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1、 第二部分　題型應(yīng)對探究 第一講　細節(jié)理解題 [整體感知·明方向] 細節(jié)理解題在英語高考閱讀理解中占了較大的比重，但此類題型相對比較簡單，只需要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，回到原文定位信息區(qū)間，稍加比對，就能得出答案。因此，對于這類題目要力求讀得快、找得準、答得對，力爭不丟分，保住基本分才能得高分。 細節(jié)理解題常分為直接信息題和間接信息題。所謂直接信息題就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的細節(jié)題，主要考查原文中的時間、地點、人物等信息。間接信息題需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，利用主要事實、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的

2、判斷，此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。 1．常見設(shè)問方式 (1)特殊疑問句形式。以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑問詞引出的問題。 (2)判斷是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE，NOT true或EXCEPT等的判斷是非的問題。此時要注意題干中是否含有否定詞，如not，never等。 (3)以“According to...”開頭的提問形式。 (4)填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________. 2．正確選項特征 (1)同義替換。指對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進行

3、同義替換。如把lose one's job換成了be out of work。有些細節(jié)理解題把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important變換成of importance；改變原文中句子的語態(tài)，如主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。 (2)信息歸納。用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，設(shè)置為正確答案。 (3)正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項。 3．干擾選項特征 張冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容 無中生有 符合常識，但不是文章的內(nèi)容 曲解文意 與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個細節(jié)處有些變動 顛倒是非 在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反 正誤

4、參半 部分正確，部分錯誤 [分類例析·通技法] 直接信息題 [典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅰ閱讀A節(jié)選) Stewardship Youth Ranger Program You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer. Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18

5、 before December 31 this year. 22．What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program? A．15-18.　　　 B．15-24. C．15-29. D．16-17. [解題示范] [第一步]　定信息區(qū)間 抓關(guān)鍵 題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 鎖信息 定位：用Stewardship Youth Ranger Program尋讀，在文中找到信息源——Who is eligible：Students aged 16

6、 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year. [第二步]　比對定答案 選項 選項意思 定位 A 15-18 無中生有 B 15-24 無中生有 C 15-29 無中生有 D 16-17 直接信息 [分析]　選D　比對選項和信息句可知，學(xué)生的年齡應(yīng)該在16-17歲。故選D。 間接信息題 間接信息題“兩步解題法” [典例]　(全國卷Ⅱ閱讀D節(jié)選) When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn't sit quie

7、tly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is

8、 a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short. 32．What does a plant do when it is under attack? A．It makes noises. B．It gets help from other plants. C．It stands quietly. D．It sends out certain chemicals. [解題示范] [第一步]　審讀題干抓關(guān)鍵，定位信息區(qū)間 根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞的醒目性和唯一性原則，可以確定本題的關(guān)鍵詞為plan

9、t和under attack。從而定位本題的信息區(qū)間為所節(jié)選段。 [第二步]　選項與原文逐一比對，確定正確選項 A．It makes noises. 答案：D 概括細節(jié)理解題 概括、歸納信息是指命題人用精煉的語言來概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，這是命題人設(shè)計細節(jié)理解題的正確選項時經(jīng)常使用的手段之一?？忌紫葢?yīng)依據(jù)題干指向，找到文中相應(yīng)的信息區(qū)間，然后嘗試用自己的語言去歸納總結(jié)文中的信息或事實，然后再看選項，挑選出和自己所歸納總結(jié)的信息最接近的選項作為正確答案。 [典例]　(2019·全國卷Ⅱ閱讀C節(jié)選) “I prefer to go out and be out.Al

10、one，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to

11、 work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said. 29．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch? A．To meet with her coworkers. B．To catch up with her work. C．To have some time on her own. D．To collect data for her report. [解題示范] [第一步]　定信息區(qū)間 抓關(guān)鍵 題干中的關(guān)鍵詞：prefer to g

12、o out for lunch 鎖信息 定位：用prefer to go out for lunch尋讀，在文中找到信息源——Today，I just wanted some time to myself. [第二步]　比對定答案 選項 選項意思 原文意思 定位 A 與她的工友見面 有時與工友一塊吃中午飯 張冠李戴 B 追趕上她的工作 在她桌旁吃午飯時工作 張冠李戴 C 擁有自己的時間 把時間留給自己 信息歸納 D 為她的報告收集資料 原文中沒有出現(xiàn)，也無法做出有效歸納 無中生有 [分析]　選C　根據(jù)該段內(nèi)容，尤其是最后一句中的“Today，I

13、just wanted some time to myself”可知，Bechtel喜歡獨自外出吃飯因為她想擁有屬于自己的時間。故選C。 正誤判斷題 正誤判斷題是細節(jié)理解題中解題比較繁瑣的題目，說其繁瑣，因為其信息不像其他類題目那樣集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各個角落，對于這類題目，考生要靜下心來，看清范圍，確定方向，找到每一個選項的對應(yīng)信息后，謹慎排除，綜合選優(yōu)。 [典例]　(福建卷閱讀A節(jié)選) Food festivals around the world Stilton Cheese Rolling May Day is a traditional day

