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1、Section Ⅳ　Grammar 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)(Ⅰ) 1．(教材P5)“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary，” said Anne. →Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary. 2．(教材P5)“Does a friend always have to be a person？” the writer asks us. →The writer asks us if a friend always

2、 has to be a person. 3．(教材P5)“Why did you go to bed so late last night？” Father asked Anne. →Father asked Anne why she had gone to bed so late the night before． 4．My mother said, “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” →My mother said a friend in need is a friend indeed. 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則 人稱(chēng)

3、變化的三原則 1．“第一人稱(chēng)隨主”原則：如果從句中的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)或被第一人稱(chēng)修飾，從句中的人稱(chēng)要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)變化。 ◆Mary said，“I want to have a computer of my own.” →Mary said that she wanted to have a computer of her own. 2．“第二人稱(chēng)隨賓”原則：如果從句中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱(chēng)或被第二人稱(chēng)修飾，從句中的人稱(chēng)要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。如果引號(hào)外的主句沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)，也可以用第一人稱(chēng)。 ◆Her colleague said to her，“Who did you ask

4、 for a leave？” →Her colleague asked her who she had asked for a leave. 3．“第三人稱(chēng)不更新”原則：直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)的第三人稱(chēng)的代詞一般不需要變化。 ◆Mr. Smith said，“His voice is wonderful.” →Mr. Smith said his voice was wonderful. 時(shí)態(tài)的變化 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)動(dòng)詞變化如下表： 直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ) 句 子 時(shí) 態(tài) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 過(guò)去

5、完成時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 不變 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) ◆His friend said to him，“We are planning to have a picnic.” →His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic. ◆The organizer said，“We have begun our plan.” →The organizer said that they had begun their plan. 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)，時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)變化的情況： (1)直接引語(yǔ)是

6、客觀真理、諺語(yǔ)和格言； (2)直接引語(yǔ)中有具體的過(guò)去的某年、某月、某日作狀語(yǔ)。 ◆My teacher said to us yesterday，“Early birds catch worms.” →My teacher told us yesterday that early birds catch worms. 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及方向性動(dòng)詞的變化 引語(yǔ) 用詞 直接引語(yǔ) 間接引語(yǔ) 指示代詞 this 這個(gè) that 那個(gè) these 這些 those那些 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) now 現(xiàn)在 then 那時(shí) today 今天 that day那天 t

7、his morning 今天上午 that morning 那天上午 tonight 今天晚上 that night 那天晚上 tomorrow 明天 the next/following day 第二天 yesterday 昨天 the day before 前一天 last night 昨天晚上 the night before前一天晚上 the day before yesterday 前天 two days before 兩天前 three days ago 三天前 three days before 三天前 next week 下一周 the next/

8、following week第二周 ago(至今)以前 before(那時(shí))以前 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) here 這兒 there 那兒 方向性動(dòng)詞 bring 帶來(lái) take 帶走 come 來(lái) go 去 ◆She asked，“Is this book his？” →She asked whether that book was his. ◆“I’ll be very busy today，”said the man. →The man said he would be very busy that day. 連接詞的選擇 1．直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，常變

9、成由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。在口語(yǔ)中，that可以省略。 He said，“I was cooking when the earthquake happened.” →He said (that) he was cooking when the earthquake happened. 直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)，若變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“said to sb.”常改為told sb.。 ◆His father said to him，“You should work hard if you want to go to college.” →His father told him t

10、hat he should work hard if he wanted to go to college. 2．直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中用whether(...or或...or not)或if引導(dǎo)。 ◆His friend asked him，“Are you interested in playing football？” →His friend asked him whether he was interested in playing football.　 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是said，則將其改為asked。 3．直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，

11、間接引語(yǔ)仍用原句中的特殊疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，其余的變化遵照直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則來(lái)進(jìn)行。 ◆“What’s your name？”he asked me. →He asked me what my name was. 疑問(wèn)句的直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要把疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序變成陳述語(yǔ)序。 ◆“Where are you going？” the father asked his son. →The father asked his son where he was going. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1．“What are you doing now？” Mum asked me. Mum

