2t叉車(chē)工作裝置總體設(shè)計(jì)【三級(jí)門(mén)架】【含CAD圖和說(shuō)明書(shū)】,三級(jí)門(mén)架,含CAD圖和說(shuō)明書(shū),叉車(chē),工作,裝置,總體,設(shè)計(jì),三級(jí),CAD,說(shuō)明書(shū) 大連交通大學(xué)信息工程學(xué)院2011屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯 The forklifts With the development of our economy, the equipment manufacturing develops faster too. The forklifts play an increasingly important part in logistics. In order to make better use of forklifts and make our forklifts known by the international countries, we need to get better understanding of basic knowledge of forklifts, some regulations, and try to find out the strategies for our forklifts moving to the international. This essay will focus on these three parts. A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, trailer loader, side loader, fork truck, tow-motor or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. The modern forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing company Clark and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing。 The forklift has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations. Forklift truck is used in project for forking, lifting and stowing things. It is small, light, tight in structure and easy to operate which can work in narrow space. Industrial handling vehicles are widely used in ports, railway stations, airports, freight yard, factory workshops, warehouses, distribution centers etc，and they also can enter the cabin, the compartment within the tray and container cargo handling, handling operations. It is an essential equipment of pallet transportation , container transportation. Forklift plays a very important role at the enterprise's logistics system as the main force in the material handling equipment. It is widely used in railway stations, ports, airports, factories, warehouses, and other national economic sectors, and performances as the important equipment in mechanical handling, stacking and short-distance transportation. Forklift has a long history. Self-propelled forklift trucks appeared in 1917. During World War II, forklifts develops. The middle nineteenth century through the early twentieth century saw the developments that led to today's modern forklifts. The Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 introduced battery powered platform trucks for moving luggage at their Altoona, Pennsylvania train station. World War I saw the development of different types of material handling equipment in the United Kingdom by Ransomes, Sims and Jeffries of Ipswich. This was in part due to the labor shortages caused by the war. In 1917 Clark in the United States began developing and using powered tractor and powered lift tractors in their factories. In 1919 the Towmotor Company and Yale & Towne Manufacturing in 1920 entered the lift truck market in the United States. Continuing development and expanded use of the forklift continued through the 1920s and 1930s. World War II, like World War I before, spurred the use of forklift trucks in the war effort. Following the war, more efficient methods for storing products in warehouses were being implemented. Warehouses needed more maneuverable forklift trucks that could reach greater heights. New forklift models were made that filled this need. In 1956 Toyota introduced its first lift truck model, the Model LA, in Japan and sold its first forklift in the United States in 