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1、閱讀理解命題特點 1. 了解近年來中考閱讀理解命題的特點，能夠根據(jù)所學(xué)知識對閱讀素材進行剖析。 2. 能夠準(zhǔn)確識別選項中的干擾項，正確理解文意。 重點：運用所學(xué)知識，掌握閱讀素材的題材、體裁及文章的特點。 難點：掌握隱含在文章中隱形的信息。 1. 近年來，閱讀理解的選文多以趣味性、科普性和生活類為主，文章更加貼近中學(xué)生的生活，能夠引起考生的興趣； 2. 選文涉及到應(yīng)用文、記敘文、說明文和議論文。而議論文往往對考生的能力要求高，篇幅較長，也難以讀懂，需要考生有扎實的語言和生活基礎(chǔ)。 1. 語篇選材多為時文，題材多元化，信息豐富 選材包括日常生活、傳說、

2、人物傳記、社會文化、新聞、史地、科普等，語言地道純正，原汁原味，具有鮮明的英語語言文化特點，重視社會的熱點問題、追蹤科技前沿，具有濃厚的時代氣息，使閱讀考查更貼近實際生活。體裁包括記敘文、說明文、議論文、應(yīng)用文等，并且各占一定比例。下面對北京市近3年的中考閱讀理解進行歸納： 2012 2013 2014 A B C D A B C D A B C D 體裁 應(yīng)用文 說明文 說明文 議論文 應(yīng)用文 記敘文 議論文 說明文 應(yīng)用文 記敘文 說明文 議論文 題材 廣告 英國流行的體育項目 產(chǎn)品的名字 學(xué)校教育的真

3、諦 雜志流行文章 茉莉花開花的感悟 自信心 曲棍球簡介 廣告 失明少年的勵志故事 人類群體歸屬感 如何幫助孩子有條理地生活 2. 堅持把閱讀技能作為考查目標(biāo) 命題既考查考生對文章字面的理解能力，又考查考生對文章寓意的理解能力，對文章中敘述的具體事實的理解能力，以及根據(jù)上下文對某些詞義、句義的推斷理解能力和對文章的主旨大意、作者觀點、態(tài)度的理解及邏輯推斷和判斷能力。 3. 增加了生詞量，加大了推斷詞義能力的考查 要求考生根據(jù)上下文或整篇文章才能做出判斷，并利用構(gòu)詞法等知識猜測詞義，進而探測作者的隱含意思。 4. 考點分布格局恰當(dāng)，試題設(shè)計合理，干擾項

4、設(shè)置水平高 試題設(shè)計符合考生的認知水平，有效地避免違背生活常識和語段本意的偏題、怪題；題干簡潔明晰、既避免長句、難句，又避免生硬的套語；選項表意清楚，關(guān)系合理，答案唯一。干擾項只有涉及到語篇的內(nèi)容才有可能發(fā)揮干擾功能。 (天津中考) Is there intelligent (有智力的) life on other planets? For years, scientists said “no.” or “we don’t know.” But today this is changing. Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett

5、 are astronomers(天文學(xué)家). They believe intelligent life exists (存在) somewhere in the universe. They also think we will soon contact these beings(人；生物). Why do Shostak and Barnett think intelligent life exists on other planets? The first reason is time. Scientists believe the universe is about 12

6、billion years old. “This is long enough for other planets to have intelligent life,” say Shostak and Barnett. The second reason is size—the universe is huge. “Tools like the Hubble Telescope(哈勃望遠鏡) have shown that there are at least 100 billion galaxies,” says Shostak. “And our galaxy, the Milky Way

7、, has at least 100 billion stars. Some planets going around these stars might be similar to Earth.” In the past, it was hard to look for signs of intelligent life in the universe. But now, powerful telescopes(高倍望遠鏡) allow scientists to discover smaller planets—the size of Mars or Earth—in other

