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1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流 CFA 筆記整理 Income Taxes .....精品文檔...... Income Taxes Tax terminology (稅務(wù)報(bào)表科目) ? Taxable income：Income subject to tax based on the tax return. ? Taxes payable：The tax liability on the balance sheet caused by taxable income. This is also known as current

2、 tax expense. ? Income tax paid：The actual cash flow for income taxes including payments or refunds from other years. ? Tax loss carry forward：A current or past loss that can be used to reduce taxable income (thus, taxes payable) in the future. Can result in a deferred tax asset.由于虧損產(chǎn)生，可以抵扣未來(lái)利潤(rùn) ?

3、 Tax base：Net amount of an asset or liability used for tax reporting purposes. Financial reporting Terminology(財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表科目) ? Accounting profit：Pretax financial income based on financial accounting standards. Also known as income before tax and earnings before tax ? Income tax expense：Expense recogniz

4、ed in the income statement that includes taxes payable and changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities (DTA and DTL). The income tax expense equation is: Income tax expense=taxes payable+ΔDTL-ΔDTA ? Deferred tax liabilities：Balance sheet amounts that result from an excess of income tax expense

5、over taxes payable that are expected to result in future cash outflows. ? Deferred tax assets：Balance sheet amounts that result from an excess of taxes payable over income tax expense that are expected to be recovered from future operations. Can also result from tax loss carry forwards. ? Valuatio

6、n allowance：Reduction of deferred tax assets based on the likelihood the assets will not be realized.(遞延稅資產(chǎn)減值) ? Carrying value：Net balance sheet value of an asset or liability. DTL(遞延稅負(fù)債）和?DTA(遞延稅資產(chǎn)）由于實(shí)際上繳給國(guó)家稅務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的稅金和財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上計(jì)算得出的稅金不一樣產(chǎn)生的。如果交給稅務(wù)局交的比財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表上計(jì)算的交的多，就產(chǎn)生資產(chǎn)（DTA）相反就產(chǎn)生負(fù)債（DTL），資產(chǎn)代表了未來(lái)會(huì)的稅收會(huì)少交(相當(dāng)

7、于receiveble，這部分好處未來(lái)才發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)收到）負(fù)債代表未來(lái)的稅收會(huì)多交。allowance?valuation是針對(duì)DTA來(lái)說(shuō)的，如果這部分好處未來(lái)有可能會(huì)變少，比如現(xiàn)在的DTA是100，但是未來(lái)有可能這部分好處收不回了，比如這個(gè)稅收差異（temporary?difference)的反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間變長(zhǎng)，或者反轉(zhuǎn)可能性降低，就說(shuō)明這個(gè)100，現(xiàn)在值不了100了，要發(fā)生減值了，就好比receivable里的壞賬減值一樣的，如果現(xiàn)在確認(rèn)要發(fā)生allowance?valuation?=20,意思就是要減值20，現(xiàn)在的DTA就減少了，變成100-20=80 Temporary differe

8、nce vs. permanent difference Temporary difference 暫時(shí)性差異 ? Difference will reverse (差異會(huì)反轉(zhuǎn)) Deferred tax assets 由deductible temporary difference 引起未來(lái)taxable income變小 Taxes payable>income tax expense ? B/S amounts that result from an excess of tax payable over income tax expense that are expecte

9、d to be recovered from future operations. 未來(lái)會(huì)recover Deferred tax liabilities 由taxable temporary difference 引起，導(dǎo)致未來(lái)taxable income變大 Taxes payable

10、ws.現(xiàn)在少付的稅，未來(lái)會(huì)多付 Permanent difference 永久性差異 Difference will not reverse, thus no deferred tax issues 差異不會(huì)反轉(zhuǎn)，就不存在遞延的概念 Permanent difference會(huì)引起公司的effective tax rate和法定的statutory tax rate不相等， effect tax rate= income tax expense/pretax income Two steps for deferred tax ? Step 1 Identify DTL and DT

11、A through a B/S approach, ? Step 2 Calculate deferred tax expense B/S approach ? Identify Accounting base and Tax base for every asset and liability item on B/S ? Calculate the difference between two bases ? For assets = accounting base – tax base ? For liabilities = ( - accounting base) – (-

12、tax base ) Positive figure x tax rate = DTL 屬于taxable temporary difference Negative figure x tax rate = DTA 屬于deductible temporary difference 正數(shù)說(shuō)明payable tax小于income tax expense, 產(chǎn)生DTL 負(fù)數(shù)說(shuō)明payable tax大于income tax expense,產(chǎn)生DTA 計(jì)算結(jié)果為累積DTL/DTA Reversal of temporary difference Treatment

13、of DTL If unlikely to be reversed ? Treated as equity [相當(dāng)于向稅務(wù)機(jī)關(guān)融資] If to be reversed ? Treated as true liability If non-reversal/reversal is uncertain ? Ignored Treatment of DTA If<50% probability to be reversed ? Valuation allowance is created DTA’=DTA-Valuation allowance Comparison of IFRS and U.S.GAAP