖,該
4、直線與四個(gè)函數(shù)圖像交點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)即為它們相應(yīng)的底數(shù)像交點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)即為它們相應(yīng)的底數(shù)0cd1a0且且a1)互為反函數(shù),它們的圖像關(guān)于直線互為反函數(shù),它們的圖像關(guān)于直線_對(duì)稱對(duì)稱logaxyx1(2010年高考四川卷年高考四川卷)2log510log50.25等于等于()A0 B1C2 D4答案:答案:C2在同一坐標(biāo)系內(nèi),函數(shù)在同一坐標(biāo)系內(nèi),函數(shù)yxa與與ylogax的圖像可能是的圖像可能是()答案:答案:C3下列不等式成立的是下列不等式成立的是()Alog32log23log25 Blog32log25log23Clog23log32log25 Dlog23log25log32答案:答案:A4(教
5、材習(xí)題改編教材習(xí)題改編)函數(shù)函數(shù)ylog(3x)(x1)的的定義域?yàn)槎x域?yàn)開(kāi)答案:答案:(1,2)(2,3)5若函數(shù)若函數(shù)yf(x)是函數(shù)是函數(shù)yax(a0且且a1)的反函數(shù),且的反函數(shù),且f(2)1,則,則f(x)_.答案:答案:log2x考點(diǎn)探究考點(diǎn)探究挑戰(zhàn)高考挑戰(zhàn)高考對(duì)數(shù)式的化簡(jiǎn)與求值對(duì)數(shù)式的化簡(jiǎn)與求值對(duì)數(shù)源于指數(shù),對(duì)數(shù)與指數(shù)互為逆運(yùn)算,對(duì)數(shù)的對(duì)數(shù)源于指數(shù),對(duì)數(shù)與指數(shù)互為逆運(yùn)算,對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算可根據(jù)對(duì)數(shù)的定義、對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)、對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算可根據(jù)對(duì)數(shù)的定義、對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)、對(duì)數(shù)恒等式和對(duì)數(shù)的換底公式進(jìn)行在解決對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)恒等式和對(duì)數(shù)的換底公式進(jìn)行在解決對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算和與對(duì)數(shù)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題時(shí)要注意化簡(jiǎn)過(guò)程中的
6、等算和與對(duì)數(shù)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題時(shí)要注意化簡(jiǎn)過(guò)程中的等價(jià)性和對(duì)數(shù)式與指數(shù)式的互化價(jià)性和對(duì)數(shù)式與指數(shù)式的互化【思路點(diǎn)撥】【思路點(diǎn)撥】運(yùn)用對(duì)數(shù)的基本性質(zhì)及對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)用對(duì)數(shù)的基本性質(zhì)及對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì),將對(duì)數(shù)式進(jìn)行合并或分解等化的運(yùn)算性質(zhì),將對(duì)數(shù)式進(jìn)行合并或分解等化簡(jiǎn)、變形得到結(jié)果簡(jiǎn)、變形得到結(jié)果【解解】(1)由已知,得由已知,得f(1)log221,f(0)0,f(1)f(0)f(1)1,f(2)f(1)f(0)1,f(3)f(2)f(1)1(1)0,f(4)f(3)f(2)0(1)1,f(5)f(4)f(3)1,f(6)f(5)f(4)0.函數(shù)函數(shù)f(x)的值以的值以6為周期重復(fù)性出現(xiàn),為周期重復(fù)性出現(xiàn),f(2
7、011)f(33561)f(1)1.【誤區(qū)警示】【誤區(qū)警示】對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)以及有關(guān)公對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)以及有關(guān)公式都是在式子中所有的對(duì)數(shù)符號(hào)有意義的前式都是在式子中所有的對(duì)數(shù)符號(hào)有意義的前提下才成立的,不能出現(xiàn)提下才成立的,不能出現(xiàn)log212log2(3)(4)log2(3)log2(4)等錯(cuò)誤等錯(cuò)誤對(duì)數(shù)式的大小比較對(duì)數(shù)式的大小比較1比較同底的兩個(gè)對(duì)數(shù)值的大小,可利用對(duì)數(shù)比較同底的兩個(gè)對(duì)數(shù)值的大小,可利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性來(lái)完成函數(shù)的單調(diào)性來(lái)完成(1)a1,f(x)0,g(x)0,則則logaf(x)logag(x)f(x)g(x)0;(2)0a0,g(x)0,則則logaf(x)logag(x)