8、 solar systems. These planets might have intelligent life. Have beings from space already visited Earth? “Probably not,” says Shostak. “It’s a long way away. However, intelligent beings may contact us in other way, such as radio signals(信號). In fact, they may be trying to communicate with us no

9、w, but we don’t have the right tools to receive their messages. However, this is changing. By 2025, we could make contact with other life forms in our universe and we might help each other.” 1. Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are _____________. A. astronomers B. farmers C. singers

10、 D. drivers 2. What is the best title for Paragraph 2? A. The Age and Size of Earth B. Our Galaxy: The Milky Way C. Why Intelligent Life Might Exist D. Earth: The Only Planet with Intelligent Life 3. Why was it hard to look for signs of intelligent life in the universe i

11、n the past? A. There were not any smaller planets. B. There were not any powerful telescopes. C. The astronomers were not interested in them. D. The Milky Way didn’t exist at that time. 4. Why haven’t beings from space visited us yet according to Shostak? A. They’re afrai

12、d of us. B. It’s a long way away. C. They don’t want to see us. D. They don’t know how to use radio signals. 5. What does the underlined phrase “l(fā)ife forms” in the last paragraph mean? A. Messages. B. Tools. C. Intelligent beings. D. Radio sign

13、als. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。主要介紹的是其他星球上的智力動物，科學(xué)家借助高倍望遠鏡，已經(jīng)觀測到宇宙中的某個地方存在這些智力物種，人類在不久的將來會與它們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。 1. A 思路分析：細節(jié)理解題。題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett兩個名字。因此定位于文章的第一段第四句“Seth Shostak and Alexandra Barnett are astronomers(天文學(xué)家). ”，可知答案為A。 2. C 思路分析：主旨大意題。題干要求選出第二段的最佳標(biāo)題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句話“Why do Shostak a

14、nd Barnett think intelligent life exists on other planets?”可以判斷出，本段的核心內(nèi)容為闡述為什么這兩名天文學(xué)家相信其他星球上存在智力物種，故選C。 3. B 思路分析：細節(jié)理解題。本題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為hard to look for signs of intelligent life in the universe in the past，因此答案定位于文章的第三段第二句“But now, powerful telescopes(高倍望遠鏡) allow scientists to discover smaller planets

15、…”可以判斷出，主要原因是過去沒有高倍望遠鏡，故選B。 4. B 思路分析：細節(jié)理解題。本題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為 beings from space visited us，因此定位于文章最后一段第三句的“It’s a long way away. ”，可知答案為B。 5. C 思路分析：詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章最后一句中 life forms前的contact以及other這兩個詞，同時對比本段第四句話“…intelligent beings may contact us in other way…”可以判斷出life forms就是指intelligent beings，故選C。 閱讀

16、理解的題型及解題技巧 了解閱讀理解的題目設(shè)置，掌握一些解題的方法，能夠在現(xiàn)有知識的基礎(chǔ)上掌握材料的主旨大意；了解文章的事實和有關(guān)細節(jié)；能夠猜測有關(guān)詞匯和個別句子的意義；理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系；根據(jù)所讀材料進行一定的判斷、推理。正確領(lǐng)會作者的觀點和技巧。 重點：運用閱讀技巧解決閱讀過程中出現(xiàn)的問題。 難點：在理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上進行的推理判斷。 眾所周知，英語閱讀理解題的分值很高，是所有題型中占分比例最大的一道題，在閱讀理解上是否得高分，是能否取得好成績的關(guān)鍵。 問題設(shè)置上可以將問題總結(jié)為四種類型： 1. 細節(jié)理解題 (1) 設(shè)題特點 這類試題往往提供

17、數(shù)字、圖表和文字描寫等特定的情景，有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，而有些則是雖然選項敘述的角度與文章表述的語言不同，實則是同義句。 (2) 常見的提問方式 ①Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? ②Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the passage? ③What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? ④The reason for . . .is . . . ⑤

18、From the passage we can know that . . . ⑥According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. )... (3) 解題技巧 做此類題的方法一般是先用尋讀法找出與問題相關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對相關(guān)的部分進行細讀，排除干擾項，找出正確答案。 (1) I had the meanest mother in the world. While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have cereal, eggs and to

