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1、Unit 1 Lifestyles 課時練1　閱讀理解提速練 [學(xué)生用書P233(單獨成冊)] 閱讀理解 A (2019·遼寧五校協(xié)作體高三聯(lián)合模擬) Kettle’s Yard, Cambridge This modern art gallery in a Victorian house was founded in the 1950s by Jim Ede and reopened in February, following a two－year redevelopment by Jamie Fobert Architects. This means a new

2、cafe, a four－floor education wing and improved gallery space that can accommodate more visitors. The gallery’s permanent collection includes works of Joan Miró， Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. Being Brunel, Bristol To celebrate the life and work of famous civil engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel,

3、Being Brunel opened in March on Bristol’s harbourside. The museum included a range of interactive and entertaining exhibits, including talking portraits of his friends and family and personal possessions, including an 1821 school report. It is a good place for families to strengthen connections. Ro

4、yal Academy of Arts, London The RA reopened on 19 May for its 250th anniversary, following a renovation(翻新) with a gallery and expanded exhibition programme. These will include three galleries, which will host exhibitions, with a focus on contemporary art and architecture. The grand facade(正面) of t

5、he Burlington Gardens building has also been restored—possibly the first time it’s had a proper clean in its 150－year history. V&A, Dundee One of the most significant new openings of the year will be Scotland’s first designed museum—and also the first V&A anywhere outside of London—on 15 September

6、. The museum building sits on the River Tay. It will celebrate Scottish designs and objects in its collection. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　該文介紹了四個藝術(shù)畫廊(博物館)的特點、展出內(nèi)容等。 1．What do we know about Being Brunel? A．It has a long school report. B．It includes three galleries. C．It is family－friendly. D．It possesses permanent

7、 collections. C　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Being Brunel, Bristol部分中的最后一句“It is a good place for families to strengthen connections.”可知，Being Brunel是一個家庭友好型博物館。故選C。 2．The purpose of the RA reopening is____________． A．to expand the exhibition B．to mark its 250th anniversary C．to display contemporary art D．to pr

8、esent its 150－year history B　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Royal Academy of Arts, London部分中的“The RA reopened on 19 May for its 250th anniversary”可知，RA重新開放的目的是紀念其成立250周年。故選B。 3．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To attract more visitors to the UK. B．To compare different tourist attractions. C．To describe some f

9、amous museums and artists. D．To introduce openings of some famous art galleries and museums. D　解析：寫作意圖題。通讀全文可知，文章介紹了一些著名的藝術(shù)博物館和畫廊的開幕。故選D。 B (2019·成都高中畢業(yè)班摸底測試)A fun way to learn about the people in the destinations you travel to around the globe is to drop in to a friendly local bar off the beate

10、n tourist track and enjoy a sip of something the region is famous for. To help you have fun, we’ve rounded up how to say “Cheers！” around the world. Who doesn’t dream of living the good life in France? The food alone is well worth the trip since the French basically invented fine cuisine. They also

11、 invented a little golden liquid called the Champagne! Just before your first sip, look at your friends in the eyes and simply say their “cheers” ：à votre santé！ Is it just us, or is the Italian treat called prosecco sweeping the nation by storm? It’s lovely anytime: brunch, to celebrate something,

12、 or just to slowly sip while catching up with a dear friend. It originated in Italy’s Veneto region but is now available all over the world. When in Italy, the most common toast is “cin cin”， which has its origins in China. However, do not use this as a toast in Japan. It is what could get you kick

13、ed out of a bar or possibly the entire country. If you find yourself in the land of Japan, stick with “kampai”， which means “cheers”． If you haven’t been to Ireland—what are you waiting for? It’s the friendliest place, and one of the funniest on the planet, and the pubs are full of stories, where

14、locals and visitors gather to lift a glass of Guinness. The Irish language can be a bit tricky for visitors to grasp but, again, practice makes perfect. Simply say, “ Slàinte mhath.” 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇說明文。在不同國家和地區(qū)，如何表達“干杯”體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕惋L(fēng)情。本文分別介紹了在法國、意大利、日本和愛爾蘭如何表達“干杯”。 4．What is the French way of saying “Che

15、ers”？ A．à votre santé.　　　　 B．Cin cin. C．Kampai. D．Slàinte mhath. A　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，在法國，干杯時說“à votre santé！”，故A項正確。 5．What does the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The Italian wine. B．A toast from China. C．A Japanese custom. D．A French expression. B　解析：代詞指代題。根據(jù)第三段第四

