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1、 專題3 閱讀理解Ⅰ：主旨大意題 【構(gòu)建知識體系】 主旨大意題 考點1精確歸納標題 考點2概括文章大意 考點3總結(jié)段落大意 2015-2017年全國高考Ⅰ卷本專題考查分布明細統(tǒng)計 年份 章節(jié) 素材話題 體裁 考點分布 主旨大意 細節(jié)理解 推理判斷 詞義猜測 2015 第一節(jié) 關(guān)于倫敦運河博物館每月專題講座安排的海報 應(yīng)用文 0 9 5 1 作者離開寒冷的紐約去美國南部度假的感受 記敘文 介紹了在巴黎皮蓬杜藝術(shù)中心舉辦西班牙著名藝術(shù)家薩爾瓦多·達利藝術(shù)展的情況 記敘文 法國咖啡館在現(xiàn)代社會中彰顯心理溝通的社會功能，產(chǎn)生了積極的意義

2、。 議論文 第二節(jié) 重建人際關(guān)系中的信任的意義與措施 說明文 信息匹配 2016 第一節(jié) 主要介紹了四位著名的女性的基本情況。 說明文 1 9 4 1 主要介紹了社會上很多老年人搬到離子女近的地方居住的一種趨勢，同時也建議老人們要做出適合自己的選擇。 說明文 文章主要講述了作者在一次運送造血干細胞途中的一段經(jīng)歷，表現(xiàn)了人們之間的友愛。 記敘文 主要介紹了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含義。 說明文 第二節(jié) 主要介紹了密碼的設(shè)置方法和破解方法。 說明文 信息匹配 2017 第一節(jié) 文章主要從購物點、就餐點、租借服務(wù)三方面介紹了Pacif

3、ic Science Center，并展示了Pacific Science Center為人們做的貢獻，呼吁人們的支持。 應(yīng)用文 1 7 5 2 救助一只小貓頭鷹，給它做新的窩，幫助它回到父母身邊的故事。 記敘文 文章講述了為提高人們對于爵士樂的重視程度，聯(lián)合國教科文組織 把4月30號定為了國際爵士樂日。然而這一行為還是沒能挽救爵士樂。Jason Moran認為時代在進步，為了將老一代人和年輕一代人聯(lián)接起來，爵士樂應(yīng)該也隨之進步。 說明文 文章主要介紹了一種自己可以親手制作的簡單易行的太陽能蒸餾器的方法和它的工作原理。這種蒸餾器所需的材料簡單，適用于任何缺水的地方。 科普

4、說明文 第二節(jié) 文章講述了三年前，作者對露營一無所知，也不認為自己會喜歡露營。然而后來有過幾次露營的經(jīng)歷，作者和他的家人開始愛上了露營，甚至為露營購買了設(shè)備齊全的房車。作者認為露營是回歸大自然的一個方式，也建議讀者找到適合自己的回歸自然的方式。 記敘文 信息匹配 2015-2017年全國高考Ⅱ卷本專題考查分布明細統(tǒng)計 年份 章節(jié) 素材話題 體裁 考點分布 主旨大意 細節(jié)理解 推理判斷 詞義猜測 2015 A 我的彩電給我?guī)淼念^疼事：花的錢比廣告上的多，而且機子是過時的，質(zhì)量也有問題，最后只能花錢修。 記敘文 1 5 8 1 B 減肥除了

5、少吃之外，還和房間有關(guān)系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系會減少食欲；放一些舒緩的音樂就餐；用校的碗碟 科普說明文 C 越來越多即將上大學(xué)的學(xué)生選擇“間隔年”。有人認為是好事，因為經(jīng)過一年的鍛煉，學(xué)生將會變得更加成熟、更有責(zé)任感。但也有人指出這種做法存在弊端，有些學(xué)生會因為負擔(dān)不起大學(xué)學(xué)費而被迫利用這一年去打工。 社會現(xiàn)象議論類 D 從價格到參觀的內(nèi)容介紹了四個英國的旅游勝地。 廣告應(yīng)用類比 2016 A 主要介紹了幾個廣告的具體內(nèi)容，涉及音樂、喜劇表演和歌曲等活動的具體安排，如時間、地點等。 應(yīng)用文 1 9 3 2 B 主要講述了作者在上課的時候通過讓學(xué)生們拼裝玩具，從

