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1、 專題十三 主旨大意高考英語高考英語 (江蘇省專用)A A組組 自主命題自主命題江蘇卷題組江蘇卷題組Passage 1(2016江蘇,D)詞數(shù):720Not so long ago, most people didnt know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication that she was just another Ja-maican teenager without much of a f

2、uture. However, one person wanted to change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginnings of true greatness. Her times were not exactly impressive, but even so, he sensed there was something trying to get out, somet

3、hing the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later at Jamaicas Olympic tri-als in early 2008, Shelly-Ann, who at that ti

4、me only ranked number 70 in the world, beat Jamaicas unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).“Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she 五年高考must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again with-out signs. But

5、Shelly-Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 metres Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Ber

6、lin, becoming world champion with a time of 10.73the fourth fastest time ever.Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance. Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless. She grew up in on

7、e of Jamaicas toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. Waterhouse, one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent and overpopulated place. Several of Shelly-Anns friends and

8、family were caught up in the killings;one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes her family didnt have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldnt afford shoes. Her moth-er Maxime, one of a family of fourteen, had be

9、en an athlete herself as a young girl but, like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby.Maximes early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouses roundabout of poverty. One

10、 of the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track, and she was ready to sacrifice everything.It didnt take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse. On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, hard hours of work and co

11、mmitment finally bore fruit. The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty, surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports.But Shelly-Anns victory was far greater than that. The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing, the routine

12、 murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped. The dark cloud above one of the worlds toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days. “I have so much fire burning for my country,”Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and

13、 wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse. She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intends to fight to make it a womans as well as a mans world. As Muhammad Ali puts it, “Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from some-thing they have deep inside them. A d

14、esire, a dream, a vision.”O(jiān)ne of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.1. Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann?A.He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.B.He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.C.She had big problems

15、maintaining her performance.D.She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.2.What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games?A.She would become a promising star.B.She badly needed to set higher goals.C.Her sprinting career would not last long.D.Her talent

16、for sprinting was known to all.3.What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track?A.Her success and lessons in her career.B.Her interest in Shelly-Anns quick profit.C.Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty.D.Her early entrance into the sprinting world.4.What can we infer from Shelly-Ann

17、s statement underlined in Paragraph 5?A.She was highly rewarded for her efforts.B.She was eager to do more for her country.C.She became an athletic star in her country.D.She was the envy of the whole community.5.By mentioning Muhammad Alis words, the author intends to tell us that .A.players should

18、be highly inspired by coachesB.great athletes need to concentrate on patienceC.hard work is necessary in ones achievementsD.motivation allows great athletes to be on the top6.What is the best title for the passage?A.The Making of a Great AthleteB.The Dream for ChampionshipC.The Key to High Performan

19、ceD.The Power of Full Responsibility答案答案語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。題材為人物故事類。本文講述了在北京奧運會上獲得女子100米短跑金牌的牙買加運動員Shelly-Ann的奮斗故事,也給那些想取得成功的人一個啟示:要有渴望、有夢想、有愿景。1.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的描述可知,從她身上教練看到了一個偉大成功的開始,看到了她身上有東西可以被開發(fā)出來,盡管這些東西被其他教練忽視了。由此推斷出這位教練決定訓練Shelly-Ann是因為他看到了Ann身上的那股巨大潛力。故選B項。2.C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的描述可知,她就是那種偶爾出名一次的人(one-hit

20、),會在毫無征兆的情況下又銷聲匿跡了(disappear again without signs),故選C項。3.C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的描述可知,她下決心不會讓她的孩子在Waterhouse一直過這種貧窮的生活,故選C項。4.B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)本段描述可知,Shelly-Ann在北京奧運會獲得金牌后她那個充滿兇殺和暴力的家鄉(xiāng)也一下子安靜了好幾天。她說:我有很多能量為我的祖國去燃燒,由此推斷出她說這句話的目的就是想為自己的國家做更多的貢獻,故選B項。5.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)拳王阿里說的話可知,冠軍不是產生于體育館,是產生于自己內心的某種東西。要有渴望、有夢想、有愿景。由此推斷出阿里認為做一

21、件事的動機會讓運動員達到巔峰。故選D項。6.A主旨大意題。本文主要講的是一位教練如何發(fā)現(xiàn)了Shelly-Ann并把她培養(yǎng)成世界冠軍的歷程。即一個偉大運動員的形成。故選A項。高級語塊高級語塊1.a one-hit wonder曇花一現(xiàn)2.spring up跳起;躍起;迅速成長3.anything but根本不4.be caught up in被卷入,牽涉,涉及5.bear fruit結果實,有成果長難句長難句She grew up in one of Jamaicas toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse, where she l

