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1、Module 7 Unit 1Living with technology(2)狀語從句狀語從句(1)狀語從句即指在主從復(fù)合句用作狀語的從句。按照其意義,狀語從句可分為時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句等。狀語從句是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)語法重點(diǎn),也是歷年高考重點(diǎn)考查的內(nèi)容之一。學(xué)習(xí)狀語從句主要應(yīng)注意引導(dǎo)狀語從句的從屬連詞的用法與區(qū)別,以及從屬連詞在一定的語言環(huán)境中的意義與用法。一、時(shí)間狀語從句1引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞很多,常見的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until
2、, as soon as 等。2表示“當(dāng)時(shí)候”的 while, when, as 的用法區(qū)別是:while從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞;表示帶有規(guī)律性的“每當(dāng)”或當(dāng)主、從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后時(shí),只能用 when;當(dāng)表示“一邊一邊”或“隨著”時(shí),只能用 as。另外,用于此意的 as 所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句謂語只能是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞,不能是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如下面一道高考題的答案是 B 而不能是A:“Im going to the post office.” “_ youre there, can you get me some stamps?”A. As B. WhileC. Because D. If
3、3until 在肯定句中通常只連用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作結(jié)束的時(shí)間;在否定句中通常連用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作開始的時(shí)間,意為“直到才”。He waited until she was about to leave.他等著直到她準(zhǔn)備離開。I did not begin to work till he had gone.他走了后我才開始工作。4表示“一就”除用 as soon as 外,還可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。I
4、came immediately you called.你一來電話我就來了。Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow.她剛到就下起雪來了。The moment I have finished Ill give you a call.我一干完就給你打電話。5every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等以 time 結(jié)尾的詞語也可用作連詞,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。Next time you come in, p
5、lease close the door.下次你進(jìn)來,請關(guān)門。He didnt tell me anything the last time I saw him.上次我見到他時(shí)他什么也沒告訴我。By the time I got home, she had already gone to bed.我到家時(shí)她已睡覺了。二、條件狀語從句1引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞主要有if, unless, as (so) long as等。Dont come unless I telephone.除非我打電話,否則你別來。If you watch carefully you will see how to do
6、 it.如果你仔細(xì)瞧你會(huì)看出該怎樣做。As long as you do your best, well be happy.只要你盡力,我們就滿意了。2in case 也可引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,其意為“如果”、“萬一”。In case I forget, please remind me about it.如果我忘了,請?zhí)嵝盐摇H?、讓步狀語從句1引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞主要有although, though, however (no matter how), even if(即使), whetheror(不論還是)等連詞。The speech is good, though it could b
7、e better.這次演講不錯(cuò),雖然還可以再好一點(diǎn)。He went out even though it was raining.盡管下雨,他還是出去了。2as也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,但要將名詞、形容詞或副詞等提到 as 前,若提前的是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,要省略 a/an。Teacher as he is, he cant know everything.雖然是老師,他也不可能什么都懂。3連詞 while 有時(shí)也可表示“盡管”、“雖然”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。While we dont agree we continue to be friends.盡管我們意見不同,我們還是朋友。4whatever, w
8、hoever, however, whenever, wherever等引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Dont lose heart whatever you do.不管你做什么,都不要灰心。Whoever you are, you cant pass this way.不管你是誰,你都不能從這里通過。注意:表示“雖然”的 though, although 不可與 but 連用,但可與 yet, still連用。四、原因狀語從句1引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞主要有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that)等。They cant have gone out be
9、cause the lights on.他們不可能出去了,因?yàn)闊暨€亮著。Since you are going, I will go.既然你去,我也去。Now that we are alone, we can speak freely.現(xiàn)在我們單獨(dú)在一起,可以隨便談了。2除以上提到的大家比較熟悉的引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞外,when有時(shí)也可引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,其意為“既然”。I cant tell you when you wont listen.既然你不想聽,我就不告訴你了。3. 有關(guān)原因狀語從句還應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):(1)as 與 since, now that一樣表示雙方都知道的原因,通常
10、位于主句前,且均不可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)被強(qiáng)調(diào)。(2)當(dāng)表示直接的因果關(guān)系,回答why時(shí),或有only, just, all, partly, not, but 等副詞修飾時(shí),或用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中都只能用 because。(3)for有時(shí)也可引出表示原因的分句,但它只能位于后面,對前一分句加以解釋或推斷。(4)不要受漢語意思影響將表示“因?yàn)椤钡倪B詞與表示“所以”的so連用。五、地點(diǎn)狀語從句1引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的從屬連詞主要有where (在的地方), wherever(無論什么地方), everywhere(每個(gè)地方), anywhere(任何地方)。Im not living where I was.我不