6、而發(fā)現(xiàn)并鼓勵學(xué)生們的創(chuàng)造性思維的故事。 記敘文 C 主要介紹了網(wǎng)站BookC建立的目的以及它是如何促進人們分享圖書的。 說明文 D 主要介紹了Frank用圖片使一次失敗的南極航?；顒又匦逻M入人們的視野，讓人們能夠了解這次航海的許多信息。 記敘文 2017 A 介紹了4則有關(guān)戲劇的廣告。分別介紹了四個用不同語言演繹莎士比亞戲劇的文化盛事。 應(yīng)用文 2 5 6 2 B 作者用深情追憶了自己和Paul Newman因為志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。 記敘文 C 本文比較詳盡地介紹了新型交通工具——陸空兩用汽車的獨特性能和前景。 說明文 D 文章通過

7、兩位科學(xué)家的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，植被也有奇特的自我保護和協(xié)作抗擊害蟲的方式。 科普說明文 2016-2017年全國高考III卷本專題考查分布明細統(tǒng)計 年份 章節(jié) 素材話題 體裁 考點分布 主旨大意 細節(jié)理解 推理判斷 詞義猜測 2016 A 本文通過廣告的形式介紹了幾家舉行音樂演出的劇場的信息。 應(yīng)用文 1 10 2 2 B 文章通過作家Welty一次與朋友在外面吃飯的經(jīng)歷，講述了小說中的人物大多都是來自現(xiàn)實生活。 記敘文 C 介紹了蘋果節(jié)的一些情況。 說明文 D 討論了新聞傳播的規(guī)則，以及讀者喜歡分享什么樣的文章。 議論文 20

8、17 A 介紹了舊金山消防車旅游的四個旅游項目：舊金山酒莊之旅，五十年代懷舊之旅，萬圣節(jié)幽靈之旅和假日花燈展之旅。 應(yīng)用文 2 9 3 1 B The Plaza Theater，一座帶著一座城市記憶的劇院，由于種種原因，要面臨關(guān)門歇業(yè)。臨關(guān)門前，老板選了一部合適的老電影播放。傷心的觀眾眼含不舍的淚水。 記敘文 C 生物鏈中任何一個環(huán)節(jié)出了問題都會對生態(tài)造成災(zāi)難性的破壞。黃石公園由于人類活動導(dǎo)致灰狼幾近消失，幸虧當(dāng)?shù)卣扇〈胧┮M灰狼，亡羊補牢，逐漸恢復(fù)了生態(tài)平衡。 科普說明文 D 主要介紹了為老年人研制的一款電動汽車。 說明文 【考

9、綱解讀】 考試大綱 要求 考綱解讀 要求考生閱讀4篇短文，從每題所給的4個選項中選出最佳選項。題材廣泛，包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟等多方面內(nèi)容。體裁多樣，以記敘文、議論文、說明文為主。 考查主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等題型。 主旨大意題包括精確歸納標題、概括文章大意和總結(jié)段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主題和細節(jié)，是否具備提綱挈領(lǐng)的能力，也就是能否在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對文章進行高度概括和總結(jié)，做這類題目時要高瞻遠矚，不可以以偏概全。 【剖析全國高考真題】——預(yù)測高考命題方向 [2017·全國卷Ⅰ]

10、C Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, a

11、nd its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic a

12、dviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to accomplish is that my ge

13、neration and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way

14、it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert mu

15、sic,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we

16、 lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Exploring the Future of Jazz. B．The Rise and Fall of Jazz. C．The Story of a Jazz Musician.

17、 D．Celebrating the Jazz Day. 【2017課標全國I卷】 [2017·全國卷Ⅱ] C Terrafugia Inc .said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings

18、 that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.

19、Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expec

20、ted to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a realit

21、y. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision f

22、ive years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete?20?hours?of?flying?time?to?be?able?to?fly?the?Transition,a?requirement?pilots?would?find?relatively?ea

23、sy?to?meet. 28. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars. C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition. 31. What is the best title for the text? A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The

24、Transition’s Fist Flight C.Pilots’Dream Coming True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality 31.主旨大意題。瀏覽全文，主要從飛車的試飛成功、飛車的構(gòu)架以及多年以前人們對飛車的設(shè)想至今成為現(xiàn)實展開論述。根據(jù)“Terrafugia Inc .said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight”飛車試飛成功，“But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone

25、to making the flying car a reality”Mann認為Terrafugia研制出的飛車比任何人都更接近現(xiàn)實。故選D。 [2017·全國卷Ⅲ] C After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had gr

26、own to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into

27、the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (來源) for the wolf – grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in th

28、e park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’ s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’ s beavers. As early as 1966,biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped th

29、at wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefull

30、y monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help

31、 biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 28.What is the text mainly about? A. Wildlife research in the United States. B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D. The reintroduction of wolves to Ye