1967. Now look back to China forklifts, since1950s, manufacturing forklifts appeared in China . Especially with the rapid development of China's economy, most enterprises have been out of the original material handling manual handling, and is replaced by mechanized transport such as forklifts. Therefore, in the past few years, China's demand for forklift trucks reaches a double-digit annual growth. With the development of economy and the industries, many types of forklifts appear to acquire the needs of the markets. Based upon the structure, forklift trucks are of the following types: Standard Trucks: These are the large, sturdy forklift trucks, that are used in warehouses. Standard trucks can lift weights that range between 3,000 to 4,000 pounds. The blades can lift cargo up to a height of 20 feet. Reach Truck: These are narrow-aisled forklifts that usually run on electricity. They are designed for pallet storage, and can lift loads up to a height of 40 feet. If you are looking to lift and unload weights quickly over long distances, reach truck is not the one for you. Order Selector: These are very narrow-aisled trucks that are useful for moving racked loads which are smaller than the pallet size. They can lift both the load as well as the truck operator to a height of 40 feet. Motorized Pallet Trucks: These trucks are also known as walkies, riders or walkie riders. These vehicles derive their names from the fact that the operator does not have to sit inside the vehicle to operate it. In fact, he walks along the side of the truck as it moves the load. Swing Mast Trucks: These are vehicles with a narrow aisle. They are similar in appearance to standard trucks. However, their masts can swing up to 90 degrees in one direction only. Turret Trucks: Turret trucks also have very a narrow aisle. Like the order selector, they can lift both the load as well as the operator. However, in addition to that, turret trucks can swing the forks 90 degrees on either side. Based on whether gas or electricity is used to run the forklifts, there are two types of forklifts: Internal Combustion Forklifts: These vehicles run on gas, liquid propane, diesel or CNG (compressed natural gas). Although the forklifts that run on liquid propane can be used indoors, the gas-run forklifts are meant to be mainly used outdoors as they emit pollutants, and also can work even when it is raining. They can lift weights that range between 15,000 to 35,000 pounds. These vehicles cost less than the electric-run forklifts. However, effectively they are more expensive to use than the electric forklifts due to the fuel and maintenance costs. Electric Forklifts: These run on batteries that need to be charged electrically. As they do not burn any fuel, there are no polluting emissions from these vehicles. Due to this reason, these are more suitable to be used indoors than the internal combustion forklifts. Also, these are quieter and do not require fuel storage units. However, they can't lift loads greater than 15,000 pounds, and have a slower acceleration than the those that run on gas. These two different types have different advantages and disadvantages, people can choose them according to different occasions. Gasoline or propane forklifts are sometimes stronger or faster than electric forklifts, but they are more difficult to maintain, and fuel can be costly. Electric forklifts are