19、ast. Others had cokes and candy for lunch, while we had to eat a sandwich. As you can guess, my supper was different from the other kids’. But at least I was not alone in my suffering. My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did. Question: How many children does the writer’s mo

20、ther have? A. Four. B. Two. C. Three. D. Six. 答案：A 思路分析：帶著問題找文章，以題干給出的特殊疑問詞how many為線索，可以容易地找出答案定位在該段的最后一句，由此可知，她家的孩子有：一個妹妹、兩個弟弟和作者，共四個孩子。 (2) INTERNATIONAL RADIO — WHAT’S ON? 18:00 World News Program The latest news from around the world. 18:10 What Do You Think? Phone

21、in with your opinion about today’s hot topics: Why is the world getting fatter? How can we look after our world better to save the planet? Should we all get free healthcare or should we pay ourselves? 19:00 World Business Business news of the day, with up-to-date information about the world bus

22、iness in Europe, Asia and America. 19:20 Teen Dreams Listen to 10 teenagers from different places in Asia talking about their dreams for the future. What is more important for them—money, education or love? Question: When can you phone in if you have a problem with your friend? A. At 18:10.

23、 B. At 19:00. C. At 19:20. D. At 18:00. 答案：C 思路分析：由題干的特殊疑問詞when可知，應(yīng)該是在詢問時間；而由條件狀語從句的if you have a problem with your friend?可知，題干在詢問你和朋友間出現(xiàn)的問題，快速瀏覽表格可知，只有Teen Dreams在談?wù)撉嗌倌觊g的問題，進而鎖定答案C。 2. 詞義猜測題 (1) 設(shè)題特點 這類試題常見的命題方式是根據(jù)上下文猜測劃線詞或短語的漢語意思，或者根據(jù)其在句中的意思選擇一個近義詞等。 (2) 常見的提問方式

24、 ①What does the underlined word “ … ” mean in the passage? ②The underlined word “ … ” is the closest in meaning to ________. ③“ … ”in Paragraph… means that_________. ④What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph… mean? ⑤The Chinese meaning of the word “ … ” in this passage is ________. ⑥The

25、 expression “ … ” in Paragraph…means ________. ⑦The underlined word “ … ” in Paragraph…refers to _______. (3)解題技巧 ①利用上下文猜測 在文章中，有時作者為了避免重復(fù)或是表達相反意思，而使用相近或相反意思的詞匯。 A. 表示順接關(guān)系 劃線詞上下文中有近義詞或短語出現(xiàn)，有時還會用and, or, like等連接。 Two years ago the United States National Academy of Science la

26、unched the “Safe Drinking Water Is Essential” site. It was set up to provide high-quality scientific information about improving the safety of drinking water supplies. Question: What does the underlined word “l(fā)aunched” mean in the second paragraph? A. 取消 B. 改善 C. 創(chuàng)辦 D. 改變 答案

27、：C 思路分析：同學(xué)們可從下句“它被創(chuàng)立是為了提供高質(zhì)量的科研信息(關(guān)于提高安全飲用水的供應(yīng))”。由此可知“set up”可知“l(fā)aunch”同義，下文是對上文的進一步解釋，故選C。 B. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 常見的有but, while, however等詞。 John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, however, his wife is very thrifty. Question: What does the underlined word “ thrifty” mean in the

28、 passage? A. 浪費的 B. 節(jié)儉的 C.勤奮的 D. 懶惰的 答案：B 思路分析：句中的 however表示轉(zhuǎn)折，往往突出前后文的對比；由前文的wastes a lot of money on such useless things在沒有用的事物上浪費了許多錢，可知，他的妻子是節(jié)儉的，故選B。 ②利用釋義猜測詞義 我們有時可在文章中找到類似be called, is, that is, namely，in other words, to mean 等對生詞做出解釋的引導(dǎo)詞，或是用破折號“—”、冒號“：”等標(biāo)點符號引出解釋。

