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1、 考點3 閱讀理解 一、科普知識類 (2013·福建卷·B) 　　Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and some New Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city can’t wait to try them on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likely to include. “I’d use it if I were hanging out with friend

2、s at 3 a.m. and going to the bar and wanted to see what was open,”said Walter Choo, 40, of Fort Greene. The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented(增強的)reality, a technology already available

3、on smartphones and tablets(平板電腦)that overlays information onto the screen about one’s surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of

4、you. “As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isn’t something anybody needs,”said Sam Biddle, who writes for G. “We’re accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things,”he added,“and the average consumer isn’t gonna be able to afford another device(裝置)that’s hundreds a

5、nd hundreds of dollars.” 9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones. “It’s just like smartphones 10 years ago,”Weintraub said.“A

6、few people started getting emails on their phones,and people thought that was crazy.Same kind of thing.We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones,and it’s unnatural,”he said.“There’s gonna be improvements to that,and this a step there.” 【文章大意】作者介紹了一種迷你手機型的眼鏡的用途,以及不同的人對它的不同看法。 6

7、0.One of the possible functions of the smartphone-like glasses is to　　　　. A.program the opening hours of a bar B.supply you with a picture of the future C.provide information about your surroundings D.update the maps and GPS in your smartphones 【解析】選C。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“...information onto the screen

8、 about one’s surroundings.”可知,這種迷你手機型的眼鏡有地圖和GPS裝置,可以在屏幕上顯示你周圍環(huán)境的信息,故答案選C。A、D表述錯誤;B項沒有提到。 61.The underlined phrase“pop up”in the third paragraph probably means“　　　　”. A.develop rapidly B.get round quickly C.appear immediately D.go over automatically 【解析】選C。根據(jù)上句可知,這種眼鏡的屏幕上會顯示你周圍環(huán)境的信息,因此當(dāng)你逛街的時候,指

9、示器會立刻為你指明最近的咖啡館并繪制方向路線。 62.According to Sam Biddle,the smartphone-like glasses are　　　　. A.necessary for teenagers B.attractive to New Yorkers C.available to people worldwide D.expensive for average consumers 【解析】選D。推理判斷題。根據(jù)Sam Biddle的話“...be able to afford another device that’s hundreds and hu

10、ndreds of dollars.”可知,他認為這種眼鏡對于普通消費者來說是昂貴的,故答案選D。 63.We can learn from the last two paragraphs that the smartphone-like glasses　　　　. A.may have a potential market B.are as common as smartphones C.are popular among young adults D.will be improved by a new technology 【解析】選A。段落大意題。最后兩段是用Weintraub

11、的觀點來說明這種手機將會有很大的市場。B、C項還沒有實現(xiàn);D項沒有提及。 (2013·山東卷·C) You can’t always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella. But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesn’t think that forgetting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet. That’s why he created Lampbrella, a lam

12、p post with its own rain-sensing umbrella. The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia. “Once, I was driving on a central Saint Petersburg street and saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hide from the rain. I thought it would be approp

13、riate to have a canopy(傘篷)built into a street lamp.”he said. The Lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy. It has a built-in electric motor which can open or close the umbrella on demand.Sensors(傳感器)then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter wheneve

14、r it starts raining. In addition to the rain sensor, there’s also a 360°motion sensor on the fiberglass street lamp which detects whether anyone is using the Lampbrella.After three minutes of not being used the canopy is closed. According to the designer, the Lampbrella would move at a relative

15、ly low speed, so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians.Besides, it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike. Each Lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people. Being installed(安裝)at 2 metres off the ground, it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians. W

16、hile there are no plans to take the Lampbrella into production, Belyaev says he recently introduced his creation to one Moscow Department, and insists his creation could be installed on any street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科技說明文, 主要介紹了設(shè)計師Be

17、lyaev的一項創(chuàng)造Lampbrella及它的工作原理、安全性、應(yīng)用前景等方面的知識。 66.For what purpose did Belyaev create the Lampbrella? A.To predict a heavy rain. B.To check the weather forecast. C.To protect people from the rain. D.To remind people to take an umbrella. 【解析】選C。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句和第三句...Belyaev doesn’t think that forge

18、tting to check the weather forecast....That’s why he created Lampbrella.可知他創(chuàng)造Lampbrella的目的是為了防止人們被雨淋, 所以選C。 67.What do we know from Belyaev’s words in Paragraph 2? A.His creation was inspired by an experience. B.It rains a lot in the city of Saint Petersburg. C.Street lamps are protected by cano

19、pies. D.He enjoyed taking walks in the rain. 【解析】選A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可知他的這種想法是在看到俄羅斯圣彼得堡一個中心街道上人們被雨淋時產(chǎn)生的。所以選A。 68.Which of the following shows how the Lampbrella works? A.motor→canopy→sensors B.sensors→motor→canopy C.motor→sensors→canopy D.canopy→motor→sensors 【解析】選B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段, 這種Lampbrella是一個被配