great for warehouse use because they do not give off noxious fumes like gas powered machines do. Forklifts have made moving heavy loads very easy and quick for us. However, as is the case with other vehicles, forklift accidents are also common. There are certain safety rules that need to be followed, the most important of which is recruiting a trained operator. Whether you called them jitneys, forklifts or lift trucks, powered industrial trucks are as widely used as your debit card. It seems everywhere you looked these days. Lift trucks are unloading trailers at department stores, tiering product in a warehouse, or loading material at a construction site. Powered industrial trucks are also moving lumber in a sawmill and dropping stock in a grocery store aisle. With over one million lift trucks in operation today, emphasis must be placed on both worker and pedestrian safety. Therefore, the lift truck operators and other affected employees must get the professional training about the operation fork truck and have a good understanding of the safety and health regulations of lift trucks. It is important for forklift operators to follow all safety precautions when using a forklift. Drivers should be careful not to exceed the forklift's weight capacity. Forklift operators also need to be able to handle forklift's rear wheel steering. Driving a forklift is similar to driving a car in reverse, meaning that the driver must constantly steer to keep it moving in a straight line. The driver must be aware of the forklift's ever-changing center of gravity and avoid making any quick sharp turns or going too fast. It is advisable that anyone who operates a forklift be fully trained and licensed. And then about the working environment, ensure that workplace safety inspections are routinely conducted by a person who can identify hazards and conditions that are dangerous to workers .e.g. obstructions in the aisle, blind corners and intersections, and forklifts that come too close to workers on foot .Install the workstations, control panel, and equipment away from the aisle when possible. Do not store bins, racks, or other materials at corners, intersections, or other locations that obstruct the view of operators or workers at workstations. Enforce safe driving practices such as obeying speed limits stopping at stop signs, and slowing down and blowing the horn at intersections. Repair and maintain cracks, crumbling edges, and other defects on loading docks, aisles, and other operating surfaces. With the development of globalization, our industries are recognized by many other countries. However the industries of forklifts still have many problems, we need to find out some strategies to figure out these problems and make our forklifts recognized by the world. We can see that the companies are facing the all round competition with the intercultural companies in forklift industries. These competitions not only lie on the products but also the talents and the ability to invent. Therefore, it is a must for our companies to enter the international market. Through the former experience, there are four tackles we need to solve when we enter the world. First is certification, whether our forklifts are recognized by the ISOC is a difficult question. Only we get the EC certification, can we be known by the European countries and the united states. It is the key point