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外文資料翻譯
文章名：《FABRICATED:THE NEW WORLD OF 3D PRINTING》
作 者：Hod Lipson；Meiba Kuman；
出版社：中信出版社，2013
章 節(jié)：Chapter 2 Almost made everything a machine
頁 碼：P25~P35
文 章 譯 名： 3D打?。簭南胂蟮浆F(xiàn)實(shí)
姓 名：
學(xué) 號：
指導(dǎo)教師(職稱)：
專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動化
班 級：
所 在 學(xué) 院：
中文翻譯：
第2章 ?一臺幾乎可造萬物的機(jī)器
如果你有一臺可造萬物的機(jī)器，你會用它做什么？在英國，技術(shù)人員通過掃描奧運(yùn)短跑運(yùn)動員的腳和腳踝，把數(shù)據(jù)輸入計(jì)算機(jī)，計(jì)算機(jī)經(jīng)過幾步簡單的計(jì)算后，技術(shù)人員就能夠3D打印出專屬每個(gè)運(yùn)動員的新鞋，這雙鞋符合運(yùn)動員的體形、體重、步態(tài)和偏好。
在世界的另一端，美國國家航空航天局在亞利桑那州的沙漠中測試了一艘火星飛船，飛船甲板上裝有定制的3D打印金屬部件。這些部件大多形狀復(fù)雜，有許多曲線和鏤空，除了3D打印機(jī)，其他任何設(shè)備都生產(chǎn)不出來。
在日本，一位準(zhǔn)媽媽想要紀(jì)念其首次超聲波檢測，她的醫(yī)生編輯她的超聲圖像，并3D打印出栩栩如生的胎兒模型。結(jié)果，一個(gè)透明硬塑料塊中就出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)前衛(wèi)的3D打印微小胎兒塑料模型。
這些制造奇跡不斷發(fā)生。在不遠(yuǎn)的將來，人們將3D打印出活體組織、富含營養(yǎng)的食品及完全組裝好的電子元件成品。本書旨在講述一種全新的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)模式，在下面的章節(jié)中，我們將用簡練的語言解釋3D打印技術(shù)及其設(shè)計(jì)工具。對于一些愛好技術(shù)的讀者，我們有幾章會深入描繪3D打印技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀和未來。然后，我們還探討了其對下游經(jīng)濟(jì)、個(gè)人和環(huán)境的影響。
3D打印開辟了新的前沿領(lǐng)域。隨著普通民眾也能夠設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)電動工具，制造業(yè)和商業(yè)模式將發(fā)生巨大變革，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法將徹底失效。
有些人清楚地記得自己是在什么地方觀看的人類首次登月，還有些人對柏林墻轟然倒塌后幾周里的混亂狀況記憶猶新，我卻記得我第一次聽到3D打印時(shí)的情景。
那是20世紀(jì)80年代末在一場乏味的制造工程研討會上。教室里很暖和，不幸的是教授的聲音低沉、單調(diào)而舒緩，我和同學(xué)們昏昏欲睡。
教室的門“砰”的一聲打開，打破了這個(gè)下午講座上昏昏欲睡的平靜。一名陌生男子沖進(jìn)了教室，這位奇怪的闖入者聲稱他是庫比特系統(tǒng)公司（Cubital Systems）的推銷員。我們以前從來沒有聽說過這家公司，而這家公司卻是當(dāng)時(shí)世界上僅有的銷售3D打印機(jī)的兩家公司之一。
這名頂著一頭亂發(fā)的推銷員不斷地晃動著一個(gè)塑料物體，并聲稱一場制造業(yè)革命正在醞釀之中。“我手里握著制造業(yè)的未來！”他大聲叫道，“這個(gè)塑料物體是由一種能夠‘打印’塑料的激光打印出來的?！?