29、 It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily. Question: What does “brittle” mean? 答案：易碎的 思路分析：根據(jù)that is后的內(nèi)容可推斷出。 ③利用構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義 我們總會遇到一些新詞匯，有時很難根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義，此時可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法推斷詞義。英語最基本的構(gòu)詞法有三種：派生，合成和轉(zhuǎn)化。 I am moved by the story of this boy. We need the courage to face

30、 death, and we should also feel the thankfulness for those who help us. Question: What does the underline word“thankfulness”mean？ A. 感恩 B. 寬容 C. 誠信 D. 奉獻 答案：A 思路分析：根據(jù)我們熟知的“thankful”(感激的，感恩的)，再根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法thankful + ness,可知thankfulness 是感恩(名詞)。 ④根據(jù)生活常識猜測詞義 有時我們可以運用邏輯推

31、理能力、自身生活經(jīng)驗或生活常識猜測出詞義。 It was a great way to get his mind off what he had to do later. As they got close to the school, he could feel his heart beating. His hands were starting to sweat. He hated this! Question: What does the underlined word “sweat” probably mean? A. 觸摸 B. 鼓掌

32、 C. 出汗 D. 指點 答案：C 思路分析：上文提到了隨著他們臨近學(xué)校，他感覺到自己的心跳加速。由生活常識可知，人在緊張時往往會出汗，故選C。 ⑤指代型詞義猜測題 這樣的試題往往涉及到代詞指代的內(nèi)容，正確選項符合兩個特征：(1)前文中的重復(fù)詞；(2)正確選項符合句義。 Last year in the UK at least 45 people died and 900 more were injured in car accidents where drivers were using their mobile phones．Yet many

33、people continue to use them while driving even though it is dangerous． Question: The underlined word “ them” in the passage refers to ________. A. phone users B. mobile phones C. drivers D. ears 答案：B 思路分析：根據(jù)前文，雖然駕車時使用手機很危險，但仍然有很多人繼續(xù)邊開車，邊使用手機。由此可知，代詞them即前文的重復(fù)詞mobile phones，故選B。 ⑥根據(jù)舉例

34、猜詞 有時當(dāng)我們遇到一個不認識的詞，往往可以根據(jù)后面所給的例子猜出它的含義。 如：The shop sells stationery, such as pens, pencils, paper, ruler and so on. Question: What does “stationery ”mean? 答案：文具 3. 推理判斷題 (1)設(shè)題特點 主要對短文的結(jié)論、隱含意義(寓意)、作者的傾向、文章的論調(diào)、寫作的思路及目的等進行考查，縱觀全文，在匯集短文提供的各項信息的基礎(chǔ)上，嚴(yán)格按照短文陳述的觀點或描述事實，進行正確的、合乎邏輯的推論。 (2)常見的提問方式 ①

35、We can infer / conclude from the passage that ______. ②It can be inferred / concluded (from the passage) that ________. ③Which of the following can be concluded from this passage? ④From the passage we can learn _________. ⑤The passage maybe a/ an ________. ⑥Which of the following is the wri

36、ter’s attitude? (3) 解題技巧 讀懂原文，抓住關(guān)鍵詞、短語、句子或段落，透徹理解文章內(nèi)容，注意文章結(jié)構(gòu)層次和邏輯關(guān)系，并結(jié)合閱讀材料外的有關(guān)生活、社會常識，仔細斟酌，做出準(zhǔn)確的推斷和引申。 We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn’t even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched with

37、mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, “Very dirty floor.” “Yes, I’m glad they’ve finally decide

38、d to clean them,” the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, “But aren’t you working late?” Mum just pushed harder, each swipe(拖一下) of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big bo

39、ok. After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, “Thank you.” Outside, Mum told me, “Dagmar is fine. No fever.” “You saw her, Mum?” “Of course.

