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1、專題十五主旨大意主旨大意1.仔細(xì)審題,看好范圍。要先搞清楚是問某一段段意還是全文的中心思想。2.迅速瀏覽全段或全文。在閱讀中,要利用有關(guān)信息詞確定主題句的位置,比如在for example,first,second等之前的句子中或在all in all,above all之后的句子中尋找并確定。主旨大意題一般涉及概括文章主旨、段落大意和選擇文章標(biāo)題等形式。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題,屬于能力型題目。要做好主旨大意題,應(yīng)做到:3.關(guān)注全文或段落的首句和尾句。文章或段落的首句和末句常常是主旨要義的體現(xiàn),段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí),該句很可能是主題句;作者有意識地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)通常是文章的主旨;首段出

2、現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí),對該問題的解答通常就是文章主旨;同時(shí)還要注意那些提出文章主旨時(shí)常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等。4.進(jìn)行分析概括,準(zhǔn)確找出主旨要義。對于主題隱含的段落,要先弄清問題的意思,然后快速通讀文章,逐項(xiàng)排除,最終確定答案。5.所選標(biāo)題要與文章主旨吻合一致。標(biāo)題的選擇要避免三種錯誤:以偏概全(表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體);概括過度(表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍);以文章中的某個事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)代替高度概括的主旨大意。武漢大學(xué)張珂試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Passage 1(2017全國,C)Some of the worlds most fam

3、ous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance,and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) v

4、oice across cultures.Despite the celebrations,though,in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz,Moran hopes to widen the audienc

5、e for jazz,make the music more accessible,and preserve its history and culture.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練“Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan.“What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsi

6、der and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.Its actually color,and its actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to

7、move,because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Last year,Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party,“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran.“For me,its the

8、 recontextualization.In music,where does the emotion(情感) lie?Are we,as humans,gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider

9、 context,” says Moran,“so I want to continue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”【語篇解讀】近來,聯(lián)合國教科文組織把4月30日定為國際爵士樂日。一些世界上最著名的音樂家聚集在巴黎和新奧爾良以慶祝第一屆國際爵士樂日。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練1.Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?A.To remember the birth of jazz.B.To protect cultural div

10、ersity.C.To encourage people to study music.D.To recognize the value of jazz.【答案】 D【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第一段的“UNESCO(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music,its significance,and its potential as a unifying voice across

11、cultures.”可知,聯(lián)合國教科文組織把4月30日定為國際爵士樂日,其目的是提高人們對爵士樂價(jià)值和意義的認(rèn)可。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練2.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Jazz becoming more accessible.B.The production of jazz growing faster.C.Jazz being less popular with the young.D.The jazz audience becoming larger.【答案】 C【解析】

12、詞義猜測題。從文章第二段的“.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older,and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”可知,在美國,爵士樂未能獲得年輕一代的青睞。這正是Jason Moran試圖改變的地方。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練3.What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz?A.It will disappear gradually.B.It remains black and whit

13、e.C.It should keep up with the times.D.It changes every 50 years.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。從文章倒數(shù)第二段的“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move,because the way the world works is not the same.”可知,Jason Moran指出,今天的爵士樂不能再以1908年或1958年那種方式呈現(xiàn)了。它必須進(jìn)行改變,以跟上時(shí)代的步伐。試做真題

14、透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Exploring the Future of JazzB.The Rise and Fall of JazzC.The Story of a Jazz MusicianD.Celebrating the Jazz Day【答案】 A【解析】 主旨大意題。本文以第一屆國際爵士樂日的設(shè)立引入話題,探討了爵士樂的現(xiàn)狀以及未來。希望更多人尤其是年輕人關(guān)注爵士樂。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Passage 2(2017全國,C)Terr

15、afugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight,bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year.The vehicle named the Transition has two seats,four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car.The Transition,which f

16、lew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month,can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air.It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air.On the ground,it gets 35 miles per gallon.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Around 100 people have already put down a $10,

17、000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale,and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show.But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways.Its expected to cost $279,000.And it wont help if youre stuck

18、 in traffic.The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s,according to Robert Mann,an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use spec

19、ial materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set of standa

20、rds for light sport aircraft,which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes.Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition,a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.【語篇解讀】本文介紹了一種新型飛行汽車。從汽車的配置,到汽車的性能,研發(fā)狀況,

21、政府的態(tài)度以及對飛行員的要求等都做了介紹。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The basic data of the Transition.B.The advantages of flying cars.C.The potential market for flying cars.D.The designers of the Transition.【答案】 A【解析】 主旨大意題。第一段主要介紹了飛行汽車the Transition 的座位、輪子、可折疊的機(jī)翼、飛行的速度、燃油狀況等基本的數(shù)據(jù),因

22、此A項(xiàng)正確。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練2.Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?A.It causes traffic jams.B.It is difficult to operate.C.It is very expensive.D.It burns too much fuel.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“But dont expect it to show up in too many driveways.Its expected to cost $279,000.

