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1、English and America literatures Introduction of English literature 1. England’s inhabitants is Celts. And it is conquered by Romans , Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Gre

2、ek culture , Rome law and the Christian religion. 2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England. 3. Old English literature has survived divided into two groups. Religious group :?????? Genesis A Genesis B???? based on biblical themes the

3、 Old Testament Exodus ????????????????????????????The Dream of the Rood The secular one:??????????The Wanderer ????????????????????????????Deor???????????????????? ????????????????????????????The seafarer ????????????????????????????The wife’s complaint Beowulf: a typical example of Old Engl

4、ish poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. After the Norman’ s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French if the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the princi

5、pal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people. In the second half of 14th century, Geroffery Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others Recite: 1.?????? Romance: which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or

6、other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved. The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some

7、 missions. There is often mysteries and fantasies in romance. Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance. Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward. The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a mean

8、s of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world. 2.?????? heroic couplet: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman. 3.?????? Define the per

9、iod of Old English literature and medieval literature: The period of Old English literature begins with the Anglo-Saxons settlement in England at about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman Conquest of England . The Medieval Period in English literature start at 1066, the year of the Norman Conquest,

10、 and ends at about the 15th century, is almost a barren one in literary creation. While in the later period, starting from the second half of the 14th century, English literature flourishes with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others, 4.?????? The

11、theme of Beowulf: the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends. 5.?????? What does the character the w

12、ife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales represent? And how does the author develop his characterization? The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualiti

13、es and individual dispositions. 6.?????? Chaucer is called “the father of English poetry” and has made great contributions to English poetry and English literature. Please discuss Chaucer’s literary achievement and why he is called ”the father of English poetry” Chaucer’s achievement: 1.?????? he

14、 presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales. 2. He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers. 3. He developed his characterization to a higher

15、 level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions. 4. he greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity. 2.?????? why he is cal

16、led “the father of English poetry”: originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations. Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it. In The Romaunt of the Rose, he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic c

17、ouplet. In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet. And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature . His art made him one of the greatest poets in English

18、, John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”. Chapter I??The Renaissance Period 1.?????? Renaissance: it is marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th centuries. It first started from Italy and then spre

19、ad all over Europe. The renaissance, which means “rebirth” or “revival”, is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansio

20、n. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of

21、 the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2.?????? the background of the England The England is unrest, and is a volcanic period of English history. The war-like nobles seized the power of England and turned it into self-destruction. The frightful reign of Richard III ma

22、rked the end of civil wars, until the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547) that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England 3.?????? Humanism: it is the essence of the Renaissance. Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting ag

23、ainst medieval asceticism. It states that man is godly, that man is able to find truth, goodness and beauty, and that man is in control of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly, humanism puts man at the center of their beliefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing wh

24、ile the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man. 4.?????? Religious reformation: it is Martin Luther, a German Protestant, who initiated the Reformation. Luther believed that every true Christian was

25、his own priest and was entitled to interpret the Bible for himself. Henry VIII was regarded as the faithful son of the Catholic, his wife cut the ties with Rome Edward VI??the reform of the church’s doctrine and teaching was carried out Mary???? there was a violent swing to Catholicism. Elizab

26、eth’s reign?? Protestantism has been firmly established . The religious reformation was actually a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology. 5.?????? blank verse: is the unrhymed iambic pentameter line, It was Surrey who first b

27、rought it in and Marlowe who perfected it with his “mighty line” 6.?????? metaphysical poetry: The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break aw

28、ay from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself. Modern poets like T.S.

29、Eliot have been mostly affected by the metaphysical influence. 7.?????? The Renaissance her is Marlowe’s creation, Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe’s humanistic ideal of human dignity and capacity. D

30、ifferent from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and God’s will, he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts, With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the tru

31、e Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a spirit. 8.?????? give a great incentive to something 9.?????? William Caxton, who introduced printing into England. Including??The Canterbury Tables and Malory’s Morte Darthur 10.?? it’s the mainstream of the sth

32、 11.?? it could be dated back to the …… 12.?? interludes and morality plays thriving in the medieval period 13.?? but the development of the drama into a sophisticated art form 14.?? they made a vivid depiction of the sharp conflicts between feudalism and the rising bourgeoisie in a transitiona

33、l period. 15.?? Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist, is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form. He was also the founder of modern science in England. His writings paved the way for the use of scientific method. Thus, he

34、is undoubtedly one of the representatives of the English Renaissance. 16.?? the main writers A.??????Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)??received education first at Merchant Taylor’s School and then at Pembroke College, Cambridge. The Shepheardes Canlender , Epithalamion—the most beautiful wedding hymns fo

35、r their marriage. Spenser’s masterpiece is The Faerie Queene, to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline. The Redcrosse knight in Book I and Sir Guyon in Book II The five main qualities of Spenser’s poetry are: a. a perfect melody; b. a rare sense of beauty; c. a sple

36、ndid imagination; d. a lofty moral purity and seriousness; e. a dedicated idealism. In addition to the above, Spenser uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increase the rustic effect. It is Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him know as “

