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1、獨立主格與非謂語動詞 獨立主格，是帶有主語的狀語。英語中狀語的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語，所以狀語通 常不會自帶主語。但有時出于表達的需要，狀語就要帶有自己的主語，這種有自己的主語的 狀語就是獨立主格結構。獨歸主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何 連接詞。 獨立主格結構不是主謂完整的簡單句，而是帶有主語的狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、 伴隨、目的等。獨立主格結構有兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂 語動詞或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中 做狀語，多用于書面語。其公式為：名詞/名詞短語/代詞+不定式/ing分詞/%分詞/

2、形容 詞/副詞/介詞短語。名詞前也可以加witho而非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞， 主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞任贓?詞和過去頒，即動詞的非謂語形式非謂語動詞除了不 能獨立作謂語外，可以承擔句子的其它成分。 例如：The work finished, I went to bed.獨立主格結構主語是the work,主句主語是I,不一 樣,the work和finish之間是被動所以用過去分伺， 又如：Finishing the work, I went to bed.分句里finish的主語和主句主語I是-樣的，又是 主動關系所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。 第一類：名詞/代詞+非謂語動詞（過去

3、分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞/動詞不定式） 此類結構中，非謂語動詞部分中的動詞與邏輯主語（名詞/代詞）之間存在一定邏輯關系， 一種是主動關系，一種是被動關系。 1、 “名詞/代詞+to do”結構 由不定式構成的獨立主格結構往往表示還未發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。在 句中常作原因狀語，偶爾作條件狀語。動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關 系，動詞不定式則用主動的形式；如果是動賓關系，貝州被動形式（名詞/代詞+tobe done）o 例如：His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner. 他朋

4、友今晚要來，所以正忙著準備晚餐呢。 Lots of homework to do, the little boy had to stay home all day. 由于有很多家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩只好一整天待在家里。 Manv trees, flowers, and grass to be Dlanted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹、花和草后，我們新建的學?？瓷先⒏?。 2、 “名詞/代詞+doing”結構 由現(xiàn)在分詞構成的獨立主格結構往往表示正在發(fā)生的動作。其中的“名詞或代詞”用主格

5、形 式，起邏輯主語的作用，其后的分詞起邏輯謂語的作用。注意：獨立主格結構與主句之間不 能使用任何連接詞。 例如：The children Dlavina in the room, I couldn't get down studying. 孩子們在屋里玩，我沒法學習。 The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 3、 “名詞/代詞+done”結構 由過去分詞構成的獨立主格結構中，過去分詞往往表示被動意義。其中的“名詞或代詞” 用主格形式，起邏輯主語的作用，其后的分詞起邏輯謂語的作用。注

6、意：獨立主格結構與主 句之間不能使用任何連接詞。 例如：The iob finished, we went home. 工作結束后我們就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 積蓄全部用完了，我們開始找工作了。 小試牛刀： 1、 The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand a gun and his face withsweat. A. held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. he

7、ld;covering 解析：獨立主格結構，his right hand與hold有主謂關系，故用holding,而his face與cover 是動賓關系，故用covered.因此選C. 2、 The children went home from (he grammar school, their lessons for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished解析：因lessons與動詞finish之間為被動關系,故要用過去分詞。其實，their lessons finished for t

8、he day為獨立主格結構。 3、 An important lecture given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into thenight. A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been解析：D選項，是作賓語的結構，不正確。邏輯主語為lecture,與非謂語動詞是被動關系， 且是將要發(fā)生故選擇A. 第二類：名詞/代詞+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語/名詞 1、 “名詞/代詞+介詞短語”結構 “名詞/代詞+介詞短語”的獨立主格結構是無動詞的獨立主格結構。這種結構往往看作是“名詞/ 代詞+be

9、+表語”結構中省略了 be動詞。 例如：A girl came in, book in hand. ?個少女進來了，手里拿著書。 解釋說明：book是介詞短語in hand的邏輯主語，該獨立主格可還原為“(a) book was in hand”， 由于本句中已經(jīng)有了一個含有主謂結構、結構完整的句子“A girl came in",所以“(a) book is in hand"將系動詞was去掉,變成“名詞（book）” + “介詞短語（in hand）” 的形式，作狀語。由此可見，獨立主格“名詞/代詞+介詞短語”形式中，邏輯主語（名 詞/代詞）和介詞短語之間省略了系動詞be.. 注意：