8、0f(x)b1,如圖,如圖1.當(dāng)當(dāng)f(x)1時(shí),時(shí),logbf(x)logaf(x);當(dāng)當(dāng)0f(x)logbf(x)(2)若若1ab0,如圖,如圖2.當(dāng)當(dāng)f(x)1時(shí),時(shí),logbf(x)logaf(x);當(dāng)當(dāng)1f(x)0時(shí),時(shí),logaf(x)logbf(x)(3)若若a1b0.當(dāng)當(dāng)f(x)1時(shí),則時(shí),則logaf(x)0logbf(x);當(dāng)當(dāng)0f(x)1時(shí),則時(shí),則logaf(x)01與與0ablogaf(x)logaab,然后利用,然后利用單調(diào)性,去掉對(duì)數(shù)符號(hào):若單調(diào)性,去掉對(duì)數(shù)符號(hào):若a1,則,則f(x)ab;若若0a1,則,則0f(x)1時(shí),時(shí),f(x)logag(x)的單調(diào)性與的單
9、調(diào)性與g(x)0時(shí)的單調(diào)性一致;當(dāng)時(shí)的單調(diào)性一致;當(dāng)0a0的單調(diào)性相的單調(diào)性相反反(如例如例3)4無(wú)論討論函數(shù)的性質(zhì),還是利用函數(shù)的性無(wú)論討論函數(shù)的性質(zhì),還是利用函數(shù)的性質(zhì),首先要分清其底數(shù)質(zhì),首先要分清其底數(shù)a(0,1)還是還是a(1,),其次再看定義域如果將函數(shù)變換,其次再看定義域如果將函數(shù)變換,務(wù)必保證等價(jià)性務(wù)必保證等價(jià)性(如例如例2)失誤防范失誤防范1指數(shù)運(yùn)算的實(shí)質(zhì)是指數(shù)式的積、商、冪的指數(shù)運(yùn)算的實(shí)質(zhì)是指數(shù)式的積、商、冪的運(yùn)算,對(duì)于指數(shù)式的和、差應(yīng)充分運(yùn)用恒等運(yùn)算,對(duì)于指數(shù)式的和、差應(yīng)充分運(yùn)用恒等變形和乘法公式;對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算的實(shí)質(zhì)是把積、變形和乘法公式;對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算的實(shí)質(zhì)是把積、商、冪的對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)
10、化為對(duì)數(shù)的和、差、積商、冪的對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)數(shù)的和、差、積2指數(shù)函數(shù)指數(shù)函數(shù)yax(a0,且,且a1)與對(duì)數(shù)函與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)數(shù)ylogax(a0,且,且a1)互為反函數(shù),應(yīng)互為反函數(shù),應(yīng)從概念、圖像和性質(zhì)三個(gè)方面理解它們之間從概念、圖像和性質(zhì)三個(gè)方面理解它們之間的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別3要通過(guò)研究函數(shù)的性質(zhì)明確函數(shù)圖像的位要通過(guò)研究函數(shù)的性質(zhì)明確函數(shù)圖像的位置和形狀,要記憶函數(shù)的性質(zhì)可借助于函數(shù)的置和形狀,要記憶函數(shù)的性質(zhì)可借助于函數(shù)的圖像因此要掌握指數(shù)函數(shù)和對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)圖像因此要掌握指數(shù)函數(shù)和對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)首先要熟記指數(shù)函數(shù)和對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖像首先要熟記指數(shù)函數(shù)和對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的圖像考向瞭望考向瞭望把脈高考
