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1、 By the end of this period, you will be able to: discover the differences between defining and non-defining relative clauses as well as their rules. write a short passage, using defining and non-defining relative clauses. Read the text and find out as many relative clauses as you can.1) , who wanted

2、 to do trade with the Chinese. （Line 2）2) which he described as“The greatest palace that ever was” （Line 13）3) which were not available in Europe at that time . （Line16）4) who enjoyed listening to his stories about China. （Line 27）5) which became one of the best selling books in Europe.（Line 30）6) t

3、o which he replied, “I have only told half of what I saw!” （Line 35） Find out the word(s) that the clause refers to in each sentence.1) he travelled across Europe and Asia with his father, who wanted to do trade with the Chinese. （Line 2）2) He was impressed by Beijing and the emperors palace, especi

4、ally the Summer Palace which he described as“The greatest palace that ever was” （Line 13）3) There were inventions and developments in China which were not available in Europe at that time . （Line16）4) Marco was lucky enough to meet another prisoner who enjoyed listening to his stories about China. （

5、Line 27）5) The prisoner then wrote a book called The Description of the World which became one of the best selling books in Europe.（Line 30）6) “Was it all true?”, to which he replied, “I have only told half of what I saw!” （Line 35）his fatherthe Summer Palaceinventions and developmentsanother prison

6、erThe Descriptionof the World“Was it all true?”, Observe the two groups of sentences carefully. Can you find the difference between them ? 2) 3) 4) 1) 5) 6) There is a comma before the clause. No comma before the clause.SUMMARY-1外在表現(xiàn)形式不同外在表現(xiàn)形式不同In forms Differences between defining and non-defining

7、relative clauses:對(duì)比對(duì)比2. Professor Wang has a son, who works inBeijing. 1. Professor Wang has a son who works in Beijing.王教授有一個(gè)兒子，在北京工作。王教授有一個(gè)兒子，在北京工作。 王教授有個(gè)在北京工作的兒子。王教授有個(gè)在北京工作的兒子。第一組A.The old man has a son, who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第二組A.My younger brother who is

8、18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.第一組A.The old man has a son, who is in the army.B.The old man has a son who is in the army.第一組：第一組：A中的從句是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，是對(duì)先行詞的中的從句是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。整個(gè)句子的意思是：這位老人有一補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。整個(gè)句子的意思是：這位老人有一個(gè)兒子，在部隊(duì)工作。（隱含的意義：只有一個(gè)兒子

9、，在部隊(duì)工作。（隱含的意義：只有一個(gè)兒子）個(gè)兒子）B中的從句是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作用是對(duì)先行詞中的從句是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作用是對(duì)先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。整個(gè)句子的意思是：這位進(jìn)行限定、修飾。整個(gè)句子的意思是：這位老人有個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。（隱含的意思：老人有個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。（隱含的意思：也許還有其他的兒子，在干別的工作）也許還有其他的兒子，在干別的工作）第二組A.My younger brother who is 18 years old is a college student.B.My younger brother, who is 18 years old, is a colleg

10、e student.第二組：第二組：雖然兩句的表達(dá)順序完全相同，但是由于停頓和語(yǔ)調(diào)的變雖然兩句的表達(dá)順序完全相同，但是由于停頓和語(yǔ)調(diào)的變化，造成的定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系的緊密程度發(fā)生變化?；斐傻亩ㄕZ(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系的緊密程度發(fā)生變化。A句可以翻譯成：我句可以翻譯成：我18歲的那個(gè)弟弟是大學(xué)生。從句是限歲的那個(gè)弟弟是大學(xué)生。從句是限制性定語(yǔ)從句，是限定性定語(yǔ)從句限定了先行詞的意義，制性定語(yǔ)從句，是限定性定語(yǔ)從句限定了先行詞的意義，明確是明確是18歲的那個(gè)弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能還有歲的那個(gè)弟弟（而不是其他的，即有可能還有幾個(gè)弟弟）。幾個(gè)弟弟）。B可以翻譯成：我弟弟是大學(xué)生，今年可以翻譯成：我弟

11、弟是大學(xué)生，今年18歲。歲。 1.I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。（不只一位姐姐）我有一位在醫(yī)院工作的姐姐。（不只一位姐姐）2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在醫(yī)院工作。（只有一位姐姐）我有一位姐姐，她在醫(yī)院工作。（只有一位姐姐）3. He has a brother, who lives in Beijing他有一個(gè)哥哥他有一個(gè)哥哥,住在北京住在北京. （只有一位哥哥）（只有一位哥哥）More examples:4. He has a broth

12、er who lives in Beijing.他有一個(gè)住在北京的哥哥他有一個(gè)住在北京的哥哥（不只一位哥哥）（不只一位哥哥） Which of the clauses give: information to identify the persons/objects? extra information about a person or a thing, which can be left out? 1) , who wanted to do trade with the Chinese. （Line 2）2) which he described as “The greatest pala

13、ce that ever was” （Line 13）3) which were not available in Europe at that time . （Line16）4) who enjoyed listening to his stories about China. （Line 27）5) which became one of the best selling books in Europe.（Line 30）6) to which he replied, “I have only told half of what I saw!” （Line 35限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句

