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1、Section Ⅳ　Grammar 定語從句(Ⅰ) 1．(教材P26)The number of people who were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400，000. 2．(教材P26)Then, later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan. 3．(教材P26)The army organized teams to dig out those who we

2、re trapped and to bury the dead. 4．(教材P26)Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 5．The man whom/who/that I have to phone lives in Canada. 定義 1．在主從復(fù)合句中，對某一名詞或代詞起修飾作用的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。 2．關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞(that, which, who, whom, whose, as等)和關(guān)系副詞(when, w

3、here, why等)兩類。 關(guān)系代詞的基本用法 1．who指人，在定語從句中可以充當主語、賓語或表語。 ◆The children who were injured in a car accident are being treated in the hospital now.　在車禍中受傷的孩子們現(xiàn)在正在醫(yī)院接受治療。(作主語) ◆Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins. 丹尼是我們從廢墟中救出來的一個人。(作賓語) 2．whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略，也可用who代替。 ◆Rose is the person

4、 (who/whom) you should care about. 羅絲是你應(yīng)該關(guān)心的人。 ◆The boy (who/whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor. 老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個男孩是他們的班長。 3．whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所屬”關(guān)系，whose在定語從句中作定語。 ◆Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government. 任何由于家境貧寒而上不起學的學生都可以得到政府的幫助。(修飾人)

5、 ◆He lives in a room whose window faces north. 他住在一個窗子朝北的房間里。(修飾物) 【即時演練1】——關(guān)系代詞填空 ①The woman who/that is shaking hands with my sister is a doctor. ②Those who want to see the film set down your names, please. ③The girl who graduated from Cambridge University is called Amanda. ④I like those bo

6、oks whose topics are about history. ⑤The old man whom/who you spoke to is a famous doctor. 4．which指事物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時可省略。 ◆China is a country which has a long history. 中國是一個具有悠久歷史的國家。(作主語) ◆The radio (which) he bought yesterday doesn’t work. 他昨天買的收音機壞了。(作賓語) ◆This is the house in which I on

7、ce lived. 這是我曾經(jīng)住過的房子。(作介詞in的賓語) 5．that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時可省略。習慣上指人多用who，whom，指物多用which。 ◆This is the novel that interests me. 這就是讓我感興趣的那本小說。(指物，作主語) ◆The magazine (that) I bought yesterday is lost. 我昨天買的那本雜志丟了。(指物，作賓語) ◆The number of people that/who come to visit this city each yea

8、r reaches one million.　每年來參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達100萬。(that指人，作主語) 關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、定語或表語，因此定語從句中不能再出現(xiàn)關(guān)系代詞所替代的名詞或代詞。 [譯]昨天晚上我們看的那部電影非常嚇人。 [誤]The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening. [正]The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening. 【即時演練2】——關(guān)系代詞填空 ①Look, here ar

9、e some people who/whom/that I want you to meet. ②Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three months ago? ③The picture which/that was about the accident was terrible. 關(guān)系詞只能用that而不用which的情況 1．當先行詞為all, everything, nothing, anything, much等不定代詞時。 ◆Have you taken down everyt

10、hing that Mr. Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？ ◆All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做了。 2．先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。 ◆The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。 ◆This is the most delicious food that I have ever had. 這是我吃過的最美味的食物。 3．先行詞被all, every, no, the only, th

11、e very, the last等修飾時。 ◆I’ve read all the books that are not mine. 我已經(jīng)讀了所有那些不是我的書。 ◆The only thing that she could do was to go to the police for help. 她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。 ◆I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday. 我已找到昨天丟的鋼筆。 4．當先行詞既指人，又指物時。 ◆We often talk about the persons and things tha

12、t we remember. 我們常常談起我們記得的那些人和事。 【即時演練3】——完成句子 ①這是我參觀過的最漂亮的公園。 This is the most beautiful park that I have visited． ②她把她感興趣的人和物都拍攝了下來。 She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in． ③聊天是她唯一最感興趣的事。 Chatting was the only thing that interested her most. 單句語法填空 1．

13、Last weekend my roommates and I talked about the happy days that/which we had in college. 2．Jake used to be a brave boy that/whom/who his teachers always praised. 3．Ann’s parents allowed Ann to help John whose family was poor. 4．They have got a robot that/which can take care of the old and babies