12、asked me what I was doing then． 2．“Why did Helen refuse to go there？” the teacher asked. The teacher asked why Helen had refused to go there. 3．John said, “I am going to visit Disneyland the day after tomorrow.” John said that he was going to visit Disneyland in two days’ time． 4．“Did you go th

13、ere to watch the football match last night？” Bob asked me. Bob asked me if/whether I had gone there to watch the football match the night before． 5．My father said, “I worked here twenty years ago.” My father said that he had worked there twenty years before/earlier． 6．“Where will you go with you

14、r father tomorrow？” Peter asked me. Peter asked me where I would go with my father the next day． 7．Sophia asked me whether I had heard about that bad news the day before. Sophia said to me, “Did you hear about this bad news yesterday？” 8．Helen told me that she wouldn’t go to Hainan the following

15、 day. Helen said to me, “I won’t go to Hainan tomorrow．” 9．Tony’s father asked him how he had finished the task by himself two days earlier. Tony’s father asked Tony, “How did you finish the task by yourself the day before yesterday？” 10．The girl said that she was watching the TV play then. The

16、 girl said, “I am watching the TV play now．” 單句改錯(cuò) 1．The teacher told us that the earth moved around the sun.moved→moves 2．The doctor said, “You were not badly ill and you will be better soon.”were→are 3．Peter said that he had seen the lady in the bookstore ago.ago→before 4．My friend asked me t

17、hat if I had watched that film the night before.去掉第一個(gè)that 5．Bob asked his new classmate that she came from that morning.that→where 語(yǔ)法與寫(xiě)作 1．那個(gè)男孩的媽媽問(wèn)他是否對(duì)他做過(guò)的事感到抱歉。 That boy’s mother asked him if/whether he was sorry for what he had done． 2．我告訴他我丟了這筆錢(qián)并會(huì)找到它。 I told him that I had lost the money a

18、nd that I would find it． 3．史密斯夫人問(wèn)她兒子為什么不愿意放棄那個(gè)項(xiàng)目。 Mrs.Smith asked her son why he wouldn’t give up that project． 4．羅斯告訴我說(shuō)她后天來(lái)北京看我。 Rose told me that she would come to Beijing to visit me in two days’ time． 5．老師說(shuō)：“太陽(yáng)從東邊升起，從西邊落下。” The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets down in t

19、he west. 請(qǐng)將下列直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ) 1．“You should be more creative next time，” my teacher said to me. My teacher told me that I should be more creative the next time． 2．Mr.Brown said, “I will leave for New York on business next month，Mary.” Mr.Brown told Mary that he would leave for New York on busine

20、ss the next month． 3．“Don’t make so much noise in class，boys and girls，” said Mr.Wang. Mr.Wang told the boys and girls not to make so much noise in class. 4．Our teacher said to us, “The moon moves around the earth and the earth goes around the sun.” Our teacher told us that the moon moves around

21、 the earth and the earth goes around the sun. 5．“Are you sorry for what you have done？” the mother asked the naughty boy. The mother asked the naughty boy if he was sorry for what he had done． 6．My classmate said to me, “Doctor Wang passed away last month.” My classmate told me that Doctor Wang

22、passed away last month. 7．Johnny said to his parents, “I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.” Johnny told his parents that he had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term. 8．“Write your names on your paper first，” the teacher said to us. The teacher asked us to write

23、our names on our paper first. 9．He asked Nancy, “Are you a student？” He asked Nancy if she was a student. 10．“Where are you going？” the girl asked me. The girl asked me where I was going． 閱讀理解 A Friends are important to children.Research shows that children who have no friends can suffer fr

24、om difficulties later in life.Friendship provides children with more than just fun.In making friends，children learn how to get in touch with others and solve problems.Having friends even does good to children for they can help each other during class. If the parents are concerned about whether thei