for our export. The second is quality. The international market demand higher on quality than our national market. If the quality of our products can not pass the standard of the world, our forklifts are difficult to be receipted by the international customers. And the problems caused by quality also can destroy the reputation of companies, and affects the exports. The third is the services. The companies should keep continuing after services after the selling. The time and quality are also some questions customers considering in the purchasing. Now some companies and districts have also built a complete system for providing after services in our countries, which makes a better foundation for sustaining development. The fourth is intellectual property. The international market especially the developed countries have a strict system for protecting property. For example, in the united states, if a product is against the regulation of the intellectual property, the International Committee of the United States will distribute general orders and all related products will be excluded out of the American market. In order to gain a firm foot hood in the international market, some companies are trying to invent some better products and have got some achievements. Once be accepted by the international market, the exports and earnings of the forklifts manufacturing will maintain a rapid sustain growth. Forklifts have revolutionized warehouse work. They made it possible for one person to move thousands of pounds at once. Well-maintained and safely operated forklifts make lifting and transporting cargo infinitely easier. We need to make better use of it. And get better understanding of forklifts and notice the safety when using forklift trucks, and try to manufacture products of high quality to enter the international market. Only have a basic knowledge of the forklifts and the rules of the international market, can we get some achievements and reach our goals. 7 叉車(chē) 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，我國(guó)的裝備制造業(yè)也得到了快速發(fā)展，叉車(chē)在物流運(yùn)輸中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用，為了更好的利用和發(fā)展叉車(chē)制造業(yè)，使得我國(guó)的叉車(chē)能夠走向國(guó)際，我們應(yīng)該全面的掌握叉車(chē)的基本知識(shí)，以及它的使用注意事項(xiàng)，同時(shí)也要找出我國(guó)叉車(chē)走向國(guó)際的策略。本文將著重從這三個(gè)方面介紹叉車(chē)。 叉車(chē)（又稱叉架起貨機(jī)，又名鏟車(chē)，推高機(jī)）是指企業(yè)內(nèi)對(duì)成件托盤(pán)貨物進(jìn)行裝卸、堆垛和短距離運(yùn)輸作業(yè)的各種輪式搬運(yùn)車(chē)輛。國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織ISO/TC110稱為工業(yè)車(chē)輛。叉車(chē)的發(fā)展于1920年代，今天在生產(chǎn)和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)程中它已成為不可或缺的設(shè)備。 叉車(chē)是用于叉取、搬運(yùn)、堆垛等作業(yè)的一種工程車(chē)輛。它體積小、重量輕、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊操作靈活,可以在工作場(chǎng)地狹小的空間作業(yè)。工業(yè)搬運(yùn)車(chē)輛廣泛應(yīng)用于港口、車(chē)站、機(jī)場(chǎng)、貨場(chǎng)、工廠車(chē)間、倉(cāng)庫(kù)、流通中心和配送中心等，并可進(jìn)入船艙、車(chē)廂和集裝箱內(nèi)進(jìn)行托盤(pán)貨物的裝卸、搬運(yùn)作業(yè)。是托盤(pán)運(yùn)輸、集裝箱運(yùn)輸必不可少的設(shè)備。 叉車(chē)在企業(yè)的物流系統(tǒng)中扮演著非常重要的角色，是物料搬運(yùn)設(shè)備中的主力軍。廣泛應(yīng)用于車(chē)站、港口、機(jī)場(chǎng)、工廠、倉(cāng)庫(kù)等國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門(mén)，是機(jī)械化裝卸、堆垛和短距離運(yùn)輸?shù)母咝гO(shè)備。叉車(chē)的歷史發(fā)展久遠(yuǎn)，自行式叉車(chē)出現(xiàn)于1917年。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，叉車(chē)得到發(fā)展。世界叉車(chē)的發(fā)展追溯到早期發(fā)現(xiàn)十九世紀(jì)，直至今天的現(xiàn)代叉車(chē)。在1906年賓夕法尼亞州火車(chē)站推出行李平臺(tái)車(chē)電池用于搬運(yùn)行李。