出于好奇，我和同學(xué)們湊過去想知道他為什么會來我們班上。我們的教授察覺到了我們的興趣，明智地將課堂交給了這位活躍的闖入者。后來我們才知道，庫比特推銷員是我們教授邀請的客座講師。
真是一個(gè)喜歡炫耀的人，他一本正經(jīng)地頓了一下，欣賞著我們的困惑。在安靜之后，他讓一個(gè)學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)動塑料物體露出的曲柄。當(dāng)同學(xué)使勁轉(zhuǎn)動曲柄時(shí)，我能聽到課堂上鐘表的清脆“咔噠”聲，時(shí)間是那么難熬。在設(shè)備內(nèi)部，復(fù)雜的鏈鎖齒輪彼此牽引地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)著。
我們昏昏欲睡的大腦掙扎著蘇醒過來，我們彼此低聲問道：“他剛才是說他用激光打印出了那個(gè)東西嗎？”我們學(xué)的是磨齒齒輪，我們試圖弄明白這一意想不到的表演是怎么發(fā)生的。
當(dāng)推銷員曝出另一條爆炸性消息時(shí)，我們變得更加困惑了。他說：“你們這里所看到的所有齒輪、把手、旋鈕都不是組裝出來的，它們都是按照一個(gè)個(gè)單獨(dú)的、預(yù)裝配的不同部件一起有序打印出來的?！?
當(dāng)這位精力充沛的闖入者要愉快地結(jié)束他的演講時(shí)，教室里混亂的“嗡嗡”聲變得越來越大，他甩出了最后的數(shù)據(jù)觀點(diǎn)：一臺計(jì)算機(jī)，而不是一個(gè)人，可以在整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程中充當(dāng)一雙“手”操控這臺神奇的機(jī)器。推銷員翻遍了他的包，掏出一張紙，在我們面前揮動了幾下。這張紙上顯示的是一臺計(jì)算機(jī)的照片，計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上是與剛才他向我們展示的塑料物體相同的設(shè)計(jì)文件。
庫比特系統(tǒng)公司推銷員笑著問我們是否有問題要問，我們都精神起來，爭先恐后地向他發(fā)問。他說他用激光“打印”出了所有的塑料部件，這是什么意思呢？什么樣的制造設(shè)備能夠?qū)⒉考淮涡陨a(chǎn)出來，而不需要進(jìn)行組裝呢？它能打印塑料以外的其他材料嗎？還有，當(dāng)然了，個(gè)人購買這樣一臺設(shè)備要花多少錢？
傳統(tǒng)制造感覺瞬間過時(shí)。
我仍然記得那一天，這位客座講師的熱情演說使我確信，這種神奇的設(shè)備確實(shí)會引發(fā)一場產(chǎn)品制造和設(shè)計(jì)的革命。我從來沒有見過物體的軟件設(shè)計(jì)（我當(dāng)時(shí)剛剛迷上設(shè)計(jì)軟件，而且興趣越來越濃）與其實(shí)體表現(xiàn)之間聯(lián)系如此緊密。
那一天是20年前，我們預(yù)料的革命沒有如期迅速爆發(fā)。幾年后，庫比特系統(tǒng)公司停業(yè)了。如同許多開創(chuàng)性技術(shù)一樣，庫比特系統(tǒng)公司的3D打印工藝過于復(fù)雜和低效，機(jī)器設(shè)備昂貴，利潤率敏感的制造企業(yè)難以接受。
我有時(shí)想知道庫比特系統(tǒng)公司關(guān)門后，那位推銷員去了哪里。他的推銷說辭毫無修飾，卻能直達(dá)目標(biāo)。普通民眾能夠像編輯數(shù)碼照片一樣毫不費(fèi)力地撕裂、混合并打造實(shí)體物體，這只是時(shí)間問題。
3D打印的十大優(yōu)勢
預(yù)測未來是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。寫這本書時(shí)，我們就3D打印前景采訪了一些人，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些即將顯現(xiàn)的潛在優(yōu)勢。來自各個(gè)行業(yè)、具有不同背景和專業(yè)技術(shù)水平的人用類似的方式描述，3D打印幫助他們減少主要成本、時(shí)間和復(fù)雜性障礙。
我們將獲取的信息歸納為十項(xiàng)優(yōu)勢，希望能幫助一些個(gè)人和企業(yè)充分利用3D打印技術(shù)。
優(yōu)勢1：制造復(fù)雜物品不增加成本。就傳統(tǒng)制造而言，物體形狀越復(fù)雜，制造成本越高。對3D打印機(jī)而言，制造形狀復(fù)雜的物品成本不增加，制造一個(gè)華麗的形狀復(fù)雜的物品并不比打印一個(gè)簡單的方塊消耗更多的時(shí)間、技能或成本。制造復(fù)雜物品而不增加成本將打破傳統(tǒng)的定價(jià)模式，并改變我們計(jì)算制造成本的方式。