25、r children make many friends，what matters is that the child is comfortable and happy with his friends.Parents need to understand the steps children take in building friendships.First of all，be a friend to your child.Good friendships start at home. Children begin to develop the necessary ability to g

26、o out and meet others through getting along with their parents.Greet the child warmly and let him know you are glad to see him.Children learn a lot from how their parents stay with them and other people. Teach children how to solve conflicts(爭(zhēng)端)．Being able to work out conflicts is an important skil

27、l in getting along with others.If parents know the children have a conflict，let them work it out on their own.Only step in if it is really necessary，for example，an argument is getting physical. Give children chances to practice staying together.Have children play games that require cooperation. For

28、 example，races are fun and provide plenty of practice in teamwork.Encourage children to show thanks to others.The parents can encourage children to do this by setting the example for them. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　這篇短文主要描述了朋友對(duì)于孩子的重要性，以及父母應(yīng)該如何幫助孩子交朋友。 1．According to the article，if one child has no friend，he will ___

29、_____． A．have some trouble in the future B．worry about everything in the future C．not know the importance of making friends D．not find anybody to help him A 解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的Research shows that children who have no friends can suffer from difficulties later in life.描述，可知沒(méi)有朋友的孩子會(huì)在將來(lái)遇到困難，故選A。 2．F

30、riendship can be helpful to the children EXCEPT ________． A．providing a lot of fun B．getting in touch with others C．solving the problems D．helping to cheat in the exams D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)短文第一段描述，可知友誼對(duì)孩子的幫助不包括在考試中作弊，故選D。 3．When the children disagree with each other，the parents should ________． A．le

31、t them fight with each other until they find who is the winner B．do nothing to the children and believe in their abilities C．let them work it out by themselves and help if necessary D．talk with them and try to find good ways to stay together C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)短文第三段中的Teach children how to solve confli

32、cts(爭(zhēng)端)．Being able to work out conflicts is an important skill in getting along with others.If parents know the children have a conflict，let them work it out on their own.描述，可知當(dāng)孩子的意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí)，父母應(yīng)該讓他們自己解決，如果有必要就幫助。故選C。 4．From the text we can know a good friend should know how to ________． A．fall in love

33、 with each other B．show thanks to others C．exchange their presents D．ignore their differences B　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)短文最后一段中的Encourage children to show thanks to others.The parents can encourage children to do this by setting the example for them.可知作者寫(xiě)本文的主要目的是告訴父母幫助孩子們交朋友，互相感謝。故選B。 B Friendships can be

34、difficult—because often people aren’t as honest and open as they should be.Sometimes, people end up getting hurt. Most problems with friendships come up because people are just too selfish to care about the things that their friends need. They care about their own needs much more, which makes it ha

35、rd for friendships to work. However, being selfish is part of human nature. A person is put together in order to take care of himself and his own needs, not necessarily those needs of other people. Even though being selfish is something that all humans are born with, it is something that everyone sh

36、ould guard against. The best thing to remember when you are a friend to anyone is that you need to treat your friend the same way as you’d like to be treated. This is wonderful advice for a friendship，because it is really the only way to make sure that you are giving your friend everything you woul

37、d want to be given in a friendship. Whenever you have a question about how you should treat a friend, it is easy to find an answer simply by asking yourself what you would like your friend to do for you，if he or she is in your shoes. Even if you’re always thinking about how you’d like to be treated

38、, and your friends are, too, there are issues that come up from time to time in each friendship, and it is important to understand how to deal with these issues so that you can build stronger and healthier friendships. Issues like friends getting boyfriends or girlfriends and not spending enough tim

39、e with their friends，or even friends finding new friends and leaving old friends behind are issues that will probably come up with one or more of your friendships. It is important to know how to deal with these issues so that you can keep your friends and make new ones. No one wants to have a broken

40、 friendship. 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹了朋友之間出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題以及如何才能使友誼長(zhǎng)存，如何處理朋友之間的問(wèn)題。 5．This passage mainly deals with________． A．the importance of friendships B．the advantages of friendships C．the problems with friendships D．the meaning of friendships C　解析：主旨大意題。全文主要是圍繞朋友之間出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行談?wù)摰?，所以選C項(xiàng)。 6．According to

