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1、 Part One: English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature I Understanding and application: (理解應(yīng)用) 1.?England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Sax

2、ons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature. 2

3、. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England. 3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one 4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the nation

4、al epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. 5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in

5、 universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people. 6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others II Recite: (識記再現(xiàn)) 1. Romance: ①It uses narrati

6、ve verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. ②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved. ③The hero is usually t

7、he knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance. ④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance. Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward

8、. ⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world. 2.?Heroic couplet: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English i

9、n his work The Legend of Good Woman. 3. The theme of Beowulf: The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic

10、 legends. 4.? The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions. 5. Chau

11、cer’s achievement: ①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales. ②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers. ③He developed his chara

12、cterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions. ④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.

13、 6.?“The Father of English poetry”: Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations. ①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it. ②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰傳奇), he first introduced to the English the

14、 octosyllabic couplet (八音節(jié)對偶句). ③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet. ④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. ⑤His art made him one

15、of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”. 【例題】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life

16、is most likely ______________. (0704) A. William Langland’s Piers Plowman B. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C. John Gower’s Confession Amantis D. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 【答案】B 【解析】(P4.para.2) 本題考查的是中世紀(jì)時期幾位詩人作品的創(chuàng)作主題和創(chuàng)作范圍。A答案是《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》及其作者威廉·蘭格倫他在其作品中描述了他那個時期的宗教與社會問題。 C《愛人

17、的告白》，D《高文爵士和他的綠衣騎士》都是約翰·高厄的作品，屬于時最精美的騎士文學(xué)作品;然而只有喬叟，在英國文學(xué)史上第一次向我們展示了表現(xiàn)當(dāng)時英國社會的一幅綜合性、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的畫卷,在他的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》中塑造了一系列來自社會各階層的生動形象的人物。 Chapter 1: The Renaissance Period 1. 識記： （1）文藝復(fù)興時期的界定 （2）歷史文化背景 2. 領(lǐng)會: （1）文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動的意義與影響 （2）文藝復(fù)興時期的文學(xué)特點(diǎn) （3）人文主義的主張及對文學(xué)的影響 3. 應(yīng)用：文藝復(fù)興，人文主義及玄學(xué)詩等名詞的解釋 考點(diǎn)串講:

18、 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest o

19、f Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as: ①The re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture ②The new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. ③

20、The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the ear

21、ly church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 【例題】The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events EXCEPT_________.(0804) A. the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture B. the vast expansion of British colonies in North America C. the new

22、discoveries in geography and astrology D. the religious reformation and the economic expansion 【答案】B 【解析】(P7. para1) 文藝復(fù)興是歐洲中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代社會的分水嶺，它的發(fā)生有著深刻的社會歷史根源，當(dāng)時的社會發(fā)展刺激了文藝復(fù)興的發(fā)生，如地理天文大發(fā)現(xiàn)，席卷歐洲的宗教改革以及對古希臘，古羅馬文化的發(fā)掘等。 2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor

23、 to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not

24、 only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfect

25、ions, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the

26、 ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. 3. The Renaissance in England: ①The first-- the beginning (1485-1558) --- imitation and assimilation Poetry: Wyatt & Surrey The fo

27、rmer introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England, while the latter brought in blank verse. ②The second -- (the peak) the Elizabeth Age (1558-1603) ---The Elizabethan drama Poetry: Spenser & Marlowe Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines

28、, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. Drama: Marlowe & Shakespeare The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic an

29、d full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and contri

30、ves to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit. The Elizabethan drama: It is the real mainstream of English Re

31、naissance. It could be dated back to the Middle Ages. English material was put into the regular form of the Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence. Tragedies were in the style of Seneca The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are: Marlowe, Shakespeare & Ben Jackson ③The third– f

32、urther development (1603---1660) Poetry: John Donne & John Milton Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from

33、 the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet'