40、I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It’s a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush.” Questions: 1. From the text we know that Dagmar is most likely____. A. the story-teller’s sister

41、 B. Mum’s friend C. the story-teller’s classmate D. Dad’s boss 2. After reading the story what can we infer(推斷出) about the hospital? A. It is a children’s hospital. B. It has strict rules about visiting hours. C. The conditions there aren’t very good. D. The nurses

42、 and doctors there don’t work hard. 思路分析： 1. A 解析：題干意思是：通過課文，我們可知Dagmar可能是________。由最后一段的Dad will stop worrying as well.爸爸也會停止擔(dān)心的，可以推斷出Dagma也是作者的家庭成員，只有A項符合。 2. B 解析：題干意思是：讀完故事后，我們可以推斷出這家醫(yī)院的什么？由故事內(nèi)容可知，母親通過假裝清潔工的身份得以探望生病的Dagmar，可知，這家醫(yī)院有著嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定。同時由最后一段的I told her about the hospital rules及 It’s a f

43、ine hospital.也可以推出答案。 4. 主旨大意題 (1) 設(shè)題特點 此類題主要針對的主題、中心思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次(主題句或主題段)、作者的寫作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在準(zhǔn)確理解全文后，歸納短文要點、概括中心思想，分析和歸納段落大意、重要情節(jié)、人物特征和環(huán)境特點等。 (2) 常見的提問方式 ①What is the main idea of this passage? ②What does this passage mainly talk about? ③The main idea of this passage is ___________.

44、 ④The main point of the passage is __________. ⑤Which of the following is the best title for the passage? ⑥The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is ___________. ⑦The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is _________. ⑧Which of the following best describes the passage

45、as a whole? (3)常見類型及解題技巧 A. 主題句位于段首 作者先提出主題，隨之用細節(jié)來解釋、支撐或擴充主題句所表達的主題思想。很多應(yīng)用文，如通知、廣告、新聞報道、產(chǎn)品介紹中多采用這種形式。(總—分—分) Being safe in your everyday life needs knowledge. If you remember the following information, your life will be much safer. Always notice the environment around you. You

46、shouldn’t walk alone outside. Make sure where the public phones are. If anything dangerous happens, you can find them easily. Your bag should be carried towards the front of your body instead of putting it on your back. When a bus is full of people, it is easy enough for a thief to take away th

47、e things in the bag on your back. … Question: The main point of the passage is __________. A. How to notice the environment around you B. How to be safe in your everyday life C. How to cross the street D. How to use the public phones 答案：B 思路分析：通讀全文可知，文章第一段的第一句Being safe

48、in your everyday life needs knowledge.是本文的主題句，即選項B 概括全面，而其余選項均是每一自然段的主題句。、 B. 主題句位于段尾 作者先擺出事實依據(jù)，層層推理論證，最后自然得出結(jié)論，即段落的主題。(分—分—總) Archie was a boy who had a lot of dreams. All his dreams were full of fun. They kept him happy until he woke up in the morning. He was so excited that he often built th

49、ings which appeared in his dreams. One day, Archie dreamed of building the best and biggest amusement park. But when he told his friends about it, they said, “Get a normal job. That’s what is best for you.” So Archie found a job as a policeman. It was a good job, but Archie didn’t like it. Archie t

50、hen got a new job and became a fireman. But he didn’t like it, either. It wasn’t what he wanted. Archie thought about his dream again. Although his friends didn’t believe in his dreams, he decided to have a try. He believed that no matter how difficult his dream was, he should believe in it. It to

51、ok him a lot of time. And it was hard to get it done. But it was very interesting for Archie. When all the work was finished, people came from everywhere. They loved all the fun things in the park. Archie was happy to succeed. He learned that things could be much better than they sometimes seemed.