41、the author, problems with friendships may appear when________． A．one is honest B．one is selfish C．one is alone D．one is too busy B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，朋友之間出現(xiàn)的大多數(shù)問(wèn)題是由于人們太自私。 7．According to the passage, the first and most important thing to be other people’s friend is ________． A．to treat your

42、friends as fairly as possible B．to give your friends whatever you have C．not to hurt your friends’ feelings D．not to think of your own needs any more A　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，作者認(rèn)為要成為別人的朋友，最重要的一件事就是“己所欲，施于人”。 8．The paragraphs following the passage may be about how to________． A．make friends B．tre

43、at friends correctly C．keep friends D．deal with friendship issues D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文最后兩句話可知，作者認(rèn)為為了能保持友誼和不斷交到新的朋友，了解如何處理朋友之間的問(wèn)題是很重要的，那么接下來(lái)要談到的應(yīng)該是如何處理朋友之間的問(wèn)題。 語(yǔ)法填空 Sarah Jayne is a twenty-year-old girl from the U．K.After she read the book Pay It Forward，she realized that our world would become a mu

44、ch 1.____________(good) place if everyone could do three favors(善意的行為) for others.She lost her father 2.____________ the age of eight，so she felt pity for her friend’s children whose dad died 3.____________(recent)．Sarah talked and played with the children to make their mother’s life easier. This “

45、success” led to the second favor，which was to set up a counseling(咨詢) service at her school 4.____________(help) improve the students’ mental(心理的) health.Her third favor was for a neighbor，an old woman named Anna who lost 5.____________(she) eyesight.It was Anna that 6.____________(introduce) the bo

46、ok Pay It Forward to Sarah two months ago.As she loved reading，it was 7.____________ real act of kindness to spend time 8.____________(read) out loud for the neighbor and keeping her company every night. Sarah said, “I couldn’t believe at first how three small favors could make a big 9._________ (d

47、ifferent)．All the people 10.____________ were helped by me have promised to pay favors forward.” 【解題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】　本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一個(gè)英國(guó)女孩因?yàn)樽x了一本書(shū)后做了三個(gè)善舉，并使得受助者也愿意去幫助別人。 1．better　解析：根據(jù)該空前的much可知，該空應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級(jí)，故填better。 2．a(chǎn)t　解析：at the age of表示“在……年紀(jì)時(shí)”。 3．recently　解析：該空應(yīng)用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞，故填recently。 4．to help　解析：該空用動(dòng)詞不定式

48、表目的，故填to help。 5．her　解析：該空應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞修飾eyesight。 6．introduced　解析：根據(jù)two months ago可知，說(shuō)的是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一件事，所以用動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填introduced。 7．a(chǎn)　解析：act表示“行為，舉動(dòng)”時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞，此處表示“一個(gè)”，故填a。 8．reading　解析：spend time doing sth.表示“花時(shí)間做某事”。 9．difference　解析：make a big difference表示“有很大影響”。 10．who　解析：先行詞為All the people，關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句

49、，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填who。 短文改錯(cuò) Dear David， How time flies! It’s been an entirely week since you left our school.You can’t imagine what I miss the time we spend together! I am very happy to be your friend and grateful for your help with my English.Because of I have learned a lot from you，I am more confiden

50、t of your future study.I real got pleasure from speak English with you. Although we are not in a same country now，our friendship will last forever.And I will try my best learn English and make more friend. Yours， Li Hua 答案： Dear David， How time flies! It’s been an week since you left our scho

51、ol.You can’t imagine I miss the time we together! I am very happy to be your friend and grateful for your help with my English.Because I have learned a lot from you，I am more confident of future study.I got pleasure from English with you. Although we are not in same country now，our friendship will last forever.And I will try my best learn English and make more . Yours， Li Hua - 11 -