11、在原處住了。You cant camp where (wherever, anywhere) you like these days. 這些天你可不能隨便在哪兒宿營。Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.不管我走到哪里,我都發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣的情況。2有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為地點(diǎn)狀語從句在平時(shí)見得不多,誤認(rèn)為考試不會(huì)涉及,但恰恰相反,地點(diǎn)狀語從句卻是英語考試經(jīng)常考查的一個(gè)知識點(diǎn)。請看以下考題:(1)After the war, a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre. A. that B
12、. where C. which D. when (2)You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. A. when B. where C. then D. there(3)She found her calculator _ she lost it. A. where B. when C. in which D. that 以上三題均選where,其意為“在的地方”,用以引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句。六、目的狀語從句1. 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞主要有 in order that, so that, in ca
13、se, for fear等。I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.我租了一條船去釣魚。He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam.他努力學(xué)習(xí),是為了能通過考試。2引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的 so that 有時(shí)可省so 或 that,即單獨(dú)用 so 或 that 來引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。Check carefully, so any mistake will be caught.仔細(xì)檢查,以便任何錯(cuò)誤都可檢查出。Bring it closer that I might see it better.拿
14、近些,使我能看得清楚些。七、結(jié)果狀語從句引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞主要有so that, sothat, suchthat等。He was so angry that he couldnt speak.他氣得話都說不出來。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他關(guān)窗子用力很大,結(jié)果玻璃震破了。注意:sothat和suchthat中的that有時(shí)(尤其在口語中)可省略。八、方式狀語從句方式狀語從句在高考中常見的引導(dǎo)詞有表示“像”的as和表示“好像”的as if/as though。 Lets study as Lei F
15、eng studied.讓我們像雷鋒那樣學(xué)習(xí)吧。Think as I think.像我這樣去想。He talks as if/though he is drunk.從他談話的樣子來看他好像醉了。 1. He is _ a good teacher _ we all respect. A. such; that B. such; as C. so; that D. so; as B 此 題 容 易 誤 選 A , 一 方 面 是 因 為 suchthat是同學(xué)們很熟悉的一個(gè)句式,一看就可能選中了;另一方面,將 suchthat的意思“如此以致”代入句中,也完全通順,即“他是一位如此優(yōu)秀的教師,以
16、致我們大家都尊敬他”。從表面上看,以上分析很有道理,但其實(shí)錯(cuò)了。因?yàn)樵趕uchthat (如此以致)結(jié)構(gòu)中,that 引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句,并且 that 在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,若在上句填入 suchthat,句末的 respect 顯然缺少賓語(注意:respect 是及物動(dòng)詞)。 正確的答案應(yīng)是B,as 用作關(guān)系代詞,用以引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾其前的名詞 teacher,同時(shí) as 在定語從句中用作動(dòng)詞 respect 的賓語,句意為“他是我們大家都尊敬的一位好老師”。有的同學(xué)們可能還會(huì)問,能否選A答案,而將其后的 that 視為引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞呢?不能。因?yàn)楫?dāng)先行詞受到 such 的
17、修飾時(shí),其后的定語從句應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 as 來引導(dǎo),而不用that。順便說一句,假若在原句的respect后加上him一詞,則應(yīng)選A,即He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.(他是如此好的一位老師,我們大家都尊敬他)。2. The building must be saved, _ the cost. A. what B. which C. whatever D. whichever C許多同學(xué)對此題感到無從下手。此題有兩個(gè)難點(diǎn):一是 whatever 的用法問題,二是此句的 the cost 后省略了動(dòng)詞 is。whatever 有
18、兩個(gè)用法,一是用以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,二是引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句(此時(shí)也可換成 no matter what)。3. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. them D. /A此題容易誤選D,許多同學(xué)想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為when 所引導(dǎo)的句子是一個(gè)賓語從句,無需在 hate 和 when 從句之間使用其他詞語。事實(shí)上,when 在此引導(dǎo)的不是一個(gè)賓語從句,而是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句,因?yàn)榫渲械?when 的意思并不是“什么時(shí)候”,而是“當(dāng)時(shí)候”。另一方面,有的同學(xué)可能認(rèn)為,就算 when 引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句,也可以選D,因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞 hate 可視為不及物動(dòng)詞,其后不接賓語。但事實(shí)上,hate 在現(xiàn)代英語中只用作及物動(dòng)詞,其后必須要有賓語,假若其后直接跟有 when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句或 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句時(shí),習(xí)慣上在其后跟有it,有的詞典則把 hate it when (if) 作為一個(gè)句型來處理。除hate外,動(dòng)詞like, dislike, love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate等也有類似用法特點(diǎn)。