10、介詞是in時，其前后的兩個名詞通常不加任何修飾語（如物主代詞或冠詞）,也 不用復數(shù)。如果是in以外的介詞，限定詞不可省。 例如：He entered the room, a box on his head.他進入房間，頭上頂若個箱子。此句中的限定 詞（his）不能省略。 2、 “名詞/代詞+形容詞”結構 此類結構中，形容詞與邏輯主語（名詞/代詞）之間存在一定邏輯關系，在形容詞與邏輯主語（名詞/ 代詞）之間省略了系動詞be動詞。 例如：Computers very small, we can use them widelv.電腦雖小，我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。 解釋說明:44Comput

11、ers very small”是這句話的獨立主格結構，computers是形容詞small的邏 輯主語，該獨立主格結構可還原為“computers are very small”，由于本句中己經(jīng)有了一個含有主謂 結構、結構完整的句子 “we can use them widely”，所以 “computers are very small” 將系動詞 are 去掉，變成“名詞（computers）" + "形容詞（small）”的形式，作狀語。由此可見，獨立主格“名詞 /代詞+形容詞”形式中，邏輯主語（名詞/代詞）和形容詞之間省略了系動詞be。 3、 “名詞/代詞+副詞”結構 此類結構中，

12、副詞也多是說明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。副詞與邏輯主語（名詞/代詞）之間存在一 定邏輯關系，在副詞與邏輯主語（名詞/代詞）之間省略了系動詞be動詞。 例如：The meeting over, we all went home.會議結束了，我們都回家了。 解釋說明：“The meeting over”是這句話的獨立主格結構，meeting是副詞over的邏輯主語， 該獨立主格結構可還原為“The meeting was over”，由于本句中己經(jīng)有了 ?個含有主謂結構、結構 完整的句子"they all went home”，所以“The meeting was over”將系動詞was去掉，變

13、成“名 詞（the meeting）" + "副詞（over）”的形式，作狀語。由此可見，獨立主格“名詞/代詞+副詞”形 式中，邏輯主語（名詞/代詞）和副詞之間省略了系動詞be。 第三類：There/It being +名詞（代詞）1、 “It being +名詞（代詞）”結構 此結構中，獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞（It）,可以把It being +名詞=Because / If it be +名 詞，獨立主格結構中的being （或having been用完成時，表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前）不能省略。 例如：It being Sunday ,the students are all at

14、home.今天是星期日，學生們都在家里。 這是現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立主格結構作原因狀語相當于一個原因狀語從句=because it is Sunday ,the students are all at home.因為句子的主語與現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語不--致所以現(xiàn)在分詞要帶上自己的 邏輯主語it構成獨立主格結構。 It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關都休息。 =Because it was Christmas, the government offices were closed. It being

15、 a holiday, all the shops were shut,由于今天是假日,所有商店都關門了。 =Because it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. 2、 “There being +名詞（代詞）”結構 此獨立主格中There being +名詞（代詞）這是There be句式的非謂語形式，There be句型的 獨立主格結構做原因狀語，用being是因為現(xiàn)在分詞形式可以表示原因。可以把它看作There being + 名同=Because / If there be +名同，注意：此獨B主格結構中的being （或havin

16、g been用完成時， 表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前）不能省略。 例如：There being no bus, we had to walk back. 因為沒有公交車，我們只好步行回去。 There being no other business, the meeting ended at 10:00 a.m. 因為沒有其他需要商議的事項，會議在早上10點結束。 There being nothing else to do, we went home. 如果沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 第四類：with/without+名詞/代詞+非謂語動詞（過去分詞/現(xiàn)在分詞）/ 形容詞/名詞

17、/介詞短語 此類結構由三部分構成，分別是介詞with/without+邏輯主語（名詞/代詞）+非謂語動詞/形容詞/ 名詞/介詞短語構成。很明顯，此類結構只是在第一類和第二類結構基礎上，增加了介詞with/without。 with/without引導的獨立主格結構在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。其實這 是英語中一種常見的復合結構，就那with來說把它可以有以下3中結構with加上sth再加上 doing/done/to do: （Ddoing表示動詞和sth之間是-種主動關系，且動作正在進行或在當時看來己是-種在持續(xù)的 狀態(tài)。 ②done表示動詞和sth之I'可是一種