23、”可知,飛行汽車the Transition價(jià)格昂貴,買家不多,路上少見。因此C項(xiàng)正確。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練3.What is the governments attitude to the development of the flying car?A.Cautious.B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.【答案】 B【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easi

24、er for the vehicle to fly.”可知,政府對此項(xiàng)目給予支持,持贊同的態(tài)度,故B項(xiàng)正確。cautious“謹(jǐn)慎的”;favorable “贊同的”;ambiguous“模棱兩可的”;disapproving“不贊同的”。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練4.What is the best title for the text?A.Flying Car at Auto ShowB.The Transitions First FlightC.Pilots Dream Coming TrueD.Flying Car Closer to Reality【答案】 D【解析】

25、主旨大意題。第一段介紹了這種飛行汽車完成了第一次試飛;第二段介紹已經(jīng)有大約100人交了購買定金;第三段提到了政府對此的支持;第四段介紹了讓飛機(jī)投入使用的改良辦法以及對飛行員的要求等。縱觀全文,這種飛行汽車投入使用的可能性越來越大,因此D項(xiàng)正確。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Passage 3(2017全國,D)The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to un

26、derstand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people,leading to them becoming more isolated(隔絕) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe,t

27、he Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練These include custom-made navigation(導(dǎo)航) tools,night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.Phil Blythe explains:“For many olde

28、r people,particularly those living alone or in the country,driving is important for preserving their independence,giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avo

29、iding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills.The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”Dr Amy Guo,the leading researcher on the older driver study,explains:“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress poi

30、nts and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練“For example,most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly,we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and

31、 so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined.Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解決方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”【語

32、篇解讀】本文是說明文。文章主要介紹紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)智能交通研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)對一款電動汽車進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),以發(fā)現(xiàn)老年司機(jī)駕駛汽車的難題并加以解決,以便他們在路上更安全行駛。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練1.What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?A.To explore new means of transport.B.To design new types of cars.C.To find out older drivers problems.D.To teach people traffic rules.【答案】 C【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第一段“.a mobile

33、 laboratory named DriveLAB in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.”可知,DriveLAB的目的在于發(fā)現(xiàn)老年司機(jī)駕駛汽車所面臨的問題。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練2.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A.It keeps them independent.B.It helps th

34、em save time.C.It builds up their strength.D.It cures their mental illnesses.【答案】 A【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第四段第二句“.driving is important for preserving their independence,giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”可知,在Phil Blythe看來,駕駛汽車對于老年人之所以重要,是因?yàn)轳{駛能讓他們保持獨(dú)立。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招

35、對點(diǎn)精練3.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A.Improve their driving skills.B.Develop driver-assist technologies.C.Provide tips on repairing their cars.D.Organize regular physical checkups.【答案】 B【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第六段“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficu

36、lties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.”可知,研究者們想為老年司機(jī)研制一種輔助駕駛的技術(shù)。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練4.What is the best title for the text?A.A New Model Electric CarB.A Solution to Traffic ProblemsC.Driving Services for EldersD.Keeping Older Drivers on the Road【答案】 D【解

37、析】 主旨大意題。通讀全文,尤其是首尾兩段可知,本文主要介紹紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)智能交通研發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)對一款電動汽車進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),以發(fā)現(xiàn)老年司機(jī)駕駛汽車的難題并加以解決,以便他們在路上更安全行駛。故選D項(xiàng)。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Passage 4(2016江蘇,B)Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways,like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings,they have litt

38、le instinct(本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children,who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory,chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he

39、 can pull in one plate of food for himself or,with no greater effort,a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage,he will pull at randomhe just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Human children,on the other hand,are natura

40、lly cooperative.From the earliest ages,they desire to help others,to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an un

41、related adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help,inform and share are not taught,but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age

42、 before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(認(rèn)知的) skills,at least when compared with chim

43、ps.In tests conducted by Tomasello,the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part

44、of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that,even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”,a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.【語篇解讀】 本文為說明文。在某些情況下,如保衛(wèi)領(lǐng)地的戰(zhàn)爭中,黑猩猩會相互合作。但實(shí)際上,它們是一種自私的動物,沒有相互幫

45、助的本能。新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),小孩子與黑猩猩不同,他們天生具有幫助他人的本能和分享意識。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練1.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?A.Chimps seldom care about others interests.B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C.Chimps like to take in their neighbors food.D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.【答