11、把脈高考本節(jié)內(nèi)容在高考中屬必考內(nèi)容,考查重點(diǎn)有以對(duì)本節(jié)內(nèi)容在高考中屬必考內(nèi)容,考查重點(diǎn)有以對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)為依據(jù),考查對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算、求函數(shù)值,數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)為依據(jù),考查對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算、求函數(shù)值,通過(guò)比較大小、求單調(diào)區(qū)間、解不等式等考查對(duì)通過(guò)比較大小、求單調(diào)區(qū)間、解不等式等考查對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性以及考查與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)有關(guān)的綜合數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性以及考查與對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)有關(guān)的綜合問(wèn)題等考查熱點(diǎn)是對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)題型以選問(wèn)題等考查熱點(diǎn)是對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)題型以選擇題、填空題為主,屬中低檔題擇題、填空題為主,屬中低檔題預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)2012年高考仍以對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)性質(zhì)為主要考點(diǎn),年高考仍以對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)性質(zhì)為主要考點(diǎn),重點(diǎn)考查運(yùn)用知識(shí)解決問(wèn)題的能力重點(diǎn)考
12、查運(yùn)用知識(shí)解決問(wèn)題的能力【名師點(diǎn)評(píng)名師點(diǎn)評(píng)】(1)本題易失誤的是:本題易失誤的是:三角三角變換公式不熟,在變形的過(guò)程中出錯(cuò);變換公式不熟,在變形的過(guò)程中出錯(cuò);對(duì)對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)和指數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)記混,導(dǎo)致數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)和指數(shù)的運(yùn)算性質(zhì)記混,導(dǎo)致簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題復(fù)雜化,還得不出正確結(jié)論簡(jiǎn)單問(wèn)題復(fù)雜化,還得不出正確結(jié)論(2)對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算常有兩種解題思路:一是將對(duì)對(duì)數(shù)的運(yùn)算常有兩種解題思路:一是將對(duì)數(shù)的和、差、積、商、冪轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)數(shù)真數(shù)的數(shù)的和、差、積、商、冪轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)數(shù)真數(shù)的積、商、冪;二是將式子化為最簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)數(shù)積、商、冪;二是將式子化為最簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)數(shù)的和、差、積、商、冪,合并同類項(xiàng)后再進(jìn)的和、差、積、商、冪,合并同類
13、項(xiàng)后再進(jìn)行運(yùn)算解題過(guò)程中,要抓住式子的特點(diǎn),行運(yùn)算解題過(guò)程中,要抓住式子的特點(diǎn),靈活使用運(yùn)算法則靈活使用運(yùn)算法則1若若alog3,blog43,clog50.9,則,則 ()AabcBbacCcab Dbca解析:解析:選選A.alog3log331,blog43log441且且b0,clog50.9log510,abc.3已知已知0 xy1,Mlog2xlog2y,則,則有有 ()Am0 B0m1C1m2 Dm2解析:解析:選選A.由由0 xy1,得,得0 xy1,故,故mlog2xlog2ylog2xylog210,故,故選選A.4函數(shù)函數(shù)f(N)logn1(n2)(nN),定義:,定義:使使f(1)f(2)f(k)為整數(shù)的數(shù)為整數(shù)的數(shù)k(kN)叫作叫作企盼數(shù),則在區(qū)間企盼數(shù),則在區(qū)間1,10內(nèi)這樣的企盼數(shù)共有內(nèi)這樣的企盼數(shù)共有_個(gè)個(gè)解析:解析:依題意,有依題意,有f(1)log23,f(2)log34,f(3)log45,f(k)logk1(k2),則有,則有f(1)f(2)f(3)f(k)log2(k2),令,令log2(k2)n,則,則k2n2,由,由k1,10,得,得12n210,32n12,nN,n2,3,故所求的企盼數(shù)共有,故所求的企盼數(shù)共有2個(gè)個(gè)答案:答案:2