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1、Module 7 Unit 1Living with technology 1、evolution n. 進化，發(fā)展，演變進化，發(fā)展，演變Our watchword is: “Evolution, not revolution.” 我們的口號是：“要循序漸進，不要劇烈變革?！監(jiān)ur political institutions are in continuous evolution. 我們的政治制度正在不斷發(fā)展中。 Darwins theory of evolution 達爾文的進化論 accidental evolution 機遇性進化adaptive evolution 適應(yīng)進化artif

2、icial evolution 人為進化查爾斯達爾文和阿爾弗雷德 羅素華萊士各自獨立地發(fā)現(xiàn)了進化論。Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace .discovered evolution independently2、construct vt. 建造，構(gòu)筑，編造建造，構(gòu)筑，編造This factory was constructed by our company. 這家工廠是由我們公司建設(shè)的。build, construct, found, erect, establish, set up 這些動詞均有“建設(shè)，建立，建造”之意。build 普通用詞，含義

3、廣泛，可指一切具體或抽象的建造或建立。construct 較正式用詞，強調(diào)根據(jù)一定計劃進行的規(guī)模較大，結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，要求較高技術(shù)的建造。found 側(cè)重打下基礎(chǔ)或創(chuàng)辦，具體或抽象事物均可用。erect 側(cè)重指對高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build廣泛。establish 著重穩(wěn)固地建成，可具體指國家、政府、學(xué)?；蛏痰甑鹊慕?，也可指信仰、信用、名譽、法律、制度、規(guī)則等的建立。set up 作“建立”用時，側(cè)重于“開始”?？芍妇唧w或抽象的建立。這部小說是根據(jù)一系列的現(xiàn)場報道而構(gòu)思的。The novel a series of onthespot reports. is constructed fr

4、omYour house is always so neat how do you _ it with three children? A. manage B. serve C. adapt D. constructA本題考查動詞在具體語境中的使用。句意：“你家里總是那么整潔家里有3個孩子，你是怎么設(shè)法做到的？” 表示“設(shè)法做成某事”用manage it。serve 表示“為服務(wù)；接待”；adapt 表示“使適應(yīng)，使適合”；construct表示“建造，構(gòu)筑；構(gòu)思”。 3、accessible adj. 可得到的，易接近的，可進入的，可得到的，易接近的，可進入的，易受影響的，易理解的易受影響的

5、，易理解的This database is only accessible by the authorized manager. 只有授權(quán)的管理員才可以訪問此數(shù)據(jù)庫。The information ought to be made more accessible. 資料應(yīng)該明白易懂。This island is accessible only by boat. 這個小島只能坐小船去。An open minded person is accessible to reasons. 虛心的人易于服理。 4、wind vt. (wound, wound)上發(fā)條；纏，繞上發(fā)條；纏，繞The narrow

6、 road winds its way up to the top of Mountain Tai. 狹窄的道路彎彎曲曲，通往泰山山頂。 wind up 上發(fā)條；搖動；轉(zhuǎn)動；以告終；使(活動、會議等)結(jié)束wind sth. around sth. 纏繞；卷繞wind ones way 蜿蜒；曲折延伸wind down 逐漸變慢；逐漸平靜下來；放松Lets see if we can wind this up by 7 oclock. 看看咱們能不能在7點前把這個弄完。This year has been too busy for me; I need a holiday to wind dow

7、n. 今年對我來說太忙，我需要一個假期去放松。n. 風；風； 氣流氣流It was too hot without a breath of wind. 天氣很炎熱，連一絲風也沒有。5、 measure vt., vi. & n. 測量；打量；估量；測量；打量；估量；linkv. (某物的某物的)尺寸尺寸(長度數(shù)量長度數(shù)量)為為 measureagainst 對照評價measure sb. for sth. 給某人量體裁衣take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事maketo ones own measure 依照某人的尺寸做take ones measure 量尺寸She

8、 measured the stranger with her eyes. 她用雙眼打量著那個陌生人。When measured against the work of a professional, her efforts look unimpressive. 當和專業(yè)人員的工作相比時，她所作的努力看起來就不怎么起眼了。 這個湖長130公里，寬80公里。 The lake _ 130 _ 80 kilometers. measures; by她拿著外套在我身上量了量，發(fā)現(xiàn)太長了。 She _ and found it was too long.measured the coat agains

