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1、 專題三 閱讀理解 考試大綱 要求 考綱解讀 要求考生閱讀4篇短文，從每題所給的選項中選出最佳選項。題材廣泛，包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟等多方面內(nèi)容。體裁多樣，以記敘文、議論文、說明文為主。 考查主旨大意、細節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測等題型。 高中英語教學大綱明確規(guī)定“側(cè)重提高閱讀能力”，這為我們的備考指明了方向。分析近幾年的高考英語試題，我們不難看出，閱讀理解是高考試題中難度最大，區(qū)分度最高的題型，自始至終占據(jù)著主導地位。閱讀理解能力屬于語言的領(lǐng)會技能，它不僅考查對語篇的整體把握能力，而且考查快速捕捉信息、準確理解特定細節(jié)以及復(fù)雜句子的能力。不僅要準確理解文章表層的意

2、思，還要通過表層去推理、判斷。除此之外，還涉及非語言因素，如：對所學語言國家的社會和文化背景知識的掌握、生活常識、邏輯知識和語言修養(yǎng)等。 江蘇高考閱讀理解近五年考情分布明細統(tǒng)計 　　　　　　　　年份 內(nèi)容　　　　　　　　 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 體裁 記敘文 0 0 1 0 0 議論文 1 1 0 2 1 應(yīng)用文 1 1 1 1 1 說明文 2 2 2 1 2 題型 細節(jié)理解題 7 7 8 5 8 推理判斷題 6 6 3 7 6 主旨大意題 2 0 3 2 1

3、 詞義猜測題 1 2 1 1 0 總結(jié)近幾年江蘇高考閱讀理解可知，選材上更注重體現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實生活。所選文章涉及話題廣，蘊涵豐富的人文、科普知識，具有思想性、人文性、趣味性、實用性等特點和鮮明的時代特色。文章選材豐富多樣，注重考查考生在不同的語言背景下靈活運用英語語言知識分析問題和解決問題的能力。 設(shè)題方式仍以細節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題為主，符合考試大綱要求，推理判斷題的比重有所加大?？傮w來說，語篇的難易度呈現(xiàn)層次性，區(qū)分度較高，高分難得，有利于高考選拔。 A The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1000 Fifth Avenue New York

4、, NY 10028 211-535-7710 www.metmuseum.org Entrances Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street Hours Open 7 days a week. Sunday-Thursday 10：00-17：30 Friday and Saturday 10：00-21：00 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, January 1, and the first Monday in May. Admission $25.00 recommended for adults, $

5、12.00 recommended for students，includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult. Free with Admission All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours，concerts，gallery talks，and family/children’s programs are free with admis

6、sion. Ask about today’s activities at the Great Hall Information Desk. The Cloisters Museum and Gardens The Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages.The extensive collection consists of masterwork

7、s in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century. Hours：Open 7 days a week. March-October 10：00-17：15 November-February 10：00-16：45 Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25, and January 1. 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇應(yīng)用文，介紹了紐約大都會藝術(shù)博物館的參觀須知。 56.How muc

8、h may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum? A.$12. B.$37. C.$50. D.$62. 答案　C　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題意并結(jié)合Admission部分中的“$25.00 recommended for adults”“free for children under 12 with an adult”可知，他們應(yīng)付兩個成年人的門票費用。故選C。] 57.The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens l

9、ies in the fact that ________. A.it opens all the year round B.its collections date from the Middle Ages C.it has a modern European-style garden D.it sells excellent European glass collections 答案　B　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)The Cloisters Museum and Gardens部分的前兩句可知它吸引人的地方在于它的收藏品可追溯到中世紀，故選B。] B In the 1760s, Ma

10、thurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted (享有) a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze’s chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated la

11、rge amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta (意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it

12、as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting matters, too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn’t tell how much they’d had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none__the__wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is

13、 money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music

14、 was playing, diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad” tables, crowdi

15、ng, high prices—don’t necessarily.Diners at bad tables—next to the kitchen door, say—spent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about‘bad’ tables”， given that they’re profitable.As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that th

16、ey increased a restaurant’s reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier. 【語篇解讀】　本文講述了影響餐飲業(yè)效益的幾個因素。 58.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were __

17、______. A.not aware of eating more than usual B.not willing to share food with others C.not conscious of the food quality D.not fond of the food provided 答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，在餐館里的燈光昏暗的情況下，顧客判斷不出自己吃了多少食物，即使吃多了也不會覺得飽，因為他們意識不到自己比平時吃得多。故答案為A。] 59.How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A

18、.Playing classical music. B.Introducing lemon scent. C.Making the light brighter. D.Using plates of larger size. 答案　A　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart...diners spent more”可知，要想讓顧客在餐館多停留、多消費，餐館可以播放古典音樂，故A項符合題意。] 60.What does the

19、last paragraph talk about? A.Tips to attract more customers. B.Problems restaurants are faced with. C.Ways to improve restaurants’ reputation. D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants. 答案　D　[段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段的首句可知，人們認為的一些會阻止顧客消費的因素都不一定會是如此；下文圍繞此進行了說明。故本題答案為D項。] C If you want to disturb the car

20、 industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies.But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players.By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in th

21、e ecosystems (生態(tài)系統(tǒng)), small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys.As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC，美國青年農(nóng)會) and a family farmer myself, I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry. For example, take the Qui

22、ck Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group.It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few doz

23、en pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California.Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn’t touch the price per pound offered by California farms.But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, th

