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1、Module3Unit 2 Language（2）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(2)一、一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或過(guò)去某一具體時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)。但過(guò)去時(shí)有時(shí)并不實(shí)際表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。受主句過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)影響，從句用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)；表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(舉例時(shí))有 yesterday, (two days) ago, last (year)，the other day(前幾天)，once upon a time(很久以前)，just now(剛才)，in the old days(在過(guò)去的日子里)，before liberation(解放前)，W

2、hen I was 8 years old(當(dāng)我8歲時(shí))，at (7 oclock)等。The train arrived ten minutes ago.火車(chē)10分鐘前就到了。Mother said father didnt like smoked food.母親說(shuō)父親不喜歡熏制食品。If I were you, I would choose to work at home.假如我是你，我會(huì)選擇在國(guó)內(nèi)工作。二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞主要表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞與always, continually, frequently 等詞連用時(shí)，表示明顯的感情

3、色彩。進(jìn)行時(shí)與when連用表達(dá)“正在做某事，突然”的意思。短暫性動(dòng)作用于進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，表達(dá)“慢慢地”的意思。常見(jiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有this time yesterday/last month/last year等，表達(dá)“過(guò)去這個(gè)時(shí)候”的意思。This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們正在上英語(yǔ)課。She was setting the table when it began to shake terribly. 她擺桌子時(shí)突然感到桌子劇烈地震動(dòng)起來(lái)。In Qing Dynasty, China was always say

4、ing Yes to western powers. 清朝時(shí)，中國(guó)總是屈服于西方列強(qiáng)。三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本含義表示在過(guò)去某一參照時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或到過(guò)去某一參照時(shí)間或動(dòng)作為止動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)持續(xù)一段時(shí)間。用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，必須有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作來(lái)作參照，說(shuō)明在此之前某動(dòng)作已發(fā)生或某狀態(tài)已經(jīng)存在。體會(huì) “過(guò)去的過(guò)去”或“從過(guò)去到過(guò)去”是理解過(guò)去完成時(shí)的關(guān)鍵。具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by過(guò)去時(shí)間或before過(guò)去時(shí)間。She had visited China twice before she came last year.她去年來(lái)這里前兩次訪(fǎng)問(wèn)過(guò)中國(guó)。By the middle of last

5、month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了5年了。If I had attended the meeting last night, I would have seen Mr. Li, chairman of the meeting.要是昨晚我參加了會(huì)議(事實(shí)上沒(méi)去)，我就會(huì)見(jiàn)到會(huì)議主席李先生了。He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught redhanded. 他剛偷到錢(qián)包就被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲。I had hoped that nothing would get w

6、orse. 我原本希望情況不會(huì)更糟(事實(shí)上更糟)。四、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示相對(duì)過(guò)去某時(shí)間而言將要發(fā)生的事情，多用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。表達(dá)形式多樣：主語(yǔ)would/should動(dòng)詞；主語(yǔ)was/were going to 動(dòng)詞；主語(yǔ)was/were to動(dòng)詞；主語(yǔ)was/were about動(dòng)詞。They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他們問(wèn)我是否很快要去廣州。I told her I was going to see her that afternoon.我告訴她我那天下午要去看她。She and I were to meet at an agreed

7、place.她和我將在一個(gè)約定的地方見(jiàn)面。Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.布朗夫人剛要開(kāi)始，但是珍妮先說(shuō)話(huà)了。五、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的行為動(dòng)作，此行為動(dòng)作或剛結(jié)束、或還沒(méi)結(jié)束。這一時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)一起使用，該過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)作起參照作用。When we arrived, the roads were dangerous, for it had been raining for a week. 我們趕到時(shí)，道路很危險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)時(shí)雨一直下了一個(gè)星期。They were tired because they ha

8、d been working since dawn. 當(dāng)時(shí)他們累了，因?yàn)閺奶炝灵_(kāi)始他們就一直在工作。六、過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示到相對(duì)過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間而言的未來(lái)時(shí)間為止?fàn)顟B(tài)或動(dòng)作已經(jīng)持續(xù)一段時(shí)間或動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。該時(shí)態(tài)多用于賓語(yǔ)從句，常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為by點(diǎn)時(shí)間。The traveler said he would have been away from home for 30 years by the next year.旅行者當(dāng)時(shí)說(shuō)到下一年為止他離開(kāi)家里30 年了。七、過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)指相對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間而言的未來(lái)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 My son was born in 1998 and I would b

9、e working in another city far away from home the next year and I had to employ a babysitter to take care of my son and my wife as well.我兒子1998年出生，而我第二年將在離家很遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)城市工作，于是我雇了個(gè)保姆照顧兒子和妻子。八、過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示到過(guò)去的將來(lái)時(shí)間為止，動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)一段時(shí)間，可能繼續(xù)下去或宣告終止。注意其中動(dòng)詞必須為延續(xù)性動(dòng)作。該時(shí)態(tài)更多用于間接引語(yǔ)。常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為by點(diǎn)時(shí)間。The model worker said he would h