優(yōu)勢2：產(chǎn)品多樣化不增加成本。一臺3D打印機(jī)可以打印許多形狀，它可以像工匠一樣每次都做出不同形狀的物品。傳統(tǒng)的制造設(shè)備功能較少，做出的形狀種類有限。3D打印省去了培訓(xùn)機(jī)械師或購置新設(shè)備的成本，一臺3D打印機(jī)只需要不同的數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)藍(lán)圖和一批新的原材料。
優(yōu)勢3：無須組裝。3D打印能使部件一體化成型。傳統(tǒng)的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)建立在組裝線基礎(chǔ)上，在現(xiàn)代工廠，機(jī)器生產(chǎn)出相同的零部件，然后由機(jī)器人或工人（甚至跨洲）組裝。產(chǎn)品組成部件越多，組裝耗費(fèi)的時(shí)間和成本就越多。3D打印機(jī)通過分層制造可以同時(shí)打印一扇門及上面的配套鉸鏈，不需要組裝。省略組裝就縮短了供應(yīng)鏈，節(jié)省在勞動力和運(yùn)輸方面的花費(fèi)。供應(yīng)鏈越短，污染也越少。
優(yōu)勢4：零時(shí)間交付。3D打印機(jī)可以按需打印。即時(shí)生產(chǎn)減少了企業(yè)的實(shí)物庫存，企業(yè)可以根據(jù)客戶訂單使用3D打印機(jī)制造出特別的或定制的產(chǎn)品滿足客戶需求，所以新的商業(yè)模式將成為可能。如果人們所需的物品按需就近生產(chǎn)，零時(shí)間交付式生產(chǎn)能最大限度地減少長途運(yùn)輸?shù)某杀尽?
優(yōu)勢5：設(shè)計(jì)空間無限。傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)和工匠制造的產(chǎn)品形狀有限，制造形狀的能力受制于所使用的工具。例如，傳統(tǒng)的木制車床只能制造圓形物品，軋機(jī)只能加工用銑刀組裝的部件，制模機(jī)僅能制造模鑄形狀。3D打印機(jī)可以突破這些局限，開辟巨大的設(shè)計(jì)空間，甚至可以制作目前可能只存在于自然界的形狀。
優(yōu)勢6：零技能制造。傳統(tǒng)工匠需要當(dāng)幾年學(xué)徒才能掌握所需要的技能。批量生產(chǎn)和計(jì)算機(jī)控制的制造機(jī)器降低了對技能的要求，然而傳統(tǒng)的制造機(jī)器仍然需要熟練的專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行機(jī)器調(diào)整和校準(zhǔn)。3D打印機(jī)從設(shè)計(jì)文件里獲得各種指示，做同樣復(fù)雜的物品，3D打印機(jī)所需要的操作技能比注塑機(jī)少。非技能制造開辟了新的商業(yè)模式，并能在遠(yuǎn)程環(huán)境或極端情況下為人們提供新的生產(chǎn)方式。
優(yōu)勢7：不占空間、便攜制造。就單位生產(chǎn)空間而言，與傳統(tǒng)制造機(jī)器相比，3D打印機(jī)的制造能力更強(qiáng)。例如，注塑機(jī)只能制造比自身小很多的物品，與此相反，3D打印機(jī)可以制造和其打印臺一樣大的物品。3D打印機(jī)調(diào)試好后，打印設(shè)備可以自由移動，打印機(jī)可以制造比自身還要大的物品。較高的單位空間生產(chǎn)能力使得3D打印機(jī)適合家用或辦公使用，因?yàn)樗鼈兯璧奈锢砜臻g小。
優(yōu)勢8：減少廢棄副產(chǎn)品。與傳統(tǒng)的金屬制造技術(shù)相比，3D打印機(jī)制造金屬時(shí)產(chǎn)生較少的副產(chǎn)品。傳統(tǒng)金屬加工的浪費(fèi)量驚人，90％的金屬原材料被丟棄在工廠車間里。3D打印制造金屬時(shí)浪費(fèi)量減少。隨著打印材料的進(jìn)步，“凈成形”制造可能成為更環(huán)保的加工方式。
優(yōu)勢9：材料無限組合。對當(dāng)今的制造機(jī)器而言，將不同原材料結(jié)合成單一產(chǎn)品是件難事，因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的制造機(jī)器在切割或模具成型過程中不能輕易地將多種原材料融合在一起。隨著多材料3D打印技術(shù)的發(fā)展，我們有能力將不同原材料融合在一起。以前無法混合的原料混合后將形成新的材料，這些材料色調(diào)種類繁多，具有獨(dú)特的屬性或功能。
優(yōu)勢10：精確的實(shí)體復(fù)制。數(shù)字音樂文件可以被無休止地復(fù)制，音頻質(zhì)量并不會下降。未來，3D打印將數(shù)字精度擴(kuò)展到實(shí)體世界。掃描技術(shù)和3D打印技術(shù)將共同提高實(shí)體世界和數(shù)字世界之間形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換的分辨率，我們可以掃描、編輯和復(fù)制實(shí)體對象，創(chuàng)建精確的副本或優(yōu)化原件。