22、ived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers.她在牙買加治安最差的貧民區(qū)之一的Waterhouse長大,在這里她居住在一個有一個房間的公寓中,和母親還有兩個弟弟四個人睡在一張床上。本句為主從復合句。第一個逗號之前是主句部分;關系副詞where引導非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞Waterhouse;sleeping.是非謂語動詞短語作狀語。Passage 2(2015江蘇,B)詞數(shù):391In the United States alone,over 100 million

23、 cell-phones are thrown away each year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gol

24、d and silver.A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes

25、 also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries,in practically un-controlled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw mate

26、rials creates much more waste material,up to 100 times more,than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone,and imagine the mines that produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box and packaging (包裝)it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing pr

27、ocess are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “ the produc-tion,distribution,and use of productsas well as management of the resulting wasteall result in greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less

28、 waste at the startfor instance,buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(動機)for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packag-ing they use to sell their produc

29、ts,would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why,they ask,should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(氣泡墊)that encased your televisio

30、n?From the governments point of view,a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsi-bility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the gov-ernment and tax-payers back to the producers.1.By mentioning the Swiss study,the author intends to te

31、ll us that .A.the weight of e-goods is rather smallB.e-waste deserves to be made good use ofC.natural minerals contain more precious metalsD.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste2. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended .A.from producers to governmentsB.from gover

32、nments to producersC.from individuals to distributorsD.from distributors to governments3.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.The increase in e-waste.B.The creation of e-waste. C.The seriousness of e-waste.D.The management of e-waste.答案答案語篇解讀本文為說明文,題材為環(huán)境保護類。隨著電子數(shù)碼科技的進步,越來越多的電子垃圾產生了,手機、電腦、個人電子器件

33、等被扔掉的越來越多。這些被扔掉的電子垃圾中含有一些像金銀之類的貴重金屬,當然也有很多有毒物質。那我們該如何處理這些電子垃圾呢?1.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第二句中.the concentration of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals可知,瑞士的一項研究結果表明,電子垃圾中貴重金屬的含量比自然界中礦石中貴重金屬的含量還要高。由此推斷作者旨在說明這些電子垃圾值得被充分利用,故選B項。2.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段.a pri

34、mary goal of laws.is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.可知,政府要制定相關法律,對制造商提出明確的責任要求,這份責任應該是從政府開始延伸到制造商身上,故選B項。3.D主旨大意題。本文第一段提出了越來越嚴重的電子垃圾污染問題,后面就如何處理這些垃圾提出了一些建議,也明確了該問題所涉及各方應負的責任,由此推斷出本文的主題應該是D項:電子垃圾的

35、處理。評析評析主旨大意題是閱讀理解的難點,首先根據(jù)第一段確定文章主線,然后分析后面各段與第一段的關系,分別從哪個角度為第一段服務,全面地推斷出主題,不能受到某個細節(jié)的影響而誤選。此題易誤選C項:電子垃圾的嚴重性。這僅僅是文章的一個細節(jié)。高級語塊高級語塊1.in comparison to與比較2.naturally occurring minerals天然產生的礦物3.from ones point of view從某人的觀點來看長難句長難句Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycl

36、ing pro-cess often is carried out in poor countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poi-sonous substances to escape into the environment.即使當這些機器被回收,有害金屬被移除之后,回收的過程經常在一些貧困國家進行,并且是以幾乎無法控制的方式進行,使得很多有害物質進入環(huán)境。本句為主從復合句。when引導的是時間狀語從句;which引導的是定語從句,修飾先行詞ways。Passage 3(2015江蘇,C)詞數(shù):460Suppo

37、se you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities.To do so,it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.Lets begin with the question of why people volun

38、teer.Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example,people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness,to expand their range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volun-teer positions do not meet these needs,people ma

39、y not wish to participate.To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service,some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately,these pr

40、ograms can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because its important to me”)to an external factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because Im required to do so”).When that happens,people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibi

41、lity when they make volunteer activities a must.Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this question,researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florid

42、a over a year.One of the most important fac-tors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical ad-vice.The researchers note that attention should be

43、given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the de-gree to which people view“volunteer”a

44、s an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by re-sponding to statements such as“Volunteeri

45、ng in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Con-sistent with the researchers expectations,they found a positive correlation(正相關)between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results,once a-gain,lead to concrete advice:“Once an individual begins

46、 volunteering,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.1.People volunteer mainly out of .A.academic requirementsB.social expectationsC.financial

47、 rewardsD.internal needs2.What can we learn from the Florida study?A.Follow-up studies should last for one year.B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared.C.Strategy training is a must in research.D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.3.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue

48、their work?A.Individual differences in role identity.B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.C.Role identity as a volunteer.D.Practical advice from researchers.4.What is the best title of the passage?A.How to Get People to Volunteer B.How to Study Volunteer BehaviorsC.How to Keep Volunteers Inter

49、estD.How to Organize Volunteer Activities答案答案語篇解讀本文為說明文,題材為社會生活類,內容是分析影響志愿者參與志愿者活動并堅持下去的原因。1.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.和第三段第三句.shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor.to an external factor.可