9、t me 6、suitable adj. 合適的，適合的sb. is suitable for sth. / to do sth. sb. is fit for sth. / to do sth. 某人適合做某事sth. is suitable for sb. 某事適宜某人 What time is suitable for us to meet? 我們什么時候會面合適？ The dress is not for the party. 這件衣服不適合穿去參加晚會。suitable to wear7、 vote n. 選舉權(quán)，投票，選舉，投票結(jié)果He became a citizen, ther

10、eby gaining the right to vote. 他成為公民，并因此獲得了選舉權(quán)。v. 表決，選舉，投票A large vote was polled. 投票踴躍。I suggested putting the matter to a vote, but the chairman objected to it. 我建議對此事投票表決，但主席表示反對。casting vote 決定性一票vote in 選舉(選出來) vote down 否決 vote of confidence 信任投票；贊同 vote of thanks 公開鳴謝vote on 就表決 vote through

11、表決通過(投票贊成) hand vote 舉手選舉 At the end of the meeting, the motion. 會議結(jié)束前對該項提議進行了表決。a vote was taken on keep pace with 跟上， 與齊步前進Tom has to take long steps to keep pace with his father. 湯姆必須邁大步才能跟上他的父親。 Its important for a firm to keep pace with changes in the market. 對一個公司來說，能跟上市場的發(fā)展是很重要的。我喜歡我的研究工作，因為我

12、得緊跟上所有的最新發(fā)展。 I enjoy my job in research because I have to . keep pace with all the latest developments雨一直下了好幾天。The rain kept _ for several days. on 我有一種感覺，他在隱瞞著什么。I got the feeling that he was keeping something _. back 花園里的指示牌上寫著“勿踏草地！”The sign in the garden says，“Keep _ the grass！” off1、It took mor

13、e than two decades, though, until 1951, for regular color TV broadcasts to begin in the USA.然而，直到然而，直到1951年，花了年，花了20多年，正常的彩電轉(zhuǎn)播才多年，正常的彩電轉(zhuǎn)播才在美國開始。在美國開始。句中代詞 it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的for regular color TV broadcasts to begin in the USA，為不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。It will take me three hours to fulfill the task. 要花3個小時，我才能完成任務(wù)。常見

14、的以it作形式主語的主語從句句型有4種：(1)It be 形容詞that從句能用于這種句型的常見形容詞有：necessary, clear, true, strange, important, wonderful, possible, likely, obvious, surprising等。It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon. 很可能颶風馬上就要到達。注意：這類主語從句中，若形容詞為necessary, important, essential, strange等，主語從句要用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞形式一般為“(should)動詞原形”。

15、 It is strange that he should have killed himself. 真奇怪，他竟然自殺了。(2)It be 名詞詞組that從句常用于這種句型的名詞詞組有：a fact, a good idea, a pity, an honor, a shame, no wonder, good news等。Its a pity that you missed the film.你沒有看那部電影真是太遺憾了。(3)It be 過去分詞that從句常用的過去分詞有：said, reported, hoped, believed, expected, decided, well

16、known等。It is wellknown that the earth moves around the sun.眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。注意：a. it作形式主語代替主語從句時，要注意和as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的區(qū)別。試比較：It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. (主語從句，有that, 無逗號)據(jù)報道，美國遭到恐怖分子的襲擊。As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.(定語從句，無that，有逗號)據(jù)報道，美國遭到恐怖分子的襲擊。b若過去分詞

17、為表示“建議”、“命令”、“愿望”，如suggested, ordered, requested等詞時，從句需用虛擬語氣(should動詞原形)。It is requested that Mr. Wang (should) give a performance.有人請求王先生表演一個節(jié)目。(4)It seems/happens/appears/doesnt matter/makes no difference that從句。It happened that I had seen the film.碰巧我已看過了那部電影。It seems that he is playing football.