10、ave been working in the factory for 40 years by the time he retired.那個(gè)模范工人說(shuō)到他退休時(shí)他在這個(gè)工廠工作滿(mǎn)40年了。高考湖南卷的單選題中對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)的考查是重中之重。1一般過(guò)去時(shí)(1)有具體的過(guò)去的時(shí)間只能用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這個(gè)考點(diǎn)只要是考到一般過(guò)去時(shí)，基本上會(huì)考到。只不過(guò)是出題人往往會(huì)通過(guò)對(duì)話(huà)的方式來(lái)隱含這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間。(2)used to do表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再維持的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。to為不定式，后接動(dòng)詞原形。be/become/get used to doing sth.表示“習(xí)慣于做某事”。(3)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，

11、代替將來(lái)時(shí)。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.如果他提了工資，就答應(yīng)給我買(mǎi)一臺(tái)電腦。2過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(1)在復(fù)合句中，如果主要?jiǎng)幼骱捅尘皠?dòng)作都是延續(xù)的或同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動(dòng)詞都可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他邊等車(chē)邊看報(bào)。 (兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是延續(xù)的)He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦車(chē)時(shí)我在做飯。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)(2)通常不能用于過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞主要有：agr

12、ee, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(擁有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。誤：I was knowing the answer.正：I knew the answer.我知道答案。誤：I wasnt understanding him.正：I didnt understand him.我不明白他的意思。(3)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 進(jìn)行時(shí)表某一行為的“片斷”，

13、一般時(shí)表示行為的“整體”和存在的狀態(tài)。 I was reading the book at that time. (未讀完，“讀”的片段) I read the book yesterday. (已讀完，表整個(gè)“讀”) 一般持續(xù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)多與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用 It was raining all night.(優(yōu)先用was raining ，rained 為持續(xù)動(dòng)詞，故也可使用) He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暫動(dòng)詞與持續(xù)時(shí)間連用，表反復(fù)，連續(xù)發(fā)生，不可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)) while 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中用短暫動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。 He br

14、oke a chair while he was jumping up and down. while 所在主從句動(dòng)作大致持續(xù)相等時(shí)主從句一般都用進(jìn)行時(shí)，但若是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞可都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作一長(zhǎng)一短時(shí)短的用一般時(shí)，長(zhǎng)的用進(jìn)行時(shí)。 I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行) 3過(guò)去完成時(shí)(1)能用這種時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)作肯定發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，句中有明顯的參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這種時(shí)態(tài)從來(lái)不孤立使用。They finished earlier than we had expected.他們完成得比我們想象的要早。(2)用在h

15、ardly/scarcelywhen； no soonerthan的句型中，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.他來(lái)看我時(shí)我剛剛完成工作。(3)表示“第幾次做某事”和“自從多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.那是她第二次看到她的外祖父。(4)動(dòng)詞hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用于過(guò)去完

16、成時(shí)，表示“過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，打算和意圖”。I had intended to see you but I was too busy.我本想去看你，但我太忙了。4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(1)一般用于主句為過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。 He said he would stay with us. 他說(shuō)他要與我們待在一起。(2)“was/were going to 動(dòng)詞原形”或“was/were 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式”可表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。 Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained. 上星期天我們本想去游覽長(zhǎng)城的，但

17、卻下雨了。(沒(méi)有去成)(3)“be about to do” 和 “be on the point of doing”結(jié)構(gòu)一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，但后面可以接when引導(dǎo)的分句。 I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain. 我正要?jiǎng)由硖焱蝗幌掠炅恕?4)come，go，leave，arrive，start等動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他說(shuō)火車(chē)將于第二天早晨6點(diǎn)離開(kāi)。1. Jeff, you look so exc

18、ited today. Sure I am, I _ a good job in a big company, you know. A. offered B. will offer C. have been offered D. was offered C句意：杰夫，你今天顯得好興奮。那確實(shí)，我在一家大公司謀得了一份好工作。此題中“得到工作在過(guò)去，高興到現(xiàn)在”。2. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makesC割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)

19、性，“瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)”提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。3. As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fellB句中的as when, while，意為“當(dāng)之時(shí)”。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意 “在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。”句中的 fell (fall的過(guò)去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。4. He will come

20、tomorrow. But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow. A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had comeC此題容易誤選A或B，因?yàn)樯衔牡?He will come tomorrow 以及下文的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白處應(yīng)填一個(gè)一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。但實(shí)際上此題的最佳答案是 C，這與 would rather 的用法有關(guān)。按照英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，would rather 后接that 從句時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)律是：用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去。5. Mr. Smi

21、th _ a book about China last year but I dont know whether he has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing D此題應(yīng)選D，這是由 but I dont know whether he has finished it 這一句話(huà)的語(yǔ)境決定的，全句意“史密斯先生去年在寫(xiě)一本書(shū)，但我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否寫(xiě)完了”。有的同學(xué)可能由于受 last year的影響而誤選B。但若選B，則句子前半部分的意思則為“史密斯先生去年寫(xiě)了一本書(shū)”，既然是“寫(xiě)了”，那么這與下文的“但我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否寫(xiě)完了”相矛盾。