以上部分優(yōu)勢目前已經(jīng)得到證實(shí)，其他的會在未來的一二十年（或三十年）成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。3D打印突破了原來熟悉的歷史悠久的傳統(tǒng)制造限制，為以后的創(chuàng)新提供了舞臺。在以下的章節(jié)中，我們將探討3D打印技術(shù)如何改變我們的工作、飲食、醫(yī)療、學(xué)習(xí)、創(chuàng)新和娛樂。首先，讓我們走進(jìn)制造和設(shè)計(jì)的世界，在那里3D打印技術(shù)削弱了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的鐵律。
附件：外文原文
Chapter 2 Almost made everything a machine
If you have a machine can be made of all things, you'll do with it? In the UK, art by scanning the Olympic sprint athlete's foot and ankle, the data entered into the computer, the computer after a few simple calculations, technical personnel will be able to print out a new pair of shoes exclusive 3D each player, these shoes comply Players shape, weight, gait and preferences.
At the other end of the world, NASA tested the ship Mars spacecraft in the Arizona desert, the upper deck of the ship is equipped with custom 3D printing metal parts. Most of these components of complex shape, there are a lot of curves and hollow, in addition to 3D printers, and any other equipment are producing out.
In Japan, an expectant mother wants to commemorate its first ultrasonic testing, her doctor her ultrasound image editing, and 3D printing a lifelike model of the fetus. As a result, a transparent hard plastic block appeared in a cutting-edge 3D printing tiny fetus plastic models.
These miracles continue to occur. In the near future, people will 3D print out a living tissue, nutritious food and electronic components fully assembled products. This book aims to tell a new mode of production, in the following sections, we will explain the 3D printing technologies and design tools with concise language. For some readers interested in technology, we have the status quo will further describe 3D printing technology and future chapters. Then, we also discussed its impact on the downstream economy, individuals and the environment.
3D printing has opened up new frontiers. As the general public is also able to design and manufacture electric tools, manufacturing, and business model will be great changes, intellectual property law will be completely ineffective.