14、for celebrations，but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes，roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course.On the way，they must not kick or throw thei

15、r cheese，or go into their competitors lane(賽道)．Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly，but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones)．All the competitors are served with beer or port wine，the traditional acco

16、mpaniment for Stilton cheese. Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Earth Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque，New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia，the Caribbean and China，but they all share a common addiction—food that is not just spicy(辛辣)，but

17、hot enough to make your mouth burn，your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world —or any one of the tho

18、usands of products that are on show.But one thing's for sure—if you don't like the feeling of a burning tongue，this festival isn't for you! La Tomatina—The World's Biggest Food Fight On the last Wednesday of every August，the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina—the world's largest food fight.A

19、 week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week's events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fight-starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd. 59．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

20、 A．The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine. B．More than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival. C．Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival. D．An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La To

21、matina. [解題示范] [第一步]　定信息區(qū)間 選項 選項關(guān)鍵詞 信息區(qū)間 A The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition 第一段第四句 B More than 10,000 Chinese 第二段第一、二句 C Thousands of spicy foods are on show 第二段倒數(shù)第二句 D An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning 第三段第二句 [第二步]　逐一比對定答案 選項 選項意思

22、原文意思 定位 A Stilton滾動奶酪比賽的主要獎品是啤酒或波爾圖葡萄酒。 獎品是a complete Stilton cheese。 張冠李戴 B 一萬多名中國人參加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。 參加者來自世界各地。 曲解文意 C 在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上萬種辛辣食物被展出。 展出了成千上萬種食物。 同義替換 D 在La Tomatina節(jié)日的開始，會舉行一場激動人心的“西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”。 “西紅柿大戰(zhàn)”發(fā)生在節(jié)日結(jié)尾而不是節(jié)日的開始。 曲解文意 [答案]　C [小題夯基練] 請

23、選擇以下設(shè)誤方式(張冠李戴、無中生有、曲解文意、顛倒是非、正誤參半)或正確選項特征(原文原詞、同義替換、信息歸納、正話反說)填入下表的“診斷”一欄中。 1．(2018·天津卷閱讀C節(jié)選) Food production With a 3D printer，a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do that—it takes years of experience，but a prin

24、ter makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly the same，”freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed，rather than farm to table. Q：What benefit does 3D printing bri

25、ng to food production？ 選項 診斷 A It helps cooks to create new dishes. 曲解文意 B It saves time and effort in cooking. 信息歸納 C It improves the cooking conditions. 無中生有 D It contributes to restaurant decorations. 顛倒是非 2.(2018·北京卷閱讀B節(jié)選)For the trainees，the programs also offer a great way to e

26、arn merit badges(榮譽徽章)．At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated (模擬) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Avia

27、tion badge.They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(駕駛艙)of a variety of flight simulators.Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water-and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of a “d

28、owned” pilot. Q：To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to________. 選項 診斷 A fly to space 正誤參半 B get an Aviation badge first 顛倒是非 C study the principles of flight 張冠李戴 D build and fire model rockets 原文原詞 3.(2018·浙江卷閱讀A節(jié)選)In 1870，when Dickens died，the world mourned him as

29、its first professional writer and publisher，famous and beloved，who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon(

30、名人堂)of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa. Q：Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress________. 選項 診斷 A his reputation in France 顛倒是非 B his interest in modern art 顛倒是非 C his success in publication 張冠李戴 D his im

31、portance in literature 同義替換 [大題提能練] A From the Forbidden City to the Great Wall，ancient Chinese people have always been praised for their building skills and wisdom.And their great skills have been passed down to modern Chinese people.Evidence of this can be seen in recent buildings，such as the

32、National Stadium，also known as the“Bird's Nest”in Beijing，and the Shanghai Tower.And recently，China has created even more proof of its great building skills. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB) was opened on Oct.24,2018.The HZMB，which is located at the waters of the Lingdingyang of Pearl River

33、 Estuary，is a huge sea crossing bridge，linking the Hong Kong SAR，Zhuhai City and the Macao SAR. As the world's longest sea-based project，the 55-kilometer bridge is the result of six years of research and another nine years of building. Builders had to make artificial islands in the Pearl River D

34、elta to provide supports for the bridge.There is also a 6.7-kilometer underwater tunnel in the middle of the bridge.This is to allow ships to sail through the Delta.It has been named as one of the “seven wonders of the modern world”by The Guardian. “It is designed with a service life of 120 years.I

35、t can endure a strong wind equal to a maximum Beaufort scale 16，”Zhu Yongling，a project official，told The Guardian.“It can also survive a magnitude-8 earthquake.”Meanwhile，the Y-shaped bridge could reduce travel time from Hong Kong to Zhuhai and Macao from more than three hours to about 45 minutes.