14、. 5．Lucy called her brother that/whom/who she hadn’t spoken to for five years. 6．The firefighter rescued those who were trapped in the lift. 7．I visited the couple last week whose daughter is studying in the United States. 8．It is the most interesting story that I have ever read. 9．There are ma

15、ny things that/which I need to buy before the trip to France. 10．Martin didn’t buy the new cellphone whose price was too high for him. 11．Do you like the film Titanic whose music is very beautiful? 12．I’m not interested in the story that/which is about the trip to the moon. 13．One Hundred Years

16、of Solitude is the most wonderful book that I have read so far. 14．When she came near, I found that she was one of my classmates that/whom/who I had not met since graduation. 15．Today there are lots of video games that/which eat up our time. 單句改錯 1．Gary was a single-parent child his father left

17、 his mother before he was born.第一個his→whose 2．The old woman sat in her house across the street and watched everything who went by all day long.who→that 3．The car which color is red belongs to Shirley.which→whose 4．I have read the book who is written by J. K. Rowling.who→that/which 5．Do you like

18、the toy whose your aunt gave you on your birthday？去掉whose或whose→that/which 6．The Little Prince is the very book which the old man is looking for.which→that或去掉which 7．Mrs. Green is one of the women in our village who has become rich by growing vegetables.has→have 8．The beautiful French song that I

19、’m listening is sung by my favourite singer Alizée.listening后加to 9．Our group is discussing Li Bai and his poems which we have already learned.which→that或去掉which 10．I’ll give you a book which you’ll find it interesting.去掉it 語法與寫作 請將下列句子升級為含定語從句的復(fù)合句。 1．We are going to interview the writer. His n

20、ew novel has been well received by the public. We are going to interview the writer whose new novel has been well received by the public. 2．The washing machine is out of order. Mrs. Green bought the washing machine a month ago. The washing machine (that/which) Mrs. Green bought a month ago is out

21、 of order. 3．The police are looking for the little girl. The little girl got lost yesterday. The police are looking for the little girl that/who got lost yesterday. 4．The girl is making a speech under the national flag. The girl is our monitor. The girl who/that is making a speech under the nati

22、onal flag is our monitor. 5．They visited Peter yesterday. Peter’s leg was injured in a car accident. They visited Peter yesterday whose leg was injured in a car accident. 6．I value the cellphone. My aunt gave me the cellphone as my birthday gift last weekend. I value the cellphone (that/which) m

23、y aunt gave me as my birthday gift last weekend. 7．Susan is clever. Susan’s dream is to become a famous singer. Susan, whose dream is to become a famous singer, is clever. 8．Mary can’t believe the news. Tony told her the news just now. Mary can’t believe the news (that/which) Tony told her just

24、now. 單句語法填空 1．I saw a man shouting at a driver whose car was blocking the street. 2．The girl still remembers the days that/which she spent with her friends in Beijing. 3．This dictionary is the second one that I bought in the bookstore. 4．They have talked about the things and persons that t

25、hey remember for about two hours. 5．He often helps his little sister whose English is very poor. 6．I don’t know the girl that/who speaks English fluently. 7．Lucy likes the woman writer whose books teach her a lot. 8．Johnson is the student whom/who/that his teachers are proud of. 9．I sat next to

26、 an old lady who/that looked very frightened, so I tried to calm her down. 10．Mr. Lin is singing a song that/which sounds like a kid’s song. 11．Peter is not interested in the topic that/which the girls are talking about in the classroom. 12．Mrs. Brown is the one whose words can change the way I l

27、ook at something. 13．I won’t do anything that harms me or my friends forever. 14．All the stories that Mrs. Yang wrote have something to do with teenagers. 15．Alice is one of the girls in our school who have won the prize three times. 閱讀理解 A On Jan.11, a mother named Amy Calhoun had an extreme

28、ly scaring experience before a neighbor came to help her. After drinking milk and a small amount of juice, her 7-week-old son Oliver began to cry. His mother gently patted(拍打) his back. Then he vomited(嘔吐). The vomit was stuck in Oliver’s nose. He couldn’t breathe. Calhoun ran downstairs. She laid

