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1、（一）定義及相關術語（一）定義及相關術語1.定語從句：定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。飾的先行詞之后。2.先行詞：先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3.關系詞：關系詞： 引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞關系代詞有關系代詞有: that, which, who, whom, whose,as等等關系副詞有關系副詞有: when, where, why關系詞通常有下列三個作用：關系詞通

2、常有下列三個作用：A.引導定語從句引導定語從句； B.代替先行詞代替先行詞； C.在定語從句中擔當一個成分。在定語從句中擔當一個成分。 The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.（二）關系代詞引導的定語從句（二）關系代詞引導的定語從句1.who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorr

3、ow morning. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.That is the teacher who teaches us physics.2. whom 指人，在定語從句中指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷浴Ｗ鲑e語，?？墒÷?。Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on thebus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for ha

4、s come.The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor.注意：注意：關系代詞關系代詞 whom 在口語在口語或非正式文體中常可用或非正式文體中?？捎?who 來代替，也可省略。來代替，也可省略。The man ( whom / who ) you met just now is my oldfriend.3. which 指物，在定語從句中指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時常可做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷浴Ｊ÷?。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.Th

5、e factory which makes computers is far away from here. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 4that 指人時，相當于指人時，相當于

6、who 或或 whom；指物時，相當于指物時，相當于which。在定語從句中作主語。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷曰蛸e語，作賓語時?？墒÷?。The number of people that / who come to visit this city eachyear reaches one million.Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.The season that / which comes after

7、 spring is Yesterday I received a letter that / which came fromAustralia. 5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。在定語從句中做定語。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over thecountry. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.注意注意：指物時，常用下列結構指物時，常用

8、下列結構來代替：來代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?（三）（三）“介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞”引引導的定語從句導的定語從句關系代詞在定語從句中作介詞關系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由賓語時，

9、從句常常由“介詞介詞+ +關系代詞關系代詞”引出。引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I

10、 played tennis withyesterday.This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention toimproving our

11、 working conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention toimproving our working conditions.注意注意：1.含有介詞的短語動詞一般不含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。后面。如：如：look for, look after, take care of 等。等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. This is the watch for which I am

12、 looking . The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after arevery healthy. .若介詞放在關系代詞前，關若介詞放在關系代詞前，關系代詞指人時只可用系代詞指人時只可用whom，不不可用可用who, that；關系代詞指物關系代詞指物時只可用時只可用which，不可用不可用that。關系代詞是所有格時用關系代詞是所有格時用whose。The man with whom you talk

13、ed just now is my neighbour. The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.“介詞介詞+關系代詞關系代詞”前還可前還可有有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few等代詞或者數(shù)詞等代詞

14、或者數(shù)詞。 He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind tohim. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom arefrom big cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which areabout country life. （四）

15、關系副詞引導的定語從句（四）關系副詞引導的定語從句1.when 指時間，在定語從句中指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。作時間狀語。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.The time when we got together finally arrived.October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countrysi

16、de with his grandparents.2. where 指地點，在定語從句指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。中作地點狀語。Shanghai is the city where I was born. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3.why 指原因，在定語從句中指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。作原因狀語

17、。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：注意：關系副詞引導的定語從關系副詞引導的定語從句經(jīng)?？梢杂镁浣?jīng)?？梢杂谩敖樵~介詞+ +關系代關系代詞詞”引導的定語從句來表示。引導的定語從句來表示。 From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the cou

18、ntry he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. （五）限制性定語從句和非限（五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句制性定語從句A.限制性定語從句形式上不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。用逗號“，”與主句隔開。意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。B.非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。譯法上譯成先行詞的定語“的” 通常譯成主句的并列句。關系詞的使用上A作賓語時可省略B不可省略A可用that B不用thatA可用who 代替 whom B不可用who 代替 whomGreat

19、 changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation isquite clear. The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I coulddepend on. China is a country which has a long history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.限制性定

20、語從句舉例：非限制性定語從句舉例非限制性定語從句舉例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：含義：1. Her brother

21、who is now a soldier always encourages her togo to college.她那當兵的哥哥總是鼓勵她上大學.（意含：她還有其他哥哥。）Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages herto go to college.她哥哥是當兵的，他總是鼓勵她上大學。（意含： 她只有一個哥哥。）2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。（意含： 不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。）All the boo

22、ks, which have pictures in them, are well written.所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。（意含： 沒有不帶插圖的書。）（一）限制性定語從句中只能（一）限制性定語從句中只能用用that 引導定語從句的情況引導定語從句的情況1.當先行詞是當先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除除外外), all, none, few, little, some等等代詞時，或當先行詞受代詞時，或當先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時。等代詞修飾

23、時。 Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in theworld. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you. He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. Any man that / who has a sense of du

24、ty wont do such a thing.注意注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關系代詞也可用關系代詞who， All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding wereimportant people. Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2.當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3.3.當先行詞被形容詞最高級當先行詞被形容

25、詞最高級修飾時。修飾時。This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4當先行詞被 the very, the only 修飾時。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thingthat he owns.注意注意：當先行詞指人時，通常用關系代詞 who。Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend themeeting.