20、備了傘篷(canopy)的路燈桿, 它有一個內(nèi)置的電動機(electric motor)和幾個傳感器(sensors), 可以在下雨時給行人提供保護。首先是傳感器感知有雨, 然后通過電動機給傘篷提供動力。所以選B。 69.What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the Lampbrella? A.Its moving speed. B.Its appearance. C.Its installation. D.Its safety. 【解析】選D。主旨大意題。根據(jù)本段中的...the Lampbrella would move at a r

21、elatively low speed, ...it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike.及Being installed at 2 metres off the ground...可知, 本段主要在強調(diào)Lampbrella的安全性, 所以選D。 70.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A.The designer will open a company to promote his product. B.The Lampbrella could

22、be put into immediate production. C.The designer is confident that his creation is practical. D.The Lampbrella would be put on show in Moscow. 【解析】選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“insists his creation could be installed on any street where...”可知, 他認為自己的產(chǎn)品是很實用的。而A、D兩項沒提, B項錯在immediate, 所以選C。 (2013·浙江卷·B) Below

23、 is a selection from a popular science book. If blood is red,why are veins(靜脈)blue? Actually, veins are not blue at all. They are more of a clear, yellowish colour. Although blood looks red when it’s outside the body, when it’s sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin, it’s more of a dark re

24、ddish purple colour. At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison. Which works harder, your heart or your brain? That kind of depends on whether you’re busy thinking or busy exercising. Your heart works up to th

25、ree times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker. But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when you’re sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five times as much blood to feed it.

26、 Why do teeth fall out, and why don’t they grow back in grown-ups? Baby(or“milk”)teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult teeth later on. Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by bacteria. Once this second set of teeth has grown i

27、n, you’re done. When they’re gone, they’re gone. This is because nature figures you’re set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off. Do old people shrink as they age? Yes and no. Many people do get shorter as they age. But, when they do, it isn’t because they’re shrinking a

28、ll over. They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱)becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力). Many(but not all)men and women do lose height as they get older. Men lose an average of 3~4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5 cm or more. If you live to be

29、200 years old, would you keep shrinking till you were, like 60 cm tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people don’t really shrink! It is not that they are growing backwards—their legs, arms and backbones getting shorter. When they do get shorter, it’s because the spine has shortened a litt

30、le. Or, more often, become more bent and curved. Why does spinning make you dizzy(眩暈的)? Because your brain gets confused between what you’re seeing and what you’re feeling. The brain senses that you’re spinning using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your inner ear, which work together

31、 with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable. But when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks you’re moving while you’re not! Where do feelings and emotions come from? Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system. All mamma

32、ls have this brain area—from mice to dogs, cats, and humans. So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure. But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on this planet. If exercise wears you out, how can

33、 it be good for you? Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them. And as far as your body is concerned, it’s“use it or lose it”! It’s not that exercise makes you healthy; it’s more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease. 【文章大意】人體很復(fù)雜,有很多奧秘。對此,你知道多少?本

34、文可以告訴你。 46.What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin? A. Blue. B. Right yellow. C. Red. D. Dark reddish purple. 【解析】選D。細節(jié)理解題。文章第一段第三句明確地告訴我們,靜脈血管中血液的顏色為dark reddish purple。故選D。 47.Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age? A.Because their spine

35、 is in active use. B.Because they are more easily affected by gravity. C.Because they keep growing backwards. D.Because their spine becomes more bent. 【解析】選D。細節(jié)理解題。從文章第四段可以看出,老年人萎縮是由脊柱使用不當(dāng)和重力的作用導(dǎo)致的脊柱變短和彎曲所造成的。故選D。 48.Which of the following statements about our brain is true? A.In the long run,

36、 our brain probably works harder than our heart. B.When our brain senses the spinning, we will feel dizzy. C.The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans. D.Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain. 【解析】選A。細節(jié)理解題。文章第二段最后一句明確地告訴我們,長遠來看,我們的大腦比心臟工

37、作量更大,因為即使你坐著不動,大腦需要的能量也是心臟的兩倍,需要的血液量是心臟的4到5倍。第五段告訴我們,人之所以會眩暈,是因為大腦對旋轉(zhuǎn)的誤解,我們已經(jīng)停止旋轉(zhuǎn),大腦錯誤地認為我們?nèi)匀辉谛D(zhuǎn)。從倒數(shù)第二段可以看出人腦與其他動物大腦的區(qū)別在于人腦更復(fù)雜;同一段中也可以看出,our feelings and emotions來自人腦最原始的部分,該部分與動物的大腦相同。故選A。 49.What is the main purpose of the selection? A.To give advice on how to stay healthy. B.To provide informa

38、tion about our body. C.To challenge new findings in medical research. D.To report the latest discoveries in medical science. 【解析】選B。歸納總結(jié)題。整篇文章都是在講述關(guān)于人的方方面面,所以只有B項才可以概括全文。而其他選項要么文章根本沒有涉及,要么只是某段的意思,而不能概括全文。故選B。 (2013·浙江卷·C) The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby. Almo

39、st from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or so, ho

40、wever, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on“mother”—the real mother or the mother-substitute(母親替代物). During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows,a cou