29、him on the hard floor and went outside and shouted for help. She tried CPR. She wasn’t doing it right. She went outside and shouted again for help. She turned around. Oliver was blue. His eyes were closed. “He was gone，” she said. The next thing she knew was that a stranger was there. “I don’t even

30、remember seeing him come in，” she said. Marcus Brewer ran to the home. Calhoun was crying. He saw the lifeless baby. “She was just saying, ‘My baby’s dead.’” he said. “That’s all I remember her saying.” Brewer, a former volunteer firefighter, told her to calm down and tell him what had happened. He

31、 picked Oliver up. Oliver’s arms and legs hung loosely. Brewer turned him over and strongly patted his back. He sucked(吸) out the vomit and performed CPR. After a while, Brewer saw Oliver’s dark blue lips shake. And Calhoun heard Oliver cry. Oliver had been brought back to life just before the ambul

32、ance arrived. Calhoun and her baby were moved to Medical Center, where the doctors said he was perfectly healthy. Calhoun thought the incident could be a lesson, and encouraged everyone to learn CPR. “There might be one day when you’ll have to use it to save a loved one or a stranger，” she said. “I

33、f it weren’t for him, my son would not be here right now.” As Oliver gets older, she plans to tell him his story. 【解題導語】　本文是一篇記敘文。一個7周大的嬰兒因嘔吐物卡在鼻中而停止呼吸，鄰居趕來對其實施急救，從而使嬰兒得救。 1．Why did Oliver stop breathing? A．He drank bad milk and juice. B．Something harmed his lung. C．Something was stuck in his n

34、ose. D．His mother wrongly patted him. C　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“The vomit was stuck in Oliver’s nose. He couldn’t breathe.”可知，Oliver因嘔吐物卡在鼻中而停止呼吸。 2．Calhoun didn’t notice Brewer come into the home probably because ________． A．she was calling 911 B．she was lost in great sadness C．she was doing CPR down

35、stairs D．she was shouting outside for help B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的描寫以及“She was just saying, ‘My baby’s dead，’” he said. “That’s all I remember her saying.”可知，Calhoun當時驚慌失措，十分難過，無暇顧及屋里是否進來陌生人。 3．What’s the RIGHT order of Brewer’s first-aid steps? A．Turn Oliver over—pat the back—suck out the vomit—perfo

36、rm CPR. B．Turn Oliver over—perform CPR—suck out the vomit—pat the back. C．Perform CPR—turn Oliver over—pat the back—suck out the vomit. D．Turn Oliver over—suck out the vomit—pat the back—perform CPR. A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段Brewer施救的順序可知答案。 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Never Ignore a Str

37、anger’s Help B．A Neighbor Saved a Baby by CPR C．How to Perform CPR on Babies D．A Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed B　解析：標題歸納題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講述陌生鄰居如何通過CPR來救人的故事，故B項作標題最佳。 B Having lived in California until 1970, my family has felt a number of earthquakes. We have been fortunate, however, to have

38、 suffered no bodily harm or property damage. There is a website that lists all California earthquakes recorded from 1769 to the present. The site lists the dates and times as well as the magnitude(震級) and the exact location of any quake that measured more than 6.0. There are only a few quakes that

39、stand out in my memory and, luckily, none is shown in the website. So, my personal experiences with earthquakes might be considered insignificant. There are three earthquakes that are difficult to forget. The first one was in 1955 and our oldest daughter was walking with me in our backyard in Redwo

40、od City in California. As the shaking became stronger I held her to me with one arm as I held on to one of our fruit trees with the other. All three of us (my daughter, I and the tree) shook for two or three minutes which to us felt like hours. The second one was in 1963. Our entire family was visi

41、ting Disneyland in Southern California. The earth started to shake just as we were beginning to walk from our hotel toward the famous landmark． My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California. It was in my sixties and I was alone in an old church. As the building started to sh

42、ake, I quickly headed for the door to go outside. I remember I said a little prayer—something like, “Help me get out of here in time, Dear Heavenly Father.” Minutes later, I was safe outside. 【解題導語】　作者回憶了自己經(jīng)歷的三次地震。 5．The author writes the passage mainly to tell us about ________．　 A．a(chǎn) new film ab