46、案】 A【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“chimps dont naturally share food either”以及“he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.”可知,黑猩猩天生不會共享食物,它從不關(guān)心鄰居同伴的饑飽和利益。故選A項(xiàng)。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練2.Michael Tomasellos tests on young children indicate that they . A.have the instinct to help othersB.know how to offer h

47、elp to adultsC.know the world better than chimpsD.trust adults with their hands full【答案】 A【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands.try to help”可知,Michael發(fā)現(xiàn),18個月大的嬰兒看見一個和自己毫不相干的人雙手拿著東西去開門時(shí),他們會馬上去幫忙。這個實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,小孩子有幫助他人的本能。故選A項(xiàng)。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練3.The pas

48、sage is mainly about .A.the helping behaviors of young childrenB.ways to train childrens shared intentionalityC.cooperation as a distinctive human natureD.the development of intelligence in children【答案】 C【解析】 主旨大意題。文章通過實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,幫助他人和相互合作是人的本性,而非后天習(xí)得的。選項(xiàng)A:小孩子的助人為樂行為只是Michael實(shí)驗(yàn)的一部分,以此來得出結(jié)論;選項(xiàng)B:培養(yǎng)孩子的分享意識的方

49、法和選項(xiàng)D:孩子的智力發(fā)展在文中都沒有提及。故選C項(xiàng)。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Passage 5(2016全國,D)The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful,or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness,uneasiness,or worry.Silence may be viewed by s

50、ome cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (間隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a ba

51、sic part of communicating among people,just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultu

52、res,silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways,particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example,Russian,French,and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about

53、 the topic under discussion.However,Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use,persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect,particularly to an elder or a person in

54、 authority.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is

55、 not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.【語篇解讀】 本文為說明文。主要說明沉默的含義由于文化的不同而不同,并具體說明在不同的國家沉默的含義和作用。1.What does the author say

56、about silence in conversations?A.It implies anger.B.It promotes friendship.C.It is culture-specific.D.It is content-based.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句內(nèi)容可推斷出,在談話過程中的沉默通常與文化密切相關(guān),具有文化特異性。2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A.The Chinese.B.The French.C.The Me

57、xicans.D.The Russians.【答案】 A【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容可知,中國人與很多美國人一樣,認(rèn)為沉默是交流過程中的基本構(gòu)成部分,談話中出現(xiàn)沉默通常暗示聽者需要仔細(xì)考慮。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練3.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.B.Break it while treating patients.C.Evaluate its harm to patie

58、nts.D.Make use of its healing effects.【答案】 D【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句內(nèi)容可知,作者建議護(hù)士們充分利用沉默的治愈價(jià)值來幫助護(hù)理病人 。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練4.What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver;Silence Is Gold【答案】 B【解析】 主旨大意題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知,文章主要說

59、明沉默具有文化特異性,在不同的文化中,沉默表達(dá)的含義和作用各不相同。因此B項(xiàng)最具概括性。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Passage 6(2016全國,D)Bad news sells.If it bleeds,it leads.No news is good news,and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(監(jiān)

60、控) in different ways,researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts,scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The if it bleeds rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger,a scholar at the University of Pen

61、nsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling.But when you share a story with your friends,you care a lot more how they react.You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails,Web posts and review

62、s,face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的),but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things?To test for that possibility,Dr.Berger looked

63、 at how people spread a particular set of news stories:thousands of articles on The New York Times website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months.One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-scien

64、ce articles.He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny,or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety,but not articles that left them merely s

65、ad.They needed to be aroused(激發(fā))one way or the other,and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article,the more likely it was to be shared,as Dr.Berger explains in his new book,“Contagious:Why Things Catch On.” 【語篇解讀】 本文為議論文。俗話說,好事不出門,壞事傳千里。但是研究者們通過跟蹤和監(jiān)控人們的電子郵件、網(wǎng)絡(luò)帖子及評論、面對面會話等發(fā)現(xiàn),人與人之間更

66、多分享的是那些給人們帶來積極情緒的好消息,而不是導(dǎo)致消極情緒的壞消息。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練1.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?A.News reports.B.Research papers.C.Private e-mails.D.Daily conversations.【答案】 A【解析】 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段前四句可知,這些經(jīng)典的規(guī)則主要應(yīng)用于evening broadcasts和morning papers,由此推出,這些規(guī)則常用于新聞報(bào)道中。故選A項(xiàng)。試做真題透析真題高手必備萃取高招對點(diǎn)精練2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?A.Theyre socially inactive.B.Theyre good at telling stories.C.Theyre inconsiderate of others.D.Theyre careful with their words.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判斷題。由