32、llowstone Park. 28. D主旨大意題。文章開門見山提出黃石公園引進灰狼的舉措，然后在下文中詳細介紹其原因以及帶來的良好的轉(zhuǎn)機，由此判斷本文的中心話題是美國黃石公園對灰狼的引進。 D The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to dis

33、cover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔絕) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle t

34、echnologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custom-made navigation(導(dǎo)航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the count

35、ry, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.” “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving condit

36、ions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.” Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and ho

37、w we might use technology to address these problems. “For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk

38、of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. “We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解決方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.” 35. What is the best title for the text? A.A new Model

39、Electric Car B.A Solution to Traffic Problem C. Driving Service for elders D. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road 【高考預(yù)測】 縱觀近幾年全國高考試題，預(yù)測2018年全國高考試題還會 ①Ⅰ卷在選材上繼續(xù)保持知識性和趣味性，語篇長度適中，題材與體裁廣泛，彰顯文化特色，重點考查考生快速獲取、處理、分析信息的能力。細節(jié)理解題占總量的60%左右，難度與上年持平，預(yù)計難度系數(shù)0.7。 ②Ⅱ卷文章體裁繼續(xù)延續(xù)記敘文和說明文占主體的局面，另有一篇議論文和一篇廣告類說明文。題型以

40、細節(jié)理解題為主，推理判斷題略有所增加，詞義猜測題1題左右。 【精講研法】——課堂講解突破核心考點　 考點一 精確歸納標題 【例1】【河北省五個一聯(lián)盟2018屆高三上學(xué)期第二次模擬】B Two of the saddest words in the English language are “if only”. I live my life with the goal of never having to say those words, because they convey regret, lost opportunities, mistakes, and disappoint

41、ment. My father is famous in our family for saying, “Take the extra minute to do it right.” I always try to live by the “extra minute” rule. When my children were young and likely to cause accidents, I always thought about what I could do to avoid an “if only” moment, whether it was something minor

42、 like moving a cup full of hot coffee away from the edge of a counter, or something that required a little more work such as taping padding(襯墊) onto the sharp corners of a glass coffee table. I don’t only avoid those “if only” moments when it comes to safety. It’s equally important to avoid “if onl

43、y” in our personal relationships. We all know people who lost a loved one and regretted that they had forgone an opportunity to say “I love you” or “I forgive you”. When my father announced he was going to the eye doctor across from my office on Good Friday, I told him that it was a holiday for my c

44、ompany and I wouldn’t be here. But then I thought about the fact that he’s 84 years old and I realized that I shouldn’t miss an opportunity to see him. I called him and told him I had decided to go to work on my day off after all. I know there will still be occasions when I have to say if only abou

45、t something, but my life is definitely better because of my policy of doing everything possible to avoid that eventuality. And even though it takes an extra minute to do something right, or it occasionally takes an hour or two in my busy schedule to make a personal connection, I know that I, m doing

46、 the right thing. tm buying myself peace of mind and that’s the best kind of insurance for my emotional well-being. 7. What is the best title for the passage? A. Advice from My Father B. Avoidance of Saying “If Only” C. The “Extra Minute” Rule D. The Importance of Emotional Well-being 【答案】 7

47、. B 規(guī)律方法1： 如何精確歸納標題？ 1、利用主題段來概括標題 主題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來說第一段經(jīng)常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個短語——文章的標題。 2、利用主題句來概括標題 解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。通過尋找文章的主題句，并對主題句進行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標題。 做此類題時，要避免以下三種錯誤： (1)概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍)； (2)過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍)； (3)以事實、細節(jié)替代文章大意。

48、 【變式精練】 【廣東省五校2018屆高三12月聯(lián)考】C Many people wrongly think that cities don’t have farms and that fruits and vegetables are only grown in the country. Believe it or not, there are more and more urban farms popping up in cities all over the world. Alexandra Sullivan, a food system researcher in New Yor

49、k City, studies urban agriculture. Urban agriculture is another name for farming and gardening in a city environment. Ms. Sullivan studies everything from tiny gardens in empty lots between buildings to bigger fields that have been planted and grown. According to Ms. Sullivan, “Urban agriculture has

50、 existed since cities have, across the world.” The number of humans living in urban areas, or cities, is increasing. The amount of people who want to garden in urban areas is also rising. Ms. Sullivan says, “In small gardens, on rooftops and indoors, they grow fruits, vegetables, grains, and herbs,

51、 and raise animals to produce milk, eggs, honey, and meat. They use these foods as supplements to food produced by rural agriculture.”Even though some people who live in urban areas grow crops, urban residents still need to rely on food grown in rural areas. This is because a city doesn’t have enoug