43、out an earthquake B．how to survive an earthquake C．his three earthquake experiences D．how to save children in an earthquake C　解析：寫作意圖題。作者主要向讀者介紹了自己經(jīng)歷的三次地震。 6．The earthquakes the author has experienced ________． A．a(chǎn)ll caused bodily harm B．a(chǎn)re all recorded in a website C．a(chǎn)ll measured more than

44、 6.0 D．a(chǎn)ll happened in California D　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“The first one was in 1955...in California.”和第四段第二句以及第五段的“My third experience with an earthquake was a lonely one in California.”可知答案。 7．When the first earthquake happened, the author ________． A．was staying with his daughter B．was planting fru

45、it trees C．held on to a tree for hours D．was in a hotel A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句及最后一句的“All three of us (my daughter, I and the tree) shook for two or three minutes”可知第一次地震發(fā)生時， 作者和他的女兒正待在一起。 8．What does the underlined part “the famous landmark” refer to? A．A church. B．Disneyland. C．A building destr

46、oyed by an earthquake. D．The place where the author was born. B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)上文“Our entire family was visiting Disneyland”可知答案。 語法填空 Mountain climbing is a sport different from rock climbing. Mountain climbing equipment therefore differs 1.____________ rock climbing equipment sometimes, 2._______

47、_____ the two sports do have many pieces of equipment in common. Perhaps 3.____________ most common piece of mountain climbing equipment is the carabiner, 4.____________ is a metal hook(掛鉤) with a gate that opens and closes to make a rope through it. This piece of equipment is used for a variety of

48、 purposes, and most 5.___________ (climber) have several carabiners on hand during a climb. Mountain climbers also 6.____________(usual) use a tool called an ice axe(冰鎬). This tool is used for different purposes according to 7.____________(it) design: some ice axes are designed for climbing pieces

49、of ice, and they are used together with another piece of mountain climbing equipment 8.__________(know) as crampons. Crampons have sharp metal teeth that 9.__________ (connect) with the climber’s shoes. The ice axes used for climbing often feature a bend in the handle, and people often choose the ic

50、e axe that 10.____________(be) narrow and strong enough to be plunged(穿入) into hard ice repeatedly. The teeth of the crampon are also narrow and quite hard for the same purposes. 【解題導語】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要向我們介紹了幾種登山工具。 1．from　解析：考查介詞。differ from sth.與……不一樣。 2．though/although　解析：考查連詞。根據(jù)語境可知，登山是一種與攀巖不同的運

51、動。盡管這兩項運動的很多裝備一樣，但還是有些裝備不一樣。故填though/although。 3．the　解析：考查冠詞。因為此空后面是形容詞的最高級，故用定冠詞the。 4．which　解析：考查關(guān)系代詞。因為此處是一個非限制性定語從句，且先行詞為carabiner，指物，故用關(guān)系代詞which。 5．climbers　解析：考查名詞的數(shù)。因為前面是most修飾，且climber是可數(shù)名詞，故填climbers。 6．usually　解析：考查副詞。此處是用來修飾動詞use，故用其副詞形式，故填usually。 7．its　解析：考查代詞。此處it指代前面的This tool，又因

52、為修飾的是名詞，故用形容詞性物主代詞，故填its。 8．known　解析：考查非謂語動詞。此處是作后置定語，且equipment與know構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作后置定語。 9．a(chǎn)re connected　解析：考查動詞的語態(tài)。因為sharp metal teeth與connect構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，故填are connected。 10．is　解析：考查主謂一致。因為主語that指代the ice axe，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)，故填is。 短文改錯 Our new English teacher, Miss Lish, come from Singapore. She is a bea

53、utiful lady with long hair. She becomes popular among student because she is humorous and kindly. Whenever we have trouble with our study or life, we’d like to turn to him because she is always ready to helping others. All of us like her classes because she is knowledgeable but can make her classes

54、lively. She can also make us study energetic. Although she is easy to get along, she is very strict about our study. We all like her and believe we can make a greater progress with her teach us English. 答案： Our new English teacher, Miss Lish, from Singapore. She is a beautiful lady with long hair

55、. She becomes popular among because she is humorous and . Whenever we have trouble with our study or life, we’d like to turn to because she is always ready to others. All of us like her classes because she is knowledgeable can make her classes lively. She can also make us study . Although she is easy to get along , she is very strict about our study. We all like her and believe we can make greater progress with her us English. - 11 -