24、ey can stay in business. The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won’t happen without fundamental changes to the industry.One crucial factor is secure access to land.Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new

25、 farmers.From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions. Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship—the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own.With farmers

26、over the age of 65 outnumbering (多于) farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation’s farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation’s food. There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and f

27、air farm economy, but farmers can’t clumsily put them together before us.We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farm

28、ers from all backgrounds.With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers. 【語篇解讀】　本文呈現(xiàn)了美國小農(nóng)場的特點及其目前發(fā)展面臨的問題。 61.The author mentions car industry, at the beginning of the passage to introduce ________. A.the progress made in car industry B.a special fe

29、ature of agriculture C.a trend of development in agriculture D.the importance of investing in car industry 答案　B　[推理判斷題。文章開頭作者提到Mom-and-pop汽車制造商不可能打敗最大的汽車公司，以此為例引出文章的主題，隨后介紹了美國農(nóng)業(yè)的特點，故選B。] 62.What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2? A.Loans to small local farmers a

30、re necessary. B.Technology is vital for agricultural development. C.Competition between small and big farms is fierce. D.Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones. 答案　D　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的例子和該段中的“suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California”可知，小

31、農(nóng)場主可以獲得比大農(nóng)場主更多的好處。故選D。] 63.What is the difficulty for those new farmers? A.To gain more financial aid. B.To hire good farm managers. C.To have farms of their own. D.To win old farmers’ support. 答案　C　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“One crucial factor...for many new farmers”可知，很多新農(nóng)場主無法獲得他們自己的土地，這是他們的困難所在。故選C。]

32、64.What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy? A.Seek support beyond NYFC. B.Expand farmland conservation. C.Become members of NYFC. D.Invest more to improve technology. 答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的最后一句以及最后一段中的“We at the NYFC need broad support...all backgrounds”可知，除了需要NYFC的支持，農(nóng)場

33、主還需要獲得其他的幫助。故選A。] D Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned. It found many youngsters (少年) now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through “l(fā)ikes”.Some change their behaviour in real li

34、fe to improve their image on the web. The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children’s Commissioner (專員) Anne Longfield.She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the

35、 tremendous pressure they faced online. Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends—to demand “l(fā)ikes” for th

36、eir online posts. The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts quickly, and around the clock. Children aged 8 to 10 were “starting to feel happy” when others liked their posts.However, those in the 10 to 12 age group were “c

37、oncerned with how many people like their posts”， suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger the older they become. Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up “worried about their appearance and image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow

38、 on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant demands of social media”. She said: “Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school.But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real

39、social media interaction at secondary school.” As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was “hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves”. Miss Longfiel

40、d added: “Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline，will you miss something, will you miss out，will you show that you don’t care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at once.” “For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally.” Th

41、e Children’s Commissioner for England’s study—Life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play. However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxio

42、us online. By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found. However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incomp

43、etence they might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities (名人) or more brilliant friends online.The report said they also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones. The Children’s Commissioner said sc

44、hools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield (雷區(qū)) they faced online.And she said social media companies must also “take more responsibility”.They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their w

45、ebsites to the needs of younger users. Javed Khan, of children’s charity Barnardo’s, said: “It’s vital that new compulsory age-appropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media. “It’s also hugely important for

46、parents to know which apps their children are using.” 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文，內(nèi)容是關(guān)于社交媒體對孩子的影響的。 65.Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure? A.They were not provided with adequate equipment. B.They were not well prepared for emotional risks. C.They were required to give quick respo

47、nses. D.They were prevented from using mobile phones. 答案　B　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“social media firms...they faced online”可知，一些中學生感到壓力大的原因是他們沒有準備好應(yīng)對情感風險。故選B項。] 66.Some social app companies were to blame because ________. A.they didn’t adequately check their users’ registration B.they organized photo tri

48、ps to attract more youngsters C.they encouraged youngsters to post more photos D.they didn’t stop youngsters from staying up late 答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Some social apps...at least 13”可知，據(jù)說一些社交媒體應(yīng)用軟件要求其用戶至少13歲，然而它們很受兒童(13歲以下)歡迎，由此可推知，這些社交媒體軟件公司應(yīng)該受責備的原因是它們沒有充分檢查用戶的注冊信息。] 67.Children’s comparing thems

49、elves to others online may lead to ________. A.less friendliness to each other B.lower self-identity and confidence C.an increase in online cheating D.a stronger desire to stay online 答案　B　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第八段中的“children compared themselves...to develop themselves’”可知，兒童在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上拿自己和他人對比可能導致他們有較低的自我認同和更不自信。

50、故選B項。] 68.According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to ________. A.circulate their posts quickly B.know the qualities of their posts C.use mobile phones for play D.get more public approval 答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第六段中的“as they headed...increasingly anxious online”和倒數(shù)第五段“By

51、 the time ...the report found”可推知，孩子越大，就越渴望得到更多的公共認同。故選D項。] 69.What should parents do to solve the problem? A.Communicate more with secondary schools. B.Urge media companies to create safer apps. C.Keep track of children’s use of social media. D.Forbid their children from visiting the web. 答案　

52、C　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using”可知，父母應(yīng)該追蹤孩子對社交媒體的使用。故選C項。] 70.What does the passage mainly talk about? A.The influence of social media on children. B.The importance of social media to children. C.The problem in building a healthy relationship. D.The measure to reduce risks from social media. 答案　A　[主旨大意題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了社交媒體對孩子的影響。故選A項。] 11