52、h space to grow enough food for everyone living in it. In New York City, urban farmers have come up with many different ways to grow their own produce, even though there isn’t a lot of room. For example, Brooklyn Grange is a farming operation that has two rooftop vegetable farms in New York City. A

53、ll together, the farms are made up of 2.5 acres of rooftop space. This makes Brooklyn Grange one of the largest rooftop farming operations in the world. Brooklyn Grange grows all kinds of things. The farming company sells its vegetables to local residents and restaurants. And because the farms are

54、on rooftops, they are specially adapted to their urban location. They use available space that is not needed for anything else. As more urban farmers find ways to grow food in cities, urban residents will be better able to get fresher materials for their meals. 11. What may be the best title for th

55、e text? A. Farms in Cities B. Future Food System C. Food Grown in Cities D. Agriculture of New York City 【答案】 11. A 11. 標題判斷題?？v觀全文可知，文章主要講述城市里的都市農(nóng)場，城市居民利用有限的空間，充分利用屋頂，花園和室內(nèi)種植蔬菜、水果、谷物和藥草，并飼養(yǎng)動物。隨著更多都市農(nóng)場的出現(xiàn)，城市居民也可以得到更新鮮的食材。故選A。 考點二 概括文章大意 【例2】【河南省豫北豫南名校2018屆高三上學(xué)期第二次聯(lián)考】C The traditional

56、British pub is part of the scenery of British life. At a recent count, there are around 50000 of them in the UK, some of which date back to as far as the 5th and 6th centuries. The oldest---Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St. Albans---was established in 795. Because of their abundance, the names pubs tak

57、e were designed to be memorable---but more than that, they were designed to be visual. Outside any traditional pub worthy of its title, you’ll find a hanging signboard with a unique illustration(插圖)that represents the name of the business. The practice is so well established that even new pubs copy

58、it. But why do they exist at all? The first British pub signs were created in the 12th century and were simple representations of beer containers and other brewing-related equipment used to inform passersby that establishments sold beer. This was Britain in the dark ages, when education was in shor

59、t supply. Since most of the population were unable to read, pub signs were used to inform would-be customers that they could find a drink inside. The earliest uses of pub names would reference the sign directly. People would arrange to meet “at the sign of the Eagle and Child” rather than “at the E

60、agle and Child.” Today the tradition remains unchanged largely out of respect for the past, but many pub signs do have some functionality. Remote country pubs often use signboards to point the way to their doors from more trafficked(可販賣的)paths. It’s a part of British culture that’s rapidly disappea

61、ring---more than 20,000 pubs have closed since 1980—but for now there are still more than enough around that you can take a moment to appreciate the history and symbolism behind a pub’s sign the next time you see one. 11. What is the text mainly about? A. The history of British pubs B. The import

62、ance of British pub signs C. Why British pubs have illustrated signs D. Why British pubs are unpopular nowadays 11. 主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容得知本文講述了英國酒吧標牌帶插圖的原因。故選C。 【解題剖析】 C【解題剖析】此題屬于主旨大意中的（2）主旨類。概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找 【答案定位】根據(jù)第二段中的you’ll find a hanging signboard with a unique illustration(插圖)that repres

63、ents the name of the business. 第三段中的The first British pub signs were created in 最后一段中的but many pub signs do have some functionality.可知，本文講述了英國酒吧標牌帶插圖的原因。 【推理關(guān)系】題干What is the text mainly about?.?文章內(nèi)容①you’ll find a hanging signboard②The first British pub signs were created.③but many pub signs do have

64、 some functionality.?概括總結(jié)?英國酒吧標牌帶插圖的原因?標題 【答案】根據(jù)①②③總結(jié)概括文章?C選項Why British pubs have illustrated signs 規(guī)律方法2：如何概括文章大意? 1、做概括文章大意題時，有效的方法就是辨認主題句。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實、細節(jié)、觀點去進行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。 2、在選擇答案時，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項逐個排除。 【變式精練】【湖北八校2018屆高三上學(xué)期第一次聯(lián)考】C Ci

65、ties are likely to be affected by overheating, thanks to something called the urban heat island effect. Cities tend to be short of trees, which provide shade, and they are covered with black pavement, which absorbs heat from the sun. Think of how it feels to wear a dark shirt versus a white shirt on

66、 a sunny day. A black shirt absorbs light, heating you up. But a white shirt reflects light, keeping you cool. The average temperature in a city of a million or more people can be more than 5 degrees F hotter than surrounding areas. That extra 5 degrees can turn a hot day from uncomfortable to deadly. As temperatures rise, cities will be an especially dangerous place to be during a heat wave. To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler. As part of that