18、被動關系。 ?todo表示動作尚未發(fā)生或在當時看來尚未發(fā)生。 1. With a lot of homework to do, I can't go out.因為還有很多作業(yè)未做，所以我不能出去。 2. With a lot of work finished, I am tired.因為完成了大量的工作,我現(xiàn)在很累。 3. With the baby crying, I couldn't fall asleep.因為孩子一直在哭，所以我無法入睡。 小試牛刀： 1. —Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. —Sor

19、ry. With so much work my mind, I almost break down. A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled解析：從with結構上理解，由于工作充滿了整個大腦，我?guī)缀蹩毂罎⒘恕ork與fill之間是主動關 系，且是持續(xù)的一種狀態(tài)，故選B. 2、 John received an invitation to dinner; and with his work , he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D.

20、 was finished解析：從with結構上理解，work與finish之間是被動關系，故選A. 3、 I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother . A. to be ill B. being ill C. been ill D. to being ill解析：從 with 結構上理解，because my mother was ill=with my mother being ill.故選 B. 4、 I couldn't do my homework with all that noise . A. going on B.

21、goes on C. went on D. to go on解析：從with結構上理解，noise與go on之間是主動關系，且在當時看來已是一種在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。 故選A. 第五類：當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用 獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。 當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不 再保留連詞。 獨立主格結構與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句。但是獨立主格結構轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，它有 自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語一 致。 1. 轉(zhuǎn)換為條件狀語從句 Time

22、 permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 轉(zhuǎn)換為： If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果時間允許，我們最好周末去度假。 Listening to English every day, youll learn it well step by step. 轉(zhuǎn)換為： If you listen to English every day, youll learn it well step by step. 如果你每天都聽英語，你會慢慢地學得很好

23、的。 2, 轉(zhuǎn)換為時間狀語從句 Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 轉(zhuǎn)換為： When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個城市更美了。 Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once. 轉(zhuǎn)換為： When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils s

24、topped talking at once. 一聽到教師的聲音，學生們立即停止講話。 3. 轉(zhuǎn)換成原因狀語從句 The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 轉(zhuǎn)換為： Because the bay led us the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個男孩帶路，我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。 Not knowing her address, I can't write to her. 轉(zhuǎn)換為： Because

25、I don't know her address, I can't write to her. 由于不知道她的地址，所以我不能給她寫信。 還必須注意，分詞結構的邏輯主語并不總是和主句的主語一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。 Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 注意：獨立主格結構取代狀語從句、分詞做狀語以及狀語從句中的省 略三者之間的區(qū)別1、狀語從句中的省略：句子結構為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/介詞/名詞” 在含有狀語從句的復合句中，若從句的主語是it或從句的主語.與主句

26、的主語相同，且 從句的謂語動詞中含有be動詞時，常省略從句的主語和be動詞，只用動詞的ing形式，如 果是被動語態(tài)則用done,例如： When he is asking the teacher; he is polite.=When asking the teacher; he is polite. When he was asked by the teacher; he answered politely. = When asked by the teacher; he answered politely. While he was on a visit to New York, h

27、e came across John. =While on a visit to New York, he came across John. When he was yet a child, he could writ poems. = When yet a child, he could writ poems. I hurt my leg, when I was seen by my mother. = I hurt my leg, when done by my mother 注意特殊情況： ① 如果狀語從句和主句都含有there be的某種形式或只有狀語從句含有there be

28、的某種形 式，那么從句中的there be也常常省略。 例如： Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences. ② .當從句的主語與主句的主語一致，且謂語動詞是非be動詞，從句可以省略主語，從句 的謂語動詞采用其V-ing結構。 例如： Although he worked very hard, he failed in the final exam. =Although working very hard, he failed in the final exam. After she

29、took the medicine , she felt much better.=After taking the medicine, she felt much better. 例 While watching television, . A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings思路：觀察句子屬于狀語從句中的省略，那么主句和從句的主語一致，只有人看電視，從而 排除A和B,又因為hear后跟動詞原形，故選C. 2、分詞或分