34、s beloved, with God, or with himself. Drama: Ben Jackson Essay: Francis Bacon He is the first important English essayist, is known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form. He is also the founder of modern science in England. His writings paved the way for

35、 the use of scientific method The typical authors during this period 考核要求: 1.一般識記：重要作家的文學(xué)生涯 2.識記：重要作品及主要內(nèi)容 3.領(lǐng)會：重要作家的創(chuàng)作思想，藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)，人物塑造，語言風(fēng)格，藝術(shù)手法，社會意義等。 4.應(yīng)用： （1）莎士比亞詩歌的主題，意象 （2）喜劇《威尼斯商人》的主題和主要人物性格分析 （3）哈姆雷特的性格分析 （4）史詩《失樂園》的結(jié)構(gòu)，人物性格，語言特點(diǎn)等的分析 考點(diǎn)串講: Ⅰ. William Shakespeare

36、 1. The bibliography William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known. 2. Viewpoints Viewpoints on politics: necessity of mighty and just sovereign, and the condemn to the anti-nature and anti-humanism of the feudal wars—anti-feudalism Viewpoints

37、 on religion: against the religious persecution and racial discrimination, against the social inequality and the corrupting influence of the gold and money---anti-Catholicism Viewpoint on literature: literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and rea

38、lity---humanism 3. The major contributions ①38 plays (historical plays, tragedies and comedies) ②2 narrative poems: Venus, The Rape of Lucrece ③154 sonnets 4. four stages for his play-creation ①The first stage: his dramatic career is one of the apprenticeships five historical plays: H

39、enry IV, part I, II, and III; Richard III; and Titus Andronicus（泰特斯, 提圖斯）. four Comedies, including: The Comedy of Errors; The Two Gentlemen of Verona（維羅納）; The Taming of the Shrew（潑婦的馴服）, and Love’s Labor’s Lost ②The second stage, his style became highly individualized, Five historical: Rich

40、ard II, King John, Henry IV, part I, II, Henry V Six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You like(皆大歡喜), Twelfth Night, and the Merry Wives of Windsor（溫莎公爵的快樂情婦） Two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar ③The Third stage is the peak of hi

41、s creation, included his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies: Seven tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra（克利奧帕特拉）, Troilus and Cressida（特洛伊羅斯和克雷西達(dá)）, Coriolanus（科里奧蘭納斯） Two comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure ④The last period of

42、Shakespeare’s includes his principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest Two final plays: Henry III, and The Two Noble Kinsmen 5. About his dramas ①historical plays Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national u

43、nity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. The three history plays in the reign of Henry VI are the beginning of Shakespeare’s epic treatment of English history. ②Romantic Comedies In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romant

44、ic elements are brought into full play. They are The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, As You like, Twelfth Night, but the most important one is The Merchant of Venice. ③Tragedies The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the s

45、pirit of pursuing happiness. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are Hamlet,--the first of greatest tragedies, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth(麥克白.) They have some characteristics in common William Shakespeare’s four great tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. They have some characteri

46、stics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar prince, faces the dilemma betwee

47、n action and mind; Othello's inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth's lust for power stirs up his ambition leads him to incessant crimes. ④Romantic tra

48、gicomedies The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late year 6. About his sonnets ①Lyric: A poem, usually a short one, which expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric ②The th

49、eme: most of the sonnets concerns with the flying of the time, and the youth, beauty, belief and the love are also gone. 7. Shakespeare’s writing characteristics The progressive significance of the theme--humanism The successful character portrayal—women’s characters The masterhand in construc

50、ting the plot The ingenuity of his poetry The mastery of his language 8. About selected reading ①about sonnet 18 Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth b

51、y poetry to the one he loves. Typical lines: Shall?I?compare?thee?to?a?summer’s?day? Thou?art?more?lovely?and?more?temperate: The theme: Immortality, Beauty and love ②about The Merchant of Venice Major characters: Bassanio: -- a young Venetian court Portia, accepted Antonio: --a merchant of