18、好像他正在踢足球。很明顯，他們急需援助。_ they badly need help.Its clear that 你很有必要掌握電腦。_ you (should) master the computer.It is necessary that 他是否參加會議無關(guān)緊要。_ he will attend the meeting or not.It makes no difference whether 2、The telephone is very convenient for communication, and most people in the world today cannot l

19、ive without it.電話對于交流來說非常方便，當今世界上許多人沒有電話就不能生存。 cannot live without it 雙重否定，相當于肯定句。Man cannot live without water. 沒有水，人類就不能生存。It is hard to sleep without a cooler in this room.沒有空氣調(diào)節(jié)器，在這間屋里很難入睡。 I just want an ordinary car without the frills.我只要一輛沒有多余裝飾的普通汽車。 live without魚兒離不開水。Fish cannot _ water.Wi

20、thout the sun 沒有太陽，就不會有生物。_， nothing would grow. 如何增加亮點()7. 適當運用非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)通常被認為是一種高級結(jié)構(gòu)，適當運用非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，會給人熟練駕馭語言的印象。 例由于不知道她的地址，我沒法和她聯(lián)系。一般句As I didnt know her address, I wasnt able to get in touch with her.優(yōu)秀句Not knowing her address, I wasnt able to get in touch with her. 8. 恰當使用主動句和被動句(1)當不需要體現(xiàn)動作執(zhí)行者時，使用被

21、動語態(tài)會使其更符合英文表達習慣；需要體現(xiàn)動作執(zhí)行者時用主動語態(tài)。A_great_change_will_certainly_be_produced in the worlds communications.Now most parents pay_more_attention_to listening more to their children, so they will understand them better.(2)需要強調(diào)動作的承受者時，用被動語態(tài)更好。Many_buildings_and_houses_were_destroyed by the earthquake.(3)保持陳

22、述對象的一致，以求行文連貫。I_was_so_moved by my mothers words, and I felt so ashamed for my stubbornness.If we dont know how_to_use_the_wastes,_we can sell them to the recycling station.9. 注意文章的過渡與銜接寫作的評分標準是把銜接和連貫作為核心標準來要求的，其語篇銜接作用的極其重要性是不言而喻的。學(xué)生要學(xué)會恰當?shù)厥褂眠@些表示邏輯關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語，使文章前后連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，過渡自然。表示過渡與銜接的常用表達有：(1)表示順序：first

23、, then, finally, in the end 等。(2)表示轉(zhuǎn)折：but, however, meanwhile, at the same time, instead, on the contrary, unfortunately, after all等。(3)表示并列：bothand, as well as, neithernor, eitheror, somesome等。(4)表示遞進：besides, even, moreover, whats more, furthermore等。(5)表示時間：now, then, in the past, at present, in t

24、he future等。(6)表示對比：while, on one hand, on the other hand, in the same way, just as等。(7)表示因果：because, as, now that, so, therefore等。(8)表示程度：first of all, above all, again and again等。(9)表示強調(diào)：indeed, surely, certainly, of course等。(10)表示列舉：for example, such as, for instance等。(11)表示總結(jié)：in a word, in short,

25、 in brief, in all, in conclusion等。10. 合理安排句型注意把意思相近、相似、互為補充的句子合為一個復(fù)雜句，使其重點突出，并且要明確內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系。 When it is my birthday, my mother will cook some dishes to celebrate my birth, or she will give me some money to buy whatever I want.改為：To celebrate my birthday, my mother always cooks some dishes or gives me

26、some money to buy whatever I want.改后的句子由兩句變?yōu)橐痪?，句意更易理解，邏輯更清楚?1. 綜合使用各類所謂的“高級”結(jié)構(gòu)例如果她的發(fā)音不比她老師好的話，至少也不會比她老師的差。一般句If her pronunciation is not better than her teachers, it is at least as good as her teachers.優(yōu)秀句Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teachers. 12. 大膽使用高級詞匯Her dark eyes a

27、re very attractive.她的黑眼睛很迷人。(用attractive比用beautiful高級)Is the manager available?經(jīng)理在不在？(用available比用in高級) I happened upon her in the street the other day.幾天前，我在街上碰巧遇見了她。(用the other day比用a few days ago高級)Hearing the news, I felt kind of discouraged. 聽到這個消息，我感到有點泄氣。(kind of在此用作副詞，意為“有點”)He stood before his teacher silently, with his head down.他低著頭，一言不發(fā)地站在老師面前。(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用得好)