36、“The bridge will not only be a transport link.It will be a social，economic，cultural，and tourism connection among the three areas，”Yu Lie，deputy director of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Authority，said. The bridge will be open to tourists to drive across it.However，local car owners will not be a

37、ble to cross the bridge unless they have a special permit.Most visitors will take a shuttle bus to make the journey.The shuttle buses will cost 300 yuan for a single trip. [語篇解讀]　 一橋連三地，天塹變通途。本文主要介紹了港珠澳大橋在10月24日正式開通以及這座大橋的其他相關(guān)情況。 1．Why does the author mention some famous buildings? A．To stress th

38、e difficulty in architecture. B．To explain the history of building. C．To make advertisements for them. D．To prove Chinese building skills. 解析：D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中提到的古代的紫禁城和長城到現(xiàn)代的鳥巢和上海中心大廈等，通過這些著名的建筑例子，說明中國人民高超的建筑才能和智慧。] 2．Why were the artificial islands built? A．To allow ships to sail safely. B．To

39、 hold up the long bridge. C．To be used as attractions. D．To serve as resting places. 解析：B　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句可知，修建人工島的主要目的是支撐大橋。] 3．What does Zhu stress in his words? A．Where the HZMB is located. B．What the HZMB is made up of. C．How strong the HZMB is. D．When the HZMB was completed. 解析：C　[推理判斷題

40、。第四段中提到大橋的使用壽命長達120年，它能夠抵御高達蒲福風(fēng)力16級的大風(fēng)，承受8級地震，推斷出朱說的話強調(diào)了大橋很堅固。] 4．How can local car owners cross the bridge? A．By getting a special permit. B．By paying some money for the trip. C．By driving a shuttle bus themselves. D．By carrying some tourists in their cars. 解析：A　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句可知，當(dāng)?shù)厮緳C需要獲得特別許

41、可證才可以通過大橋。] B (2020·武漢市高三調(diào)研)The boy sat on his chair，with his hands above the keyboard.He thought about what to write. He recalled that the competition deadline was merely a week away.But he still had not even started on his piece.He looked at the brochure again.“WRITING COMPETITION！”the title re

42、ad.His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition，and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holidays. As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts，he realized how hopeless his task of winning was.Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories.He had little

43、imagination，and unfortunately，imagination was the key to writing. Suddenly，he had a brainwave.This time，he came up with an original and imaginative story. The words shot towards him like a storm of leaves.Words were coming easily，flowing through him，faster than he could type.He typed faster than h

44、e ever had before.He continued to type，amazed how easy writing this story was.The boy could not stop writing.He looked at the word count and saw the number “248”staring right back at him.He was not even halfway yet. Then he heard his mother's call of saying time for bed.He continued writing the pie

45、ce，ignoring her.He had to make up for the time he had lost in thinking about a topic to write. Finally，he finished.The word count now read“498”． “Perfect，”he thought，“Just under the word limit.”He knew this was the story that would win. He went to the website and searched for the competition.He f

46、ound the page but there was no“Enter” button. Confused，he then re-read the page again.It read COMPETITION CLOSED. [語篇解讀]　 本文是一篇記敘文。小男孩坐在電腦前，苦思冥想地進行寫作。他參加的是一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫作比賽，可是怎么也想不出寫作主題。好一會兒后，他茅塞頓開，快速敲擊鍵盤，可是等到他寫好文章準備提交時，頁面上卻顯示“COMPETITION CLOSED”。 5．What caused the boy to take part in the writing competit

47、ion? A．A new computer. B．The prize money. C．His own interest. D．His mom's encouragement. 解析：D　[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段尾句“His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition，and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holidays”可知，他的媽媽鼓勵他參加寫作比賽，現(xiàn)在他把寫作作為假期的個人任務(wù)；據(jù)此可知，他參加寫作比賽是他媽媽鼓勵的，故D項正確。

48、] 6．How did the boy finish his earlier writing? A．His mom helped him. B．He copied others' ideas. C．His friends assisted him. D．He used his imagination. 解析：B　[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories”可知，他之前寫的每一個故事都是以其他故事為基礎(chǔ)；據(jù)此可知，以前寫作時，他總是仿照別人的故事寫，故B項正確。] 7．Why did t

49、he boy delay his writing? A．Because he was terribly lazy. B．Because he didn't know what to write. C．Because he wasn't confident. D．Because he read too many stories. 解析：B　[考查細節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“He thought about what to write”及第三段的內(nèi)容“As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts；he realized how h

50、opeless his task of winning was...He had little imagination，and unfortunately，imagination was the key to writing”及倒數(shù)第五段尾句“He had to...write”可知，想象力是寫作的關(guān)鍵，而他又缺乏想象力，另外，由于他不知道寫什么，故他延誤了寫作時間，故B項正確。] 8．Which might be the maximum word limit for each entry? A．100.　　　　　　 B．250. C．500. D．1000. 解析：C　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第七段“Finally，he finished.The word count now read‘498’”可知，他寫了498個詞，終于完成了；結(jié)合第八段第一句“'Perfect，'he thought，‘just under the word limit.’”可知，他認為太完美了，剛好低于限定的詞數(shù)；據(jù)此可以判斷，文章的最高限定詞數(shù)可能為500，故C項正確。]