50、知,人們做志愿者主要是出于內在的動機,即內在(internal)需求,故選D項。2.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段最后一句.attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.可知,志愿者“必須做好心理上的準備”,故選B項。3.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第一句中people view“vo

51、lunteer”as an important social role以及第二句中those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work可知,這些人們把志愿者身份看做是一種重要的社會角色,并且最有可能激勵志愿者繼續(xù)工作的就是這種role identity。故選C項。4.A 主旨大意題。本文分析了人們參與并堅持志愿者活動的原因,所以“如何讓人們參與志愿者活動”是最好的標題,故選A

52、項。高級語塊高級語塊1.shift.to.把變成2.make.a must使成為必不可少的事物3.motivate sb. to do sth. 促動、激發(fā)某人做某事長難句長難句The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would pre-pare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the prob-lem they do experience”.

53、研究人員注意到應該注意讓志愿者對棘手的局面有充分準備,或者給他們提供用來處理他們確實會遇到的問題的策略的訓練方法。本句為主從復合句。note后是一個that引導的賓語從句;methods后是that引導的定語從句。pre-pare.與provide.為并列謂語。Passage 4(2014江蘇,C)詞數(shù):351Most damagingly,anger weakens a persons ability to think clearly and keep control over his be-haviour.The angry person loses objectivity in eval

54、uating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences anger in the same way;what angers one person may amuse another.The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces.In contemporary cult

55、ure,physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regard duels(決斗)as an appropriate expression of anger result-ing from one persons awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.Anger can be identified in the brain,where the electr

56、ical activity changes.Under most conditions,EEG(腦電圖)measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left pre-frontal(額葉前部)areas.Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition(意向)that most of us possess most of the time.But when we are angry the EEG

57、 of the right and left pre-frontal areas arent balanced and,as a result of this,were likely to react.And our behavioural re-sponse to anger is different from our response to other emotions,whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour:we move closer to pe

58、ople we like.Most negative emotions,in contrast,are associated with avoidance behaviour:we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are,the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresp

59、onds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger:the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger.This approach-and-confront behaviour is ac-companied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不對稱)of EEG activity.Interestingly,this asymmetry le

60、ssens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感)towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response.In defensive anger,in contrast,the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.1.The “duels” example in Para

61、graph 2 proves that the expression of anger .A.usually has a biological basisB.varies among peopleC.is socially and culturally shapedD.influences ones thinking and evaluation2.What changes can be found in an angry brain?A.Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.B.Unbalanced patterns are found in

62、 prefrontal areas.C.Electrical activity corresponds to ones behaviour.D.Electrical activity agrees with ones disposition.3.Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A.Approaching the source of anger.B.Trying to control what is disliked.C.Moving away from what is disliked.D.Feeling helples

63、s in the face of anger.4.What is the key message of the last paragraph?A.How anger differs from other emotions.B.How anger relates to other emotions.C.Behavioural responses to anger.D.Behavioural patterns of anger.答案答案語篇解讀本文是說明文,題材為科普知識。憤怒是人經常會表現(xiàn)出來的情緒,這種情緒對我們自身會有什么影響呢?本文對此進行了分析。1.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中關于“決斗”

64、的描述:在當代文化背景下,憤怒的情緒通過肢體去表達通常被認為對社會有害而不被容忍。由此我們推斷出“決斗”這種發(fā)泄憤怒的方式是一種特定文化下的產物,同時也是在某一種社會環(huán)境中出現(xiàn)的。由此可知“憤怒”的表達方式是在一定文化和社會背景下形成的,故選C項。2.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Under most conditions,EEG measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal areas.可知,大多數(shù)情況下(不憤怒的情況下),腦電圖顯示額葉前部左右部分的活

65、動是平衡的,而題目問的是大腦在憤怒情況下的變化,A項不符合題意;根據(jù)第三段第四句But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas arent balanced.可知,當我們憤怒的時候,腦電圖就會顯示我們額葉前部的左右部分不再平衡,B項符合題意;根據(jù)第三段第三句Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition that most of us possess most of the time.可知,在行為上,這種平衡也對應

66、了我們大多數(shù)人大多數(shù)時候不偏不倚的傾向,而腦電活動與行為對應以及與人的意向一致并不是憤怒時大腦的變化,故C、D項不符合題意。3.A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第四句The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.“我們越憤怒就越有可能去接近讓我們憤怒的目標?！笨芍狝項符合題意;B項是指努力控制不喜歡的東西,C項是指離開不喜歡的東西,D項是指在危險面前感到無助,根據(jù)第四段第二句Most negative emotions,in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour:we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.可知,這些是(除了憤怒之外的)大多數(shù)負面情緒所表現(xiàn)出來的,均不符合題意。4.D主旨大意題。根據(jù)該段的前兩句話中的approach behaviour和avoidance behaviour可知,最后一段描述