喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 世界最新機械設(shè)計理念 來源:中國科技期刊 摘要:根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進行機械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計時的主要思維特點，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識和智能。這幾種方法的特點及其相互間的有機聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機實現(xiàn)的努力方向。 關(guān)鍵詞：機械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計方法發(fā)展趨勢 設(shè)計文件是將語義設(shè)計網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計工具，在其開發(fā)的活性語義設(shè)計網(wǎng)ASK中，采用結(jié)點和線條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計，結(jié)點表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等)，線條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點間不同的語義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計過程中的所有活動和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計要求的定義到每一個結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達，實現(xiàn)了計算機輔助設(shè)計過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：將設(shè)計看成由若干個設(shè)計要素組成的一個系統(tǒng)，每個設(shè)計要素具有獨立性，各個要素間存在著有機的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計要素結(jié)合后，即可實現(xiàn)設(shè)計系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計思想于70年代由德國學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會在這一設(shè)計思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標準VDI2221技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計方法。 1. 將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和零件設(shè)計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。 2. 將產(chǎn)品看作有機體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計層次。同時采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 3. 將機械設(shè)計中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個基本問題：一是把要設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品作為一個系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分（單元）及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程看成一個系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計目標，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設(shè)計階段。 由于每個設(shè)計者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點不同，進行方案設(shè)計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法。 4. 設(shè)計元素法 用五個設(shè)計元素（功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù)）描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認為一個產(chǎn)品的五個設(shè)計元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設(shè)計學(xué)者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。 5. 圖形建模法 研制的“設(shè)計分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。 將設(shè)計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點，將設(shè)計方法解與信息技術(shù)進行集成，實現(xiàn)了設(shè)計過程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。 6. “構(gòu)思”—“設(shè)計”法 將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計”兩個階段?！皹?gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計”階段的工作則是具體實現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。 將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿足設(shè)計任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機械運動簡圖)。方案的“設(shè)計”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計單元(GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡圖，把設(shè)計專家憑直覺設(shè)計的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計”階段。 7. 鍵合圖法 將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個設(shè)計方案的方法。 提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個或幾個模塊化的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個系統(tǒng)。 本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標準化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和CAD技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計與組合設(shè)計相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級模塊化原理，將加工中心機床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級、部件級、組件級和元件級，并利用專家知識和CAD技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。 以設(shè)計為目錄作為選擇變異機械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具，提出將設(shè)計的解元素進行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計目錄。并在解集設(shè)計目錄中列出評論每一個解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計工程師選擇解元素。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設(shè)計與制造，以及從用戶對產(chǎn)品的功能需求→設(shè)計→加工→裝配→成品這一并行工程的實現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達到這些目標的重要前提條件之一，就是實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計軟件愈來愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計中，虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計中初露鋒芒。目前，德國等發(fā)達國家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標準STEP，以及標準虛擬現(xiàn)實造型語言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標準交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用。 機械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計正朝著計算機輔助實現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計制造需求的方向邁進，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機實現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達到上述目標的方案設(shè)計工具軟件。作者認為，綜合運用文中四種類型設(shè)計方法是達到這一目標有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機械設(shè)計的領(lǐng)域知識有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計算機軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設(shè)計學(xué)者也已意識到CAD技術(shù)與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施。 基于產(chǎn)品特征知識設(shè)計方法的主要特點是：用計算機能夠識別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗，建立相應(yīng)的知識庫及推理機，再利用已存儲的領(lǐng)域知識和建立的推理機制實現(xiàn)計算機輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計。 機械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗進行推量和決策，完成機構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實現(xiàn)這一階段的計算機輔助設(shè)計，必須研究知識的自動獲取、表達、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者針對機械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計知識的自動化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。 The worlds Latest Mechanical Design Conceptssource：China Science and Technology JournalAbstract:According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanicaldesign product design features of the main ideas, product design method of theprogramsummarizedassystematic,modularstructure,basedonproductcharacteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods andtheir organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computerproduct design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design MethodDevelopment Trends Design documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool inthe design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes andlines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such asdesign tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust thelines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the designprocess all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of theearly design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be definedby the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process,the leap from the abstract to the concrete.Asystematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by anumber of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, eachelement of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the designelements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70s by the German scholar Professor Pahl andBeitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design,advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on thebasis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems andproduct development design methods.1.The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structuredesign and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro fromthe product development process of starting the use of quality function deploymentmethod and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently convertedto the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational controlprocedures method.2.The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means ofliving systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successfulhierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level andproduct level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used toexpress the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structureformation of product features.3.The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basicquestions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way todetermine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations1; is the productdesign process as a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonablydetermine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designers point of research questions and to consider the questionof emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here aresome representative of the systematic design methods.4.Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements,and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determinethe value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristicsof the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methodsdesigned to describe the products original understanding.5.Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with thelevel of clear graphic description of a products functional structure and its associatedabstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphicalmodeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology andexchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be usedgraphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integrationconditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relationsbetween any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integrationand information technology to realize the design process of information betweendifferent abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6.Concept - Design methodProducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. Conceptphase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the originalunderstanding of design tasks. Design stage of work is a concrete realization of theoriginal understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the programs idea of specific described as: In accordance with theappropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of theoriginal understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function isperformed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of thephysical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector andstructural elements further the interaction between the formation of the functionaldiagram ( mechanical diagram). The program design is based on functional diagram,the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements,and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts( feature vectors), the shape and location to be structure diagram3. Roper, H. usinggraph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (GE), structuralelements (KE), functional structural elements (FKE), connect structural elements(VKE), Structural Parts (KT), structure element part (KET) concepts, as well asdescribe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of theinteractions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive designprofessionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of aneffective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to ideas anddesign stage.7.Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produceenergy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energytransfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping tofunction-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure theautomatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automaticconversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of designmethods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has somefeatures broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection andcombination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products.These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operationdepartment),andisserialized,universal,integrated,hierarchical,agile,economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. Chinascombination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant designcombined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification,will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level,component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledgeand CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specificationsof functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into differentmodules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure ofthe tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout,the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed tocomment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is verybeneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design andmanufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrentengineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals oneof the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensionalvisualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and moreintelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual realitytechnology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut.At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on researchhypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standardvirtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtualenvironments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligentdesign and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture ofdirection, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation startedlate, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools4. Authorbelieves that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effectiveway to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are moreinvolved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-relatedknowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory,computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such asdomain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in researchin this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD designtechnology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and itsmeasures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using acomputer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product andits design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriateknowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and theestablishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product,and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume anddecision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achievethis stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition ofknowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end,the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical systemdesign knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, theapproach can be summarized into the following several. 河北工業(yè)大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書 畢業(yè)論文題目：輪組式爬樓梯輪椅機器人傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 適合專業(yè): 機械 學(xué)生學(xué)號： 姓名： 班級： 指導(dǎo)教師： 職稱： 下達任務(wù)日期：201x年3月15日 1．內(nèi)容要求： 輪椅是殘疾人的代步工具，由于傳統(tǒng)的輪椅沒有動力源，對老年人及殘疾人或高度殘疾人帶來很大的代步障礙，為此研究與設(shè)計一種自帶動力源的爬樓梯輪椅就成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。本課題對輪組式輪椅爬樓梯機構(gòu)傳動系統(tǒng)進行設(shè)計與計算，通過該傳動系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計能實現(xiàn)有效的轉(zhuǎn)向控制，從而控制輪椅實現(xiàn)爬樓梯的動作要求及運動要求。 參考文獻 1． 電動輪椅使用說明書 2． 現(xiàn)代機械設(shè)計手冊 3． 最新汽車設(shè)計實用手冊-轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 4． 胡慶龍 關(guān)節(jié)履帶式移動機器人控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計及爬樓梯分析 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué) 碩士論文 2010年 2. 方法要求： 要求根據(jù)機械設(shè)計理論及方法在已有專利技術(shù)及樣機基礎(chǔ)上，設(shè)計一種新的輪組式輪椅機構(gòu)，要求根據(jù)機械原理知識、零件設(shè)計知識及計算機繪圖知識對待設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品進行理論分析及計算，能夠?qū)ΜF(xiàn)有技術(shù)提出改進性意見，且具有可操作性。 3．過程要求： 本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題工作進度計劃： 起 迄 日 期 工 作 內(nèi) 容 201年3月15日~ 201年3月20日 閱讀老師提供的文獻資料，對有關(guān)電動輪椅轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)文獻進行檢索，并提出研究思路。 201年3月21日~ 201年3月25日 根據(jù)研究思路，擬輪椅傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計方案，提交前期報告。 201年3月26日~ 201年4月1日 基礎(chǔ)器件的選擇及計算，并繪制裝配圖，AUTOCAD繪制電動爬樓梯輪椅裝配圖（零號圖）。 201年4月2日~ 201年4月8日 繪制裝配圖，并進行設(shè)計及計算。 201年4月9日~ 201年4月15日 繪制裝配圖及零件UG三維造型。 201年4月16日~ 201年4月22日 用三維造型軟件繪制電動爬樓梯輪椅裝配圖。 201年4月23日~ 201年4月29日 繪制輪椅傳動系統(tǒng)裝配結(jié)構(gòu)圖（1號圖）, 撰寫中期成果及提交中期報告 201年4月30日~ 201年5月6日 繪制輪椅傳動及輪組裝配結(jié)構(gòu)圖 201年5月7日~ 201年5月13日 繪制部分零件圖（3張零件圖） 201年5月14日~ 201年5月20日 撰寫中期成果及提交中期報告 201年5月21日~ 201年5月27日 整理圖紙及撰寫使用說明。 201年5月28日~ 201年6月8日 提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計資料，提交畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書及論文最終稿（總的2張零號圖，1個三維造型圖，1份說明書） 201年6月 9 日~ 201年6月 12 日 參加畢業(yè)答辯。 2