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1、 專題19 閱讀理解——說明文類 方法與技巧 題型介紹： 材料特點這類文章的總體特點是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，理論性強，邏輯嚴謹。具體說來它有以下幾個特點：1. 文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準確性的特點。這類文章通常不會出現(xiàn)文學英語中采用的排比、比喻、夸張等修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多見。2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復雜，語法分析較困難。為了描述一個客觀事物，嚴密地表達自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會使用集多種語法現(xiàn)象于一體的長句。3. 常使用被動語態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動句式。 命題形式： 命題特點科普類閱讀的主要命題形式有事實細節(jié)題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題

2、以及主旨概括題等，其中推理判斷題居多。 方法概述 高考對說明文的考查多為科普說明文，它是閱讀理解重要內(nèi)容，也是高考考查難點?？破疹悺伴喿x理解”題愈來愈受到命題者的青睞?而科普類文章往往具有跨學科?行文邏輯性強等特點,要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細節(jié)上全面把握? 【試題特點】 　?、?注重學科滲透,行文邏輯性強,內(nèi)容抽象? 　?、?貼近學生的學習?生活實際,有利于激發(fā)學生的思維,對選拔優(yōu)秀考生有一定的作用? 　?、?能全面地考查學生的綜合閱讀能力和運用所學知識去分析?解決實際問題的能力? (4)科學方法圖示判斷題 科普說明文常出現(xiàn)科學方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或

3、以生物依賴關(guān)系為命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的生物依賴關(guān)系；或以工藝流程為命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的流程順序，或以生產(chǎn)方法為命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的生產(chǎn)方法；或以機械配制為命題題點，要求考生判斷正確的機械配制。解題時一定要認真閱讀分析原文對生物依賴關(guān)系、發(fā)明創(chuàng)造誕生過程和工藝流程過程的介紹，并且邊讀邊畫簡易草圖，以提高理解準確率。分析備選項時應(yīng)對照原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終做出正確判斷。 命題方式 考點一、細節(jié)事實理解。 一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序（時間、空間、情感變化等）排列起來，來進一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意

4、。 細節(jié)理解題目主要考查學生對文章具體事實和細節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較小，但在整個閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個具體事實或細節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計題目。 此類題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來設(shè)問，也常使用下列方式來提問 1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? 2.Which of the following is not mentioned? 3.All of the following are true except... 4.According to the passage,

5、when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？ 1.直接事實題 在解答這類問題時要求學生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對性方法進行閱讀，因為這類題的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如： A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river. This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is

6、possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to

7、San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years. This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizo

8、na and Nevada. Q：Hoover Dam lies______ . A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black Canyon C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B 【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項。 2.間接事實題 解答此類題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進行簡單的概括和判斷或者要進行簡單的計算。 Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV progr

9、amme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took pa

10、rt in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station. “It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for su

11、ch competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q：Which of the following is NOT true? A.Luo Lin i

12、s a native of Shanghai. B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents. C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. 【解析】A、C和D項都可在原文找到答案，而B項原文所給的是：taken to Hongkong可判斷不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此選B。 3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。 If you register both t

13、he VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ . A.$100　 B.$300　 C.$350　 D.$400 這類題目要求學生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡單計算和推斷。在做此類題時： 1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。 2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。 3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語的意義。 考點二、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。 一、主旨閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容 1.短文的標題（title,h

14、eadline）； 2.短文或段落的主題（subject）； 3.中心思想(main idea)； 4.作者的寫作目的(purpose)。 二、此類題的設(shè)問方式 1.What would be the best title for the text? 2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? 3.What is the passage mainly about? 4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考點三、推理

15、推斷。 推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到或者沒有明說的事實或者可能發(fā)生的事實。這類題旨在考查學生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。 此類題的設(shè)問常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等詞，這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有： 1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. 2.What can be inferred from the Passage? 3.Which of the following can be inferred fr

16、om the Passage? 4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. 5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. 6.The writer implies that__________. 7.It can be inferred that__________. 8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. 9.On the whole,we can conclude t

17、hat__________. 10.From the text we can conclude that__________. 11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. 12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? 13.The author is inclined to think that__________. 14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that____

18、______. 15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? 16.In the writer’s opinion,... 考點四、詞義、句義猜測。 詞義猜測閱讀理解題考查對文中關(guān)鍵詞語的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。 此類題的設(shè)問方式主要有 1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by... 2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests... 3

19、.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to... 4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。我們要學會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索確定詞義。 1.定義法。如: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it

20、and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即 “退火”。 It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily. 從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。 The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year. 定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧人”。 2.同位法。如: T

21、hey traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times. 同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即“城堡”。 We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week. 兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。 3.對比法。如: She is usually prompt for all her class,but t

22、oday she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向“準時”的結(jié)論。 4.構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復合、派生等)。如: Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞,據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。 5.因果法。如： T

23、he lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again. 從后面的結(jié)果“永遠不能再運動”中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為“永遠的，永久”。 體驗高考 [2017·北京卷] D Hollywood's theory that machines with evil(邪惡的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just

24、silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制論), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve o