30、詞短語做狀語 ①分詞和分詞短語作狀語時，可以表示時間，原因，條件，讓步，方式和伴隨情況。在 表示時間，原因，條件，讓步時，通常可以轉(zhuǎn)換為相應的狀語從句；表示方式和伴隨情況時， 可以轉(zhuǎn)換為一個并列的謂語成分。 Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.（現(xiàn)在分詞作時間狀語） =When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up. Heated, ice will be changed into water.（過去分詞作條件、時間狀語

31、） =When ice is heated, ice will be changed into water. Working very hard, he didn't feel a bit tired.（現(xiàn)在分詞作讓步狀語） =Though he worked very hard, he didn't feel a bit tired. I stood there, listening to the broadcast.（現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語） =1 stood there and listened to the broadcast. ②分詞作狀語時前面可用連詞 若分詞的邏輯主語與

32、主句主語相同時，且所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā) 生，那么分詞結構前面可放上適當?shù)倪B詞引導。 While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her. Unless （being） rich, I am not going abroad.除非有錢，否則我是不會出國的。 例： When he is asking the teacher; he is polite. =When asking the teachei; he is polite. =asking the teacher; he is pol

33、ite. 注意： ①現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語通常要與句子的主語保持一致，即句子的主語就是動 詞一ing的動作執(zhí)行者，即句子主語與動詞ing的動作構成主動關系。注：如果現(xiàn)在分詞所 表示的動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞表示的動作之前，分詞要用完成式。 Travelling by car; we visited many places.我們乘車游覽了許多地方。 Having finished his homework, he went to bed. ②過去分詞作狀語時，要特別注意其邏輯主語也必須與句子的主語保持一致。但過去分 詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作他們之間的關系是被動關系。 Gi

34、ven more attention, the trees could have grown better. 區(qū)別分詞作狀語與獨立主格主要是看狀語部分是否有自己獨立的主語，如果有獨立的主 語就是獨立主格，否則就是分詞作狀語。 練習： 1、 The flowers his friend gave him will die unless every day. A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water2、 Though to see usz the professor gave us a warm welcome. A. surprising

35、B. was surprised C. surprised D. beingsurprised 3、 Although under the sea for several hundred years, the ship loaded with a great deal of china is still in good condition. A. buried B. having been buried C. to have been buried D. being buried4、 All the office rules, whether or not, are important,

36、 especially for young job seekers. A. written B. writing C. being written D. having beenwritten 5、 It is known to all that every minute, full use of the lessons, will benefitstudents a great deal. A. which makes; studying B. when made; to study C. that made; to study D. when is made; studying6、

37、 as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates had expected, made her parents very happy. A. Mary was chosen B. Mary chosen C. Mary being chosen D. Mary's being chosen7、 in an atmosphere of simple life was what her parents wished for. A. The girl was educated B. The girl e

38、ducated C. The girl's being educated D. The girl to be educated8、 She stood there, from her cheeks. A. tears' rolling down B. tears are rolling down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down9、 John received an invitation to dinner; and with his work , he gladly accepted it. A. finished B.

39、finishing C. having finished D. was finished10、 The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished11、 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog them. A. to follow B. following C. f

40、ollowed D. follows12、 The girl is still fast asleep, with her head deep in her arms. A. bury B. to bury C. buried D. burying13、 Have you heard of it? Firefighters rushed into a burning house, three of them unfortunately in and their lives. A. caught; losing B. catching; lost C. caught; lost D. ca

41、tching; losing14、 , the chairman felt upset. A. Many people's being absent B. Many people being absent C. For many people being absent D. Being absent15、 that he was in great danger Eric walked deeper into the forest. A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized16、

42、 The lawyer listened with full attention, to miss any point. A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try17、 If there is a lot of work , I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing18、 It took a long time for the connection between body temper

43、ature and illness . A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made19、 —Be careful! Don't forget you are on a ladder. — But you are holding it for me, nothing . A. worry about B. to worry about C. is worried about D. worrying about20、 Dinosaurs have completely died out on the earth, never again. A. to be seen B. being seen C. seen D. having been seen 答案：1-5 ACAAB 6-10 DCDAB 11-15 BCABC 16-20 BABBA