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)出現(xiàn)了不同的材料的設(shè)備機(jī)這是由英國(guó)Ransome ，Sims和伊普斯維奇杰弗里斯發(fā)明的。產(chǎn)生這些的部分原因是由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)造成勞工短缺。美國(guó)的克拉克在1917年開(kāi)始在他們的工廠開(kāi)發(fā)和使用馬力拖拉機(jī)和供電拖拉機(jī)。 1919年，Towmotor公司及耶魯湯制造業(yè)在1920年進(jìn)入了美國(guó)叉車(chē)市場(chǎng)。叉車(chē)的使用繼續(xù)發(fā)展和擴(kuò)大一直持續(xù)到20世紀(jì)20年代和30年代。二戰(zhàn)像第一次世界大戰(zhàn)一樣，刺激了叉車(chē)用在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的作用。戰(zhàn)后，更有效的存儲(chǔ)倉(cāng)庫(kù)物品的方法正在運(yùn)行。 倉(cāng)庫(kù)需要更有效的機(jī)動(dòng)叉車(chē)以便適應(yīng)更高的高度運(yùn)輸。因此新的叉車(chē)品種被發(fā)明制造出來(lái)以適應(yīng)這一需求。在1956年日本的豐田推出它的第一個(gè)叉車(chē)模型, 并于1967年在美國(guó)售出第一輛叉車(chē)。而中國(guó)從20世紀(jì)50年代初開(kāi)始制造叉車(chē)。特別是隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，大部分企業(yè)的物料搬運(yùn)已經(jīng)脫離了原始的人工搬運(yùn)，取而代之的是以叉車(chē)為主的機(jī)械化搬運(yùn)。因此，在過(guò)去的幾年中，中國(guó)叉車(chē)市場(chǎng)的需求量每年都以兩位數(shù)的速度增長(zhǎng)。 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)以及叉車(chē)制造也的發(fā)展，根據(jù)不同的市場(chǎng)需求，社會(huì)上出現(xiàn)了各種模式的叉車(chē)。叉車(chē)的品種繁多，根據(jù)叉車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)可以講叉車(chē)分為一下種類(lèi)： 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形叉車(chē)卡車(chē)：這是大的，堅(jiān)固的叉車(chē)，是在倉(cāng)庫(kù)使用。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的叉車(chē)可以舉起的重量是3000至4000磅。它的貨架可以舉起貨物至20英尺高的高度。 到達(dá)形叉車(chē)：這是一種通過(guò)電力發(fā)動(dòng)的叉車(chē)，他們是用于托盤(pán)搬運(yùn)的，可以提升貨物至40英尺的高度，他不適合用于長(zhǎng)途搬運(yùn)卸載貨物。 選擇性叉車(chē);這種類(lèi)型的叉車(chē)適用于搬運(yùn)小型貨物，它可以同時(shí)將貨物和機(jī)艙提成至40英尺的高度。 電動(dòng)托盤(pán)車(chē)：這種車(chē)因?yàn)槠洳僮飨到y(tǒng)得名而來(lái)。駕駛員可以不用坐在駕駛室里操縱叉車(chē)，只需站在車(chē)旁指揮車(chē)的裝卸。 擺動(dòng)型大型叉車(chē)：這種車(chē)和普通的大型卡車(chē)類(lèi)似，但是她的門(mén)架可以在同一方向擺動(dòng)至90度。 塔車(chē)：這種車(chē)和選擇型車(chē)型類(lèi)似，可以將貨物提升至很高的高度，但是她的伸縮臂可以在任意方向神說(shuō)至90度。 根據(jù)叉車(chē)是使用氣題還電力來(lái)發(fā)動(dòng)，可以講其分為兩類(lèi)： 內(nèi)燃叉車(chē)：一般采用柴油、汽油、液化石油氣或天然氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)作為動(dòng)力，載荷能力 1.2～8.0噸，作業(yè)通道寬度一般為3.5～5.0米，考慮到尾氣排放和噪音問(wèn)題，通常用在室外、車(chē)間或其他對(duì)尾氣排放和噪音沒(méi)有特殊要求的場(chǎng)所。由于 燃料補(bǔ)充方便，因此可實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的連續(xù)作業(yè)，而且能勝任在惡劣的環(huán)境下（如雨天）工作。但是考慮到氣的費(fèi)用，內(nèi)燃叉車(chē)一般比電動(dòng)叉車(chē)費(fèi)用更高。 以電動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力，蓄電池為能源。承載能力 1.0～4.8噸，作業(yè)通道寬度一般為3.5～5.0米。由于沒(méi)有污染、噪音小，因此廣泛應(yīng)用于對(duì)環(huán)境要求較高的工況，如醫(yī)藥、食品等行業(yè)。由于每個(gè)電池一般在工作約8小時(shí)后需要充電，因此對(duì)于多班制的工況需要配備備用電池。同時(shí)由于沒(méi)有污染，因此是室內(nèi)等的搬運(yùn)的最佳選擇。 這兩種車(chē)型各有利弊，可以根據(jù)場(chǎng)地，費(fèi)用等來(lái)自行選擇。 叉車(chē)使得我們搬運(yùn)貨物變得非常簡(jiǎn)單容易，但是像其他車(chē)輛一樣，叉車(chē)事故也是很常見(jiàn)的，因此，必須要遵守一定的規(guī)章制度，其中最重要的是需要聘用一個(gè)經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練的駕駛員。不管你腳踏叉車(chē)，鏟車(chē)還是起重機(jī)，這種大型搬運(yùn)機(jī)已經(jīng)像我們的信用卡一樣被廣泛應(yīng)用與我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪?，生活中隨處可見(jiàn)。叉車(chē)用于叉取、搬運(yùn)、堆垛等作業(yè)。鑒于社會(huì)上100萬(wàn)的叉車(chē)使用量，叉車(chē)的使用安全需要再次被強(qiáng)調(diào)。因此，叉車(chē)駕駛員以及其他的工作人員都需要對(duì)叉車(chē)以及安全知識(shí)有一個(gè)全面的了解，同時(shí)要熟悉各項(xiàng)規(guī)章制度。駕駛員應(yīng)該注意叉車(chē)的裝載量，不應(yīng)超載。駕駛叉車(chē)與駕駛一輛在玩到行駛的車(chē)一樣，需要非常的靈活同時(shí)又要做到穩(wěn)重。駕駛員需要經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練同時(shí)執(zhí)有執(zhí)照才可以上崗。其次，關(guān)于工作環(huán)境，工作車(chē)間需要有一定的工作人員來(lái)觀察和調(diào)查周?chē)奈ｋU(xiǎn)排除障礙。比如一些道路上的攔路虎，盲區(qū)的細(xì)節(jié)。不要將一些棒棍子等放在妨礙駕駛員和工作人員的角落里?？