?Some people clearly remember what is in place to watch the first moon landing, and some people a few weeks after the Berlin Wall came crashing down in the chaos remember, but I remember when I first heard about the scene when 3D printing .
That was the end of the manufacturing engineering seminars 1980s in a tedious. Classroom is very warm, unfortunately, is a professor of voice low, monotonous and soothing, my classmates and sleepy.
?Classroom door "bang" open, broke this afternoon lecture sleepy calm. A strange man burst into the classroom, this strange intruder claimed he was Cupitt Systems, Inc. (Cubital Systems) salesman. We've never heard of this company, and the company is one of the world's only 3D printer was sold two companies.
This name salesman wore a recklessly constantly shaking a plastic object, and claimed a manufacturing revolution is brewing. "My future of manufacturing in hand!" He exclaimed, "This is the kind of plastic objects can 'print' plastic laser printed."
Out of curiosity, my classmates and I think Couguo know why he would come to our class. Our professors aware of our interest, wisely handed over to the active classroom intruder. Later we learned that the library is a guest lecturer at the bit salesman we invite professors.
What a person likes to show off, he solemnly paused, enjoying our confusion. After the quiet, he let a student exposed crank rotation plastic objects. When students cranked hard, I could hear in the classroom watch crisp "click" sound, the time is so tough. Inside the device, a complex chain gear traction operation with each other.Our sleepy brain struggled to wake up, we whispered to each other: "He just said he used a laser printer that thing?" We learned about grinding gears, we are trying to understand this unexpected the show is how it happened.
When the salesman exposed another explosive news, we become even more confused. He said: "All the gear you can see here, handles, knobs are not out of the assembly, they are in accordance with a separate, pre-assembled together different parts ordered printed."
???? When the energetic intruder happily to the end of his speech, classroom chaos "buzzing" sound getting bigger, he threw out the last data point of view: a computer, rather than a who can act as a pair of "hands" in the whole production process control this marvelous machine. Salesman rummaged through his bag, pulled out a piece of paper in front of us waving a few. This paper shows a photograph of the computer, is just to show us his plastic objects the same design files on your computer screen.
Cupitt Systems salesman smiled and asked if we have a question we all sit up, rushed to him to ask questions. He said he used a laser "print" out of all the plastic parts, what does that mean? What kind of devices capable of producing a one-time member produced without assembly it? It printed materials other than plastics it? There are, of course, individuals to buy such a device how much to spend?
Traditional manufacturing feel instantly obsolete.
I still remember that day, the guest lecturer passionate speech made me convinced that this magical device will indeed lead to a revolution in product manufacturing and design. I've never seen software design objects (I was just fascinated by the design software, and growing interest in) the link between the entity and its performance so closely.
That day 20 years ago, we did not expect the revolution broke out on schedule quickly. A few years later, the library-bit system company went out of business. Like many groundbreaking technologies, library-bit system's 3D printing process is too complex and inefficient, expensive equipment, sensitive manufacturing margins unacceptable.
?I sometimes wondered after the library closed-bit system company, who salesman gone. His sales pitch without pretension, but it can direct targets. Ordinary people can like editing digital photos as effortlessly rip, mix and create solid objects, it is only a matter of time.
Ten advantages of 3D printing
Predicting the future is risky. As of this writing, we have 3D print prospects interviewed some people, found some of the potential advantages of the upcoming show. People from various industries, with different backgrounds and levels of technical expertise in a similar manner as described, 3D printing to help them reduce the major cost, time and complexity of the disorder.
We will get the information summarized as ten advantages that can help individuals and enterprises to make full use of 3D printing technology.
Advantage 1: manufacture of complex items without increasing costs. To traditional manufacturing, the more complex the shape of the object, the higher the manufacturing cost. For 3D printers, manufacture of complex shape of goods does not increase the cost of manufacturing a magnificent complex shape of the article does not consume more time, skill or cheaper than printing a simple box. Manufacture of complex items without increasing the cost to break the traditional pricing model, and change the way we calculate the cost of manufacturing.