52、A dream is worth believing when you really like it. Even when no one else believes it, you can try your best to make it come true. You’re always closest to your dreams when you believe in yourself. Question: The passage mainly wants to tell us that _________. A. everyone can build an amusement par

53、k B. people shouldn’t have friends C. don’t dream impossible dreams D. we should believe in ourselves 答案：D 思路分析：文章講的是一個很貧窮的孩子從小就有個夢想——擁有一個自己的游樂園。別人說他太窮，要他追求現(xiàn)實的夢想，但他并沒有因此放棄，而是一直努力，最終實現(xiàn)了自己的夢想。文章在最后一段點明了主旨：You’re always closest to your dreams when you believe in yourself。 C. 主題句位于段落的中間

54、 有時候主題句隱含在全文中間，或者無明顯主題句，我們就通過文中反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點，提煉關(guān)鍵詞句概括主旨。 In the Caucasus Mountains, nearly 50 out of every 100,000 people live to celebrate their 100th birthday, and many don’t stop at 100! In America only 3 people in 100,000 reach 100. But these old people aren’t alone. The people who live high

55、in the Himalaya Mountains and the Andes Mountains, seem to share the secret of long life, too. First of all, hard physical(體力的) work is a way of life for all of these long-lived people. They begin their long days of physical work as children and never seem to stop. For example, Mr. Rustam is 142 ye

56、ars of age. He has experienced several wars. His wife is 116 years old. They have been married for 90 years. Mr. Rustam doesn’t want to stop his work as a farmer. “Why? What else would I do?” He asks. Oh, he has slowed down a bit. Now he might work for 6 hours in the field instead of 10. Another fa

57、ctor (因素) that may contribute to the good health of these people is their isolation. Most of them are kept off the modern world. Inherited (遺傳的) factors also help. Most of the longest-lived people had parents and grandparents who also reached very old ages. So good family genes(基因) may be one facto

58、r in living longer. Question: What would the best title for the passage? A. Good Health B. The Old People in the Mountains C. Long-lived People D. The Secret of Long life 答案：D 思路分析：通讀全文可知，文章從三方面介紹了長壽的秘訣，即：從事體力勞動、良好的生活環(huán)境和遺傳因素，選項中只有D項概括全面。這篇文章中沒有明顯的主題句，需要同學(xué)們讀完全文后概括得知。

59、 Sports, drama, and all kinds of organizations keep students busy during high school. Where do they get the money to do these things? Not everyone gets it from parents. Most have to work for at least some of the money to pay for these activities. Some adults question if high school students sho

60、uld have jobs. I say yes, they undoubtedly should. Some people worry that teens with after-school jobs will have difficulty finding time for schoolwork. Actually, having a job helps teens make better use of their time. Many jobs take only a couple of hours on weeknights. According to an article, 86

61、 percent of high school students have an after-school, weekend or summer job and students who work between 10 and 20 hours per week during the school year get higher grades than those who do not work at all. Instead of considering working after school a hindrance, it should be looked at as real-worl

62、d education. Other people think that work adds too much stress(壓力), which may be somewhat true, but whether having a job or not, there is always stress. Better to learn how to deal with busy schedules(日程表)in a controlled environment like high school than to be out on your own and alone in the futur

63、e, experiencing stress for the first time. I personally would be worried about the teenager who has to become independent without having any experience of working. The biggest reason teens should work is that it is a healthy way of making money. There are many things teens need to pay for and they

64、cannot do it if they don’t have a job. Not all parents can pay for these activities. My dad told me, “Having a job is a good way to save up for things you are going to need or want to do. You get a lot more out of things if you pay for them yourself.” The sooner kids make money, the sooner they can

65、learn how to use money wisely. If they are not allowed to work in high school, they may have a hard time in the future. Teens should, without a doubt, be allowed to work on school nights. 1. The word “hindrance” in Paragraph 2 probably means “_______”. A. something that encourages teens to study

66、B. something that helps teens improve study C. something that prevents teens from studying D. something that makes teens lose interest in study 2. What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A. Teens are too busy with study to work at high school. B. Teens experience stress for the first time at high school. C. Teens are worried about being independent in the future. D. Teens who work will deal with stress better in the future. 3. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. Work