傊?，駕駛與運(yùn)行叉車(chē)都需要十分的小心和謹(jǐn)慎，每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都很重要。 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的到來(lái)加速了我國(guó)走出去的步伐，制造業(yè)在出口的比重也越來(lái)也重要，然而我國(guó)的叉車(chē)在世界范圍內(nèi)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力仍然比較薄弱，因此，我們應(yīng)該提出相應(yīng)的策略，來(lái)推動(dòng)叉車(chē)的發(fā)展，以便走向國(guó)際。 可以看到, 國(guó)內(nèi)叉車(chē)企業(yè)正面臨與跨國(guó)叉車(chē)巨頭們的全方位競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 不僅僅是產(chǎn)品, 還包括資金研發(fā)能力管理理念和人才培養(yǎng)等 因此,開(kāi)拓國(guó)際市場(chǎng), 對(duì)本土叉車(chē)公司來(lái)說(shuō), 已經(jīng)是必走之途 但是從以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看, 國(guó)內(nèi)叉車(chē)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品要 想打人國(guó)際市場(chǎng), 必須突破以下四個(gè)關(guān)口: 一是認(rèn)證關(guān)我國(guó)叉車(chē)產(chǎn)品能否獲得有關(guān)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)認(rèn)證是出口的一大難關(guān)其中EC 認(rèn)證標(biāo)志是被允許進(jìn)人歐盟市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售的通行證EC 認(rèn)證是用以證實(shí)該產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)通過(guò)了相應(yīng)的合格評(píng)定程序或制造 商的合格標(biāo)志性聲明,無(wú)論在歐洲美國(guó)日本或其他國(guó)家都能獲得很好的出口效應(yīng),取得相關(guān)國(guó)家的認(rèn)證是影響叉車(chē)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)人這些市場(chǎng)的關(guān)鍵。二是質(zhì)量關(guān) 國(guó)際市場(chǎng)對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的要求比國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)高如果產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不能達(dá)到國(guó)際通行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 就很難被國(guó)外客戶接受，而由產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量導(dǎo)致的問(wèn)題會(huì)損害害企業(yè)的聲譽(yù), 使出口業(yè)務(wù)受到影響 國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)通常采用的方式是出口產(chǎn)品使用國(guó)外進(jìn)口的關(guān)鍵零部件同時(shí)提升企業(yè)自主研發(fā)的能力國(guó)產(chǎn)化率的提高能夠大大降低產(chǎn)品成本. 三是服務(wù)關(guān)叉車(chē)在銷(xiāo)售之后,通常還保持持續(xù)的售后服務(wù), 服務(wù)的及時(shí)性和品質(zhì)也是影響客戶購(gòu)買(mǎi)的重要因素現(xiàn)在看來(lái),通過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)氐拇砩踢M(jìn)行售后服務(wù)是國(guó)際上比較通行的做法 目前, 我國(guó)已經(jīng)有部分企業(yè)在主要國(guó)家和地區(qū)市場(chǎng)上建立了比較完善的售后服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò), 為持續(xù)發(fā)展打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。四是知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān) 國(guó)際市場(chǎng)尤其是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家市場(chǎng)對(duì)于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)非常嚴(yán)格 例如在美國(guó), 如果某一個(gè)產(chǎn)品侵犯美國(guó)訴方的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),致使美國(guó)國(guó)際委員會(huì)發(fā)布普遍排除令,那么與之相關(guān)的所有企業(yè)都將會(huì)被排除在美國(guó)市場(chǎng)之外。為了在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)站穩(wěn)腳跟, 許多國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)都正在加快自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)工作, 并且取得了一定的成效不過(guò),一旦產(chǎn)品能夠被國(guó)際市場(chǎng)所接受, 那么在此后一段時(shí)期內(nèi), 叉車(chē)企業(yè)的出口收人以及利潤(rùn)都將會(huì)保持快速增長(zhǎng)。 叉車(chē)使得我們?nèi)祟?lèi)能夠一次負(fù)重幾千磅重物的愿望有了實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能。因此，我們?nèi)祟?lèi)應(yīng)該充分利用它來(lái)為我們的生活經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。只有對(duì)叉車(chē)充分的了解，對(duì)叉車(chē)使用安全知識(shí)的掌握才能使我們更好的運(yùn)行它。同時(shí)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的大趨勢(shì)下，只有了解國(guó)際形勢(shì)，制訂出相應(yīng)的應(yīng)變策略，我們的叉車(chē)制造業(yè)才能在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)站穩(wěn)腳跟。