41、ple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes——one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire.If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However, if

42、the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother. Why is cloth preferable to bare wi

43、re? Something that the Harlows called contact(接觸)comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened

44、, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesn’t“rub”as well as does soft cloth. Prolonged(長時間的)“contact comfort”with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk. Accor

45、ding to the Harlows, the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother istrust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball. If its cloth mother is now

46、 introduced into the playroom, the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(擁抱)as if to m

47、ake sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less time holding onto“its mother.” 【文章大意】猴子很聰明,猴子的幼崽甚至比嬰兒都聰明。在對猴子幼崽的觀察研究中,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個因素特別重要,它們是warmth和contact comfort。 50.Psych

48、ologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life? A.Warmth　　B.Milk　　C.Contact　　D.Trust 【解析】選A。細節(jié)理解題。文章的第二段第一句明確地告訴我們,猴子幼崽在出生后的前兩周的時間里最需要的就是warmth,該段的實驗也證明了這一點。故選A。 51.After the first two weeks of their life, baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire

49、mother because the former is　　　. A.larger in size B.closer to them C.less frightening and less disturbing D.more comfortable to rub against 【解析】選D。細節(jié)理解題。從文章的第三段可知,猴子幼崽之所以喜歡cloth mother是因為接觸舒服,因為這種接觸可以給它們自信,它比溫暖、牛奶更有益。故選D。 52.What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged“contact comfor

50、t”? A.Attention B.Softness C.Confidence D.Interest 【解析】選C。細節(jié)理解題。文章第三段最后一句明確指出,長時間的舒服接觸可以給猴子幼崽自信。故選C。 53.It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure,　　　. A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys B.it spends more time screaming to get rewards C.it is

51、less attracted to the toys though they are interesting D.it cares less about whether its mother is still around 【解析】選D。推理判斷題。從文章的最后一段可以推斷出,當(dāng)猴子幼崽感到害怕、不安全時,會經(jīng)常到媽媽的懷抱來;而當(dāng)它們確信已經(jīng)安全時,就貪玩、而不再需要擁抱。故選D。 54.The main purpose of the passage is to　　　. A.give the reasons for the experiment B.present the find

52、ings of the experiment C.introduce the method of the experiment D.describe the process of the experiment 【解析】選B。推理判斷題。整篇文章都在向人們講述一對科學(xué)家夫婦的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)以及通過實驗對他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)提供的佐證,而無其他目的。故選B。 (2013·四川卷·E) Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cy

53、cles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear. Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收縮)and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scien

54、tists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation. Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that

55、 the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.” The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed that fearful faces are better not

56、iced when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see—and guide whether we see fear.” To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes

57、a person’s feeling of fear. “We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear, ”Dr Garfinkel said. “We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be abl

58、e to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.” 【文章大意】這是一篇科普說明文。說明了一項研究的結(jié)果:心臟和大腦一樣都可以感受恐懼,而且發(fā)現(xiàn)了心臟的跳動循環(huán)和一個人感到恐懼的可能性之間的聯(lián)系。 47.What is the finding of the study? A.One’s heart affects how he feels fear. B.Fear is a

59、 result of one’s relaxed heartbeat. C.Fear has something to do with one’s health. D.One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear. 【解析】選A。主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可知研究的結(jié)果:心臟的跳動循環(huán)和感到恐懼之間存在著聯(lián)系,心臟收縮時更可能產(chǎn)生恐懼感。故選A項。 48.The study was carried out by analyzing　　　. A.volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible

60、pictures B.the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions C.volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans D.different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication 【解析】選C。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的第一句話可知研究觀察的是當(dāng)志愿者被展示給一些恐怖面孔時他們對于恐懼的反應(yīng)是怎樣的;再結(jié)

61、合第五段的第一句話可知科學(xué)家們是通過觀察大腦掃描儀來發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦是如何影響心臟改變一個人恐懼感的方式。故可以得出C項為正確答案。 49.Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism”in Paragraph 6? A.Order.　　　B.System. C.Machine. D.Treatment. 【解析】選B。詞義猜測題。結(jié)合后面的定語從句的內(nèi)容:通過這個“mechanism”大腦和心臟之間相互交流來改變我們的情感和減少恐懼。由此可推知這應(yīng)該是一種途徑,一種體系,故選B項。 50.This st

62、udy may contribute to　　　. A.treating anxiety and stress better B.explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety C.finding the key to the heart-brain communication D.understanding different fears in our hearts and heads 【解析】選A。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的最后一句話“...we may be able to develop more successful treatments

63、 for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”可知這項研究通過加深我們對如何處理恐懼以及減輕恐懼的方式的理解,從而有可能研究出治療anxiety和stress更成功的辦法。 (2013·重慶卷·C) Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was us

64、ed for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5, 500 years ago in ancient Asia. The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5, 100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn’t become popular for a while, though. This could be because anim

65、als did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around. But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren’t going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road sur

66、faces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design. In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer(層)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs(the centra