Advantage 2: Product diversification without increasing costs. A 3D printer can print many shapes, it can be like, like every craftsman to make different shaped items. Fewer features traditional manufacturing equipment, to make a limited variety of shapes. 3D printing eliminates the cost of training mechanics or the acquisition of new equipment, a 3D printer only requires a different digital blueprints and a new batch of raw materials.
Advantage 3: no assembly. 3D printing enables integrated molding parts. Traditional mass production based on the assembly line, based on the modern factories, machines produce the same parts, and then by a robot or a worker (or even across continents) assembly. The more components of the product, the more time and cost-consuming assembly. 3D printer can also print a door hinge and by supporting the above layered manufacturing, does not require assembly. Omitted assembly shortens the supply chain cost savings in labor and transportation. The shorter the supply chain, the less pollution.
Advantage 4: Zero time delivery. 3D printer can print on demand. In-time production to reduce the company's physical inventory, companies can use the 3D printer to create a special customer orders or customized products to meet customer demand, the new business model will be possible. If people needed to produce goods demand nearest zero time delivery type production can minimize the cost of long-distance transport.
Advantage 5: Design of infinite space. Product shape traditional manufacturing techniques and artisans manufacture a limited ability to subject Shape tool used. For example, the traditional wooden lathe only create round objects, only processing mill cutter assembled components, the molding machine can only manufacture molded shape. 3D printers can overcome these limitations, opening a huge design space, and even now may only make shapes found in nature.
?Advantage 6: zero skill manufacturing. Traditional artisans apprentices take years to master the skills needed when. Production and computer-controlled manufacturing machines reduces the demand for skills, but the traditional manufacturing machines still need skilled professionals for machine adjustments and calibration. 3D printer design document obtained from a variety of instructions to do the same complex objects, 3D printers require fewer skills than the injection molding machine. Unskilled manufacturing opens up new business models, and to provide people with new modes of production in remote environments or extreme circumstances.
Advantage 7: less space, portable manufacturing. On unit production space is concerned, compared with traditional manufacturing machine, 3D printer manufacturing ability. For example, the injection molding machine can manufacture a lot smaller than its own goods, on the contrary, 3D printer can manufacture and its print station as large items. After commissioning 3D printer, the printing apparatus can move freely, the printer can be made bigger than the article itself. Higher unit production capacity of the space so that 3D printer for home or office use, because they require little physical space.
?Advantage 8: Reduce waste by-products. Compared with the conventional metal fabrication techniques, 3D printer produces less byproducts of metal manufacturing. Waste amazing amount of traditional metal processing, 90% of metal raw materials are discarded in factories. 3D printing to reduce the amount of waste when producing the metal. With the advances in printed material, "net-shape" manufacturing may become more environmentally friendly processing methods.
Advantage 9: Material unlimited combinations. Today's manufacturing machine, it will be a combination of different materials into a single product is a difficult task, because the traditional manufacturing machine cutting or molding process can not easily blend a variety of raw materials. With the development of multi-material 3D printing technology, we have the ability to blend different raw materials. After mixing the raw material can not be formed before mixing new materials that a wide variety of shades, with unique properties or functions.
?Advantage 10: precise replication entity. Digital music files can be copied endlessly, audio quality will not decline. Future, 3D printing will extend digital precision to the real world. Scanning technology and 3D printing technology will improve together between the physical world and the digital world of modal shift resolution, we can scan, edit and copy solid objects, or create an exact copy of the original optimization.
More than some of the benefits has been confirmed, the other in the next decade or two (or three years) to become a reality. 3D printing breakthrough familiar with the original historic traditional manufacturing restrictions for future innovation to provide the stage. In the following sections, we will explore how 3D printing technology change the way we work, food, health care, learning, innovation and entertainment. First, let us into the world of manufacturing and design, where 3D printing technology weakened economies of scale iron law.
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