14、: 是先行詞在意義上是先行詞在意義上不可缺不可缺少少的定語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ),如果去掉如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整主句的意思就不完整. 而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句: 對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明明,關(guān)系不是十分緊密關(guān)系不是十分緊密,省去對(duì)主句沒(méi)有多大影響省去對(duì)主句沒(méi)有多大影響.Non-restrictive attributive clause:A clause that adds extra information to the man clause of a sentence.SUMMARY-2在句中作用不同在句中作用不同 PRACTICEPair work: Please fin

15、ish Ex.6 on Page27 with your partner.There hasnt been any news about him since he left home, which upsets me.自從他離開(kāi)家后就沒(méi)有他的任何消息，自從他離開(kāi)家后就沒(méi)有他的任何消息，這使我很不安。這使我很不安。在這里，在這里，which 引導(dǎo)的從句，代表前面的引導(dǎo)的從句，代表前面的整個(gè)主句。此時(shí)，不能放在主句之前整個(gè)主句。此時(shí)，不能放在主句之前觀察觀察運(yùn)用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的情況運(yùn)用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的情況當(dāng)關(guān)系詞指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容時(shí)當(dāng)關(guān)系詞指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容時(shí)The boy was away fr

16、om home for a week, which worried his parents very much.小男孩離家一個(gè)星期了，這使他的父母小男孩離家一個(gè)星期了，這使他的父母很擔(dān)心很擔(dān)心 The book is very touching, as most readers say.正如大多數(shù)讀者所說(shuō)的，正如大多數(shù)讀者所說(shuō)的， 這本書(shū)很感人。這本書(shū)很感人。Taiwan belongs to China，as everybody knows.As is known to us, Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。在這里，在這里，a

17、s 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，代表整個(gè)主引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，代表整個(gè)主句，可以放在主句之前或之后，句，可以放在主句之前或之后，as 在從句在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。中作賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)，用當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)，用as；反之，用反之，用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected. 當(dāng)非限制定語(yǔ)從句為否定時(shí)，常用當(dāng)非限制定語(yǔ)從句為否定

18、時(shí)，常用which引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.Jinan, which is a nice city, attracts many visitors every day.濟(jì)南是美麗的城市，每天吸引了很多的游客。濟(jì)南是美麗的城市，每天吸引了很多的游客。John Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 約翰約翰史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老師。史密斯去年退休了，他曾是我的老師。當(dāng)先行詞指的是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事當(dāng)先行詞

19、指的是世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或?qū)Ｓ忻~時(shí)。物或?qū)Ｓ忻~時(shí)。小結(jié)小結(jié)限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句意義上意義上功能上功能上結(jié)構(gòu)上結(jié)構(gòu)上1. 從句與主句的關(guān)系相對(duì)從句與主句的關(guān)系相對(duì)松散，從句用于補(bǔ)充主句松散，從句用于補(bǔ)充主句的內(nèi)容和信息，的內(nèi)容和信息，2. 去掉從句不影響句意的去掉從句不影響句意的完整。完整。修飾先行詞或整個(gè)句子修飾先行詞或整個(gè)句子1.1.主句，從句之間多用逗主句，從句之間多用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)號(hào)隔開(kāi)2. 2. 關(guān)系詞不可以省略關(guān)系詞不可以省略3.3.不能用不能用thatthat引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)4.4.翻譯時(shí)先譯主句再譯從翻譯時(shí)先譯主句再譯從句句修飾先行詞修飾先行詞1.

20、1.沒(méi)有停頓，主句與從句沒(méi)有停頓，主句與從句之間不用逗號(hào)之間不用逗號(hào) 2.2.關(guān)系詞若作從句的賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系詞若作從句的賓語(yǔ)，可省略可省略. .3.3.可用可用that that 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)4.4.翻譯時(shí)先翻譯從句在翻翻譯時(shí)先翻譯從句在翻譯主句譯主句1. 從句與主句關(guān)系緊從句與主句關(guān)系緊湊，從句對(duì)先行詞起湊，從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限定作用修飾限定作用2. 缺少?gòu)木鋾?huì)影響句缺少?gòu)木鋾?huì)影響句意的完整。意的完整。 PRACTICEPair work: Please finish Ex.7 on Page27 with your partner. PRACTICEPair work: Please comple

21、te the following four sentences with your partner. Try to use non-defining clauses. LANGUAGE IN USE Have you ever taken an adventure? If so, write a short passage about it. If youve never taken any adventure, please write about one that you have read or heard about. Dont forget to use relative claus

22、es in your passage.用定語(yǔ)從句挑戰(zhàn)高考原題（浙江（浙江2005）Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. it（浙江（浙江2005）_ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. A. When B. After C. As D. Since（浙江（浙江2006）I was given three books on co

23、oking, the first _ I really enjoyed.A. of that B. of which C. that D. whichACB（浙江（浙江2007）Chans restaurant on Baker Street, _ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. A. that B. which C. who D. where（浙江（浙江2008）Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago. A. when B. where C. that D. which（浙江（浙江2009）The young man weve just talked to is a traveler _ parents visited us last year. A. that B. whose C. whom D. whichBBD