37、the poets” poet. B.??????Christopher Marlowe : (1564-1593) a son of a Canterbury shoemaker. First to the King’s School, then Cambridge. As a man of letters. Play Tamburlaine,??Dr Faustus,??is gifted of the “University Wits”, The Jew of Malta, Edward II, non-dramatic poetry includes Hero and Leander

38、, “the Passionate Shepherd to His Love” and a verse translation of Ovid’s Amores,??pioneer of English drama ???? Tamburlaine is a play about an an ambitious and pitiless Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king. By flouting the given order and t

39、rampling on despairing princes, Tamburlaine displayed a high-aspiring mind that was self-created and carried by love and dreams beyond the limits of moral existence. His victories were a triumph of immense natural energy and of ruthlessness over equally cruel but weak and decadent civilizations. By

40、depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another. Being a cruel conqueror, finds consummate happiness in subduing other kingdoms. No enemy, except Death, can defeat him, his death ends in glory although he finally admits his limitations of achiev

41、ements, and even his limitations as a human being. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. The play’s dominant moral is human rather than religious. It celebrates the human

42、 passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition. Dr. Faustus is the greatest of Marlowe’s plays, in which the old German legend if freely re

43、shaped. Faustus is a great scholar bored of his present study on the academic curriculum and turns to black magic. By conjuration he calls up Mephistophilis, the Devils’s servant . Faustus makes a bond to sell his soul to the devil in return for twenty-four years of life in which he may have the ser

44、vices of Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires. With the help of devil, Faustus brings his magical art into full play and sees the Pope, Alexander the Great and even the beautiful Helen of Greece. Meanwhile Faustus has experienced much internal conflict, symbolized in the appearances of b

45、oth Good Angel and Bad Angel. In the final scene, there remains only the terrifying soliloquy in which the anguish of the hero’s mind is poignantly expressed. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love: this short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. It derives

46、from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys and ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern. ?????????? Come live with me and be my love And we

47、will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills, and fields Woods, or steepy mountain yields And we will sit upon the rocks, Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks. By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals. And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand fr

48、agrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a kirtle, Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle; A gown made of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lambs we pull; Fair lined slippers for the cold, With buckles of the purest gold; A belt of straw and ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs, And

49、if these pleasures may thee move, Come live with me, and be my love. The shepherds swains shall dance and sing For thy delight each May morning; If these delights thy mind may move, Then live with me and be my love. C. William Shakespeare ??(1564--1616) is one of the most remarkable playwri

50、ghts and poets the world has ever known. His works include 38 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. Born in a merchant’s family. In London he write the playwrite: Lord Chamberlain’s Men which was later renamed King’s Men. Robert Greene, one of the “University Wits”, declared him to be “an upstart cro

51、w.” Two poems: Venus and Adfonis and The Rape of Lucrece Three periods: One period: History plays : Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, Titus Andronicus; four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost Two period S

52、econd period: five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, Henry V Six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As you like it, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor Two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar. Third pe

53、riod: Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. Two comedies : All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure. Last period: Romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest Two plays: Henry V

54、III and The Two Noble Kinsmen Main works: Merchant of Venice: he states the sophistication derives in part from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize

55、Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Bur now the views changed, it is very difficult to see Shylock as a conventional evil figure. And many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians’ hypocrisy and

56、their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews. . compare the others works of him, it takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. Romeo and Juliet: which eulogizes the f

57、aithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness. The play , though a tragedy, is permeated with optimistic spirit.. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth: They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays come noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a dif

58、ficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind. Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; and King Lear who is unw

59、illing to totally give up his power himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes. Hamlet: the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qua

60、lities of a “blood-and =thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death. It based on a widespread legend in northern Europe, Shakespeare takes the bare outlines of Revenge Tragedy, but what he adds in infinitely more interesting than what he adopts. And the timeless appeal of thi

61、s mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy “to be, or not to be____that is the question”. ??????D. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) , a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lay

62、s the foundation for modern science with his insistence on the scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature , which has been recognized as an important landmark in the de

63、velopment of English prose. And some phrases have even entered the English literary tradition. At the height of his career, under King James, he became Lord Keeper and then Lord Chancellor of England. But he was later accused of taking bribes in office. Main works: His works can be divided into t

64、hree groups. First group: The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, and enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning. His philosophical works also belong to the first group. Second group: main literary works. The most famous is Essays. Included ten short articles, the enlarged edition o

65、f 1612 and thirty-eight essays. Other works of the group are Apophthagmes New and Old, The History of the Reign of Henry VII, and unfinished The New Atlantis. Third period: Maxims of Law, The Learned Reading upon the Statute of USES. The Advancement of Learning: it is a great tract on education.

66、 In book I, Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections to learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. Also he answers the charge that learning is against religion. In order to illustrate this idea, he divides knowledge into two kinds. One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation. The other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind. He separates theology from scientific observations and experiments, thus making a great step forward in scienc