25、ur purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干預), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living thing

26、s: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of

27、 fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conf

28、lict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never

29、 allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. Th

30、ere are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines

31、share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone

32、 who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子誘導) nuclear chain reaction. 67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________． A．run out of human c

33、ontrol B．satisfy human's real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician 68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ________． A．prevent themselves from being destroyed B．a(chǎn)chieve their original goal

34、s independently C．do anything successfully with given orders D．beat humans in international chess matches 69．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ________． A．help super intelligent machines work better B．be secure against evil human beings C．keep machines from being harmed D

35、．a(chǎn)void robots' affecting the world 70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A．It will disappear with the development of AI. B．It will get worse with human interference. C．It will be solved but with difficulty. D．It will stay for a decade. 【文章大意】 本文為科普類

36、文章，講的是隨著科技的發(fā)展，人工智能 (AI)可能會超出人類的控制。 68．A　 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句話“…a wish to preserve its own existence.”可知答案為A。 69．D　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句話“…but never allowing them to affect the real word.”可知人們利用防火墻是為了避免機器人影響整個世界，故選 D。 70．C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句話“…seems to be possible but not easy.”推出超級智能機器人的安全問題有可能得到解決但是會有困難，故選C項

37、。 [2017·江蘇卷] B Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advan

38、ces，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mum's call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，a

39、nd her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call. To find out if the special qu

40、ality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of not

41、es. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity. It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In

42、addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food. This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutiona

43、ry inference can then be drawn. “As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.” 58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”． A．be the worst B．be

44、 the best C．be just as bad D．be just as good 59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on? A．Similarities between the calls of mums and chicks. B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C．The data collected from Queensland's locals. D．Controlled experiments on wrens an

45、d other birds. 60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ________． A．can receive quality signals B．a(chǎn)re in need of training C．fit the environment better D．make the loudest call 【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普說明文。文章介紹了一項新發(fā)現(xiàn)：幼鳥在被孵化前母鳥便教它們識別聲音了。母親呼喚它們的

46、鳥蛋越頻繁，則它們的孩子越會發(fā)出相似的聲音；幼鳥的聲音越像它們母親的聲音，則它們獲得的食物獎勵就越多。 58. B　詞義猜測題。第一段將人類嬰兒與幼鳥進行了對比，畫線詞組所在句上文講出生前人的辨別聲音的能力很強，下文講一些母鳥在幼鳥被孵化之前就教它們學唱歌了。據(jù)此可以判斷，在胎教方面，鳥兒的表現(xiàn)是最好的，推測“rule the roost”意為“be the best”，故選B項。 60. C　推理判斷題。第四段“In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds t

47、hat most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.(一項單獨的實驗表明模仿母鳥聲音最接近的幼鳥會得到最多的食物)”和最后一段研究人員的研究結(jié)果表明，母鳥會選擇質(zhì)量優(yōu)良的孩子，因此可以推斷，母鳥通過胎教來確定質(zhì)量優(yōu)良的幼鳥，即最會模仿它們聲音的幼鳥。質(zhì)量優(yōu)良的幼鳥無需過多幫助就能更好地適應(yīng)環(huán)境，故選C項。 [2017·江蘇卷] D Old problem，new approaches While clean energy is increasingly used in our dai

48、ly life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation. When it comes

49、to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adap

50、tation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost. Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw

51、only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(連接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also wo

52、rking at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season. Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice

53、Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed

54、 the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norp

55、hel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting. Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which r

56、eflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow do

57、wn the warming process. In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But th

58、e World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the planet”． More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declin

59、ing rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we'

60、ve lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual. Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to a

61、dapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others. 65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________． A．a(chǎn)daptation is an ever-changing process B．the cost of adaptation varies with time C．global warmin

62、g affects adaptation forms D．a(chǎn)daptation to climate change is challenging 66．What is special with regard to Rezwan's project? A．The project receives government support. B．Different organizations work with each other. C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation. D．The project connects f

63、looded roads and highways. 67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming? A．Storing ice for future use. B．Protecting the glaciers from melting. C．Changing the irrigation time. D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers. 68．What do we learn from the Peru example? A．White pain

64、t is usually safe for buildings. B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped. C．This country is heating up too quickly. D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming. 69．According to the author, polluting industries should ________． A．a(chǎn)dapt to carbon pollution B．plant highly profitable cro

65、ps C．leave carbon emission alone D．fight against carbon pollution 70．What's the author's preferred solution to global warming? A．Setting up a new standard. B．Reducing carbon emission. C．Adapting to climate change. D．Monitoring polluting industries. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了世界各地適應(yīng)如今全球變暖的氣候的方法。 6

66、5. A　句意理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，我們并不是在討論適應(yīng)一個新的標準，而是適應(yīng)不斷變化的條件。據(jù)此可以判斷，這句話的意思是：適應(yīng)是一個不斷變化的過程。故選A項。 66. C　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句“Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster.”以及該段其他內(nèi)容可知，Rezwan所在的組織充分利用洪水災(zāi)害為人們提供便利，故選C項。 68. D　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet…By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.”以及第六段“…painting the entire m