52、Venice, all money invented in ships, at sea, return not on time Shylock:--the Jewish usurer (放高利貸者) Portia:-- standing for the great beauty, wit and loyalty Main plot: Bassanio, a young Venetian, would like to travel to Belmont to woo the beautiful and wealthy heiress Portia. He approaches h

53、is friend Antonio, a merchant, for three thousand ducats needed to subsidize his traveling expenditures as a suitor for three months. As all of Antonio's ships and merchandise are busy at sea, Antonio approaches the Jewish moneylender Shylock for a loan, and the reward of breaking the returning oath

54、 is a pound of fresh from Antonio’s body. Court happening: unsuccessful persuading, no more and no less than one pound of flesh, spilling no drop of blood The analysis to the personalities: Antonio: --faithful to friend, Shylock:--greedy, brutal and inhuman Portia:-- beautiful, witty and

55、loyal Theme: traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of the great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the greed and brutality of the Jew. Typical lines: "Superfluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency

56、 lives longer." (Act i. Sc. 2.) "The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose." (Act i. Sc. 3.) "Mislike me not for my complexion, the shadow’d livery of the burnish’d sun." (Act ii. Sc. 1.) "In the twinkling of an eye." (Act ii. Sc. 2.) "All that glisters is not gold." (Act ii. Sc. 7.) ③abou

57、t Hamlet The Major characters: Hamlet: the title character, is the son of the late king, for whom he was named. He has returned to Elsinore Castle from Wittenberg, where he was a university student. Claudius: is the King of Denmark, elected to the throne after the death of his brother, King Haml

58、et. Claudius has married Gertrude, his brother's widow. Gertrude: is the Queen of Denmark, and King Hamlet's widow, now married to Claudius. the Ghost: appears in the exact image of Hamlet's father, the late King Hamlet. Major plot: Hamlet feels a responsibility to avenge his father’s murde

59、r by his uncle Claudius, but Claudius is now the king and thus well protected. Moreover, Hamlet struggles with his doubts about whether he can trust the ghost and whether killing Claudius is the appropriate thing to do. The personality of Hamlet: Brave, justified and clever but indecisive Vie

60、ws of Hamlet Perhaps the most straightforward view sees Hamlet as seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. The most standard view is that Hamlet is highly indecisive, Others see Hamlet a

61、s a person charged with a duty that he knows and feels is right, yet is unwilling to carry out. In this view, all of his efforts to satisfy himself of King Claudius' guilt, or his failure to act when he can, are evidence of this unwillingness, and Hamlet berates himself for his inability to carry ou

62、t his task. Theme: The impossibility of certainty; the complexity of action; the mystery of death; the nation as a diseased body motifs: Incest and incestuous desire; ears and hearing; death and suicide; darkness and the supernatural; misogyny Symbols: The ghost (the spiritual consequences

63、of death); Yorick’s skull (the physical consequences of death) Typical Lines: “To be or not to be, that is a question” What are the questions: Whether believe the ghost’s words or not Whether kill his uncle or not What should he do, die or live Ⅱ. John Milton 1. Personal introduction

64、 ① Milton’s life Born in puritan family in London, Mother interested in religion and local charity, Father a well-to-do scrivener and musician ② Educated at Cambridge Graduated: study and writing of poetry Began traveling abroad in 1638, returned London to write pamphlets

65、and tracts to support the revolution ③In 1649 Latin secretary corresponding foreign government ④In 1652 went blind completely and incurably at 43 due to hard work day and night ⑤King Charles II restoration: Keeping writing against kingship Arrested and fined and released Left in p

66、eace to produce his poetic works In 1674 died peacefully in a small house The greatest English poet after Shakespeare, polemicist (辯論家) 2. Literature achievements Milton's literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets & the last great poems. ① Early Poetry Lycidas（利西達(dá)斯）is a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward king, a fellow undergraduate of Milton's at Cambridge, who was drowned in the Irish Sea. The poem begins with gri