26、 5.當先行詞前面有當先行詞前面有who, which 等疑問代詞時等疑問代詞時。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6.6.當先行詞為人與動物或人與當先行詞為人與動物或人與物時。物時。 They talked about the persons and things that theyremembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up thestreet. （二）關系

27、代詞（二）關系代詞as和和which 引引導的定語從句導的定語從句as 和和which 引導非限制性定語從引導非限制性定語從句時，句時， 其用法有相同之處，也其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是有不同之處。具體情況是 1. as 和和which都可以在定語從句都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。個句子。 He married her, as / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see. 2. as 引導的非限制性定語從句引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，可以放在主

28、句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。甚至還可以分割主句。 which引引導的非限制性定語從句只可放導的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，在主句之后。另外，as 常常有常常有“正如、正像正如、正像”的含義。的含義。As is known to all, China is a developing country.He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.John, as you know, is a famous writer. Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times,

29、 which I dont believe. 注意：注意：當主句和從句之間存當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關系時，在著邏輯上的因果關系時，關系詞往往只用關系詞往往只用which。如：。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made histeacher very angry.These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.3.當先行詞受當先行詞受such, the same 修飾修飾時，關系詞常用時，關系詞常用as。Ive never heard such st

30、ories as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.注意注意：當先行詞受當先行詞受the same 修修飾時，偶爾也用飾時，偶爾也用 that引導定語引導定語從句，但與從句，但與as引導的定語從句引導的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。意思有區(qū)別。 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.

31、( (三三) ) 以以the way為先行詞的限為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由制性定語從句通常由in which或或that引導，而且通?？梢允∫龑?，而且通?？梢允÷浴Ｂ?。 The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions wassurprising. I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.（四）關系代詞與關系副詞的（四）關系代詞與關系副詞的選擇選擇用關系代詞還是關系副詞引導用關系代詞還是關系副詞引導定語從句主要看關系詞在定語定語從句主要看關系詞在定語從句中的作用（即

32、所擔當?shù)某蓮木渲械淖饔茫此鶕數(shù)某煞郑┓郑?A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. Compare :B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spenttogether. C. This is the reason

33、 why he was dismissed.This is the reason that / which he explained to me forhis not attending the meeting.（五）（五）but 有時也用作關系詞有時也用作關系詞引導定語從句。引導定語從句。 There are very few but admire his talents. （but = who dont） （六）定語從句與同位語從句（六）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別的區(qū)別1 1定語從句修飾限定先行詞，定語從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關系；同位它與先行詞是修飾關系；同位語從句說明先行詞

34、的具體內容，語從句說明先行詞的具體內容，它與先行詞是同位關系。它與先行詞是同位關系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. The fact that he has already died is quite clear. 2 2定語從句由關系代詞或關定語從句由關系代詞或關系副詞引導，關系詞在從句系副詞引導，關系詞在從句中擔當相應的句子成分，關中擔當相應的句子成分，關系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)系代詞在從句中作賓語時經(jīng)?？墒÷?。常可省略。同位語從句主要由連詞同位語從句主要由連詞that引導，在從句中一般不擔當引導，在從句中一般不擔當成分；有時

35、也由成分；有時也由where, when, how, who, whether, what等連等連詞引導，這些連詞則在從句詞引導，這些連詞則在從句中擔當成分。中擔當成分。The news that he told me is true. The news that he has just died is true. The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. T

36、he question that he raised puzzled all of us. The question whether he is sure to win the game is hardto answer. 3同位語從句與先行詞一般可同位語從句與先行詞一般可以用動詞以用動詞 be 發(fā)展成一個完整的發(fā)展成一個完整的句子句子, 而定語從句則不能。而定語從句則不能。 A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. The idea was that we could ask the teach

37、er for advice.B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in

38、the play, of course, _ made the others unhappy.A. which B. who C. thisD. what2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. when C. that D. where3. The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.A. who B. about whom C. whom D. w

39、ith whom4. Please take any seat _ is free.A. which B. where C. in which D. that5. The old man has two sons, _ is a soldier.A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them6. This is the ship _ we crossed the Pacific(太平洋太平洋).A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which7. New York is famou

40、s for its sky-scrapers(摩天大樓摩天大樓)_ has more than 100 storeys.A. the higher of them B. the highest of whichC. the highest of them D. some of which8. My home village is no longer the same _ it used to be.A. which B. as C. where D. when9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _

41、many people have gone home.A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time10. The boy _ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.A. who B. whose C. thatD. which11. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it12. Mr. Wan

42、g is a boss, _ factory Li Ping worked.A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which13. I dont like the way_ you speak to her.A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, and C14. I shall never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, has a good effect on my life.A. that, which B. when, whi

43、ch C. which, that D. when, who15. _ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A. What B. That C. As D. It16. Is this book _ you want to borrow from the library?A. that B. which C. the one D. /17. Such a book _ you showed me is difficult to understand.A. t

44、hat B. which C. as D. like18. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books _ were popular then.A. / B. that C. which D. who19. This is the store _ we visited the famous shop assistants.A. where B. there C. that D. which20. Im going to spend my holiday in Beijing, _ live my old parents.A. which B

45、. that C. where D. there21. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where22.why does she always ask you for help?there is no one else _, is there?A. who to turn to B. she can turn toC. for whom to turn D. for her to turn23.The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.A. which; where B. at which; whichC. at which; where D. which; in which