16、、五句可知，意大利常見的祝酒詞是“cin cin”，起源于中國；然而在日本，不要把這個當(dāng)作祝酒詞。結(jié)合該句“It is what could get you kicked out of a bar or possibly the entire country”可知，這種起源于中國的祝酒詞可能讓你被趕出酒吧；據(jù)此可知，It指代源于中國的祝酒詞，故B項正確。 6．What can we learn about Ireland from the text? A．It is famous for food. B．Its language is simple. C．It makes perfec

17、t wine. D．It is well worth visiting. D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)尾段第二句可知，愛爾蘭是最友好的地方，也是世界上最有趣的地方之一，酒吧里充滿了故事，在那里當(dāng)?shù)厝撕陀慰途墼谝黄鹋e杯暢飲。據(jù)此可以判斷，愛爾蘭值得一游，故D項正確。 7．What’s the main purpose of the text? A．To introduce the world-famous wine. B．To show how to make friends in bars. C．To give suggestions on drinking regionally.

18、 D．To recommend some famous travel destinations. C　解析：寫作意圖題。通讀全文可知，本文第一段最后一句為文章的主題句，結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了在不同國家和地區(qū)說“干杯”的方式；據(jù)此可以判斷，本文旨在介紹在不同國家和地區(qū)如何說“干杯”，故C項正確。 C (2019·陜西西北六校模擬)With Halloween just around the corner, today we will explore the world of ghosts in this program! The Merriam-Webster online d

19、ictionary says the word “ghost” goes back a thousand years to the “earliest recorded evidence of the language”. The first meaning of “ghost” was “the seat of life or intelligence”. And it still has that meaning in some expressions. However, today, the word “ghost” usually means the soul of a dead p

20、erson. This meaning is based on the idea that a person’s spirit and body are separate. The spirit can continue existing long after the body has died. During Halloween, kids dressed as ghosts are common sights. The costume is very simple：just throw on a white cloth that covers you from head to foot

21、. But do not expect to win any costume competitions! You would not have a ghost of a chance. People use this expression to mean that something is very unlikely to happen. The sight might even make you turn pale as a ghost. This is used when people lose color in their face. Sometimes this happens wh

22、en a person is scared. But a bad cold or flu can also turn you as pale as a ghost. “Ghost” can also be a verb. In the 1880s the term “ghost” meant a person who works in secret for another person. Ghostwriters produce speeches for politicians. They also produce books for authors who want to tell the

23、ir life stories but are not professional writers. And sometimes ghostwriters are involved in a series of books, like the children’s stories based on the teenage detective Nancy Drew. The series began in 1930. The author given credit was Carolyn Keene. But she was not even real! Ghostwriters did all

24、 the work. Another expression using “ghost” as a verb is simply to ghost. This does not mean to die. It means to leave a place or event without saying “goodbye” to anyone. You can ghost from your job. You can ghost from a party. Yon can even ghost from a relationship. This is when you stop communic

25、ating with someone because you are simply no longer interested in them. But I will not ghost from Words and Their Stories. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要對“ghost”一詞進行了深入探索。 8．The basic meaning of the word “ghost” nowadays is ________． A．the secret of another person B．the spirit of a dead person C．the color of o

26、ne’s face D．the origin of intelligence B　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段的第一句“However，today，the word‘ghost’usually means the soul of a dead person”可知，ghost 現(xiàn)在的基本含義是“一個死人的靈魂”。 9．If someone says “you don’t have a ghost of a chance to win the match”， he means________． A．without doubt you won’t lose the match B．t

27、he match is unlikely to happen C．it’s impossible for you to win the match D．you are too scared to win the match C　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的最后一句“People use this expression to mean that something is very unlikely to happen”可知，題干中引號內(nèi)的意思是“你不可能贏得比賽”，故選C。 10．What can be inferred about the word “ghost” accord

28、ing to the passage? A．Kids dressed in a white cloth like ghosts can win a costume competition. B．A bad cold can turn people as pale as a ghost because they fear illness. C．It was Carolyn Keene who ghostwrote the children’s stories. D．A person devoted to his job is unlikely to ghost from his job.

29、 D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的第三句“It means to leave a place or event without saying ‘goodbye’ to anyone”并結(jié)合選項可知，一個熱愛自己工作的人是不可能輕易離開自己的工作的，ghost的含義和引用的句子呼應(yīng)，故選D。 11．This passage is likely to appear in________． A．a(chǎn) radio program B．a(chǎn) Halloween poster C．a(chǎn) fashion magazine D．a(chǎn) newspaper advertisement A　解析：文章出

30、處題。根據(jù)第一段“With Halloween just around the corner，today we will explore the world of ghosts in this program”可推知，本文選自一個電臺的節(jié)目，故選A。 D (2019·南昌重點中學(xué)高三年級段考)In high school I was very shy, content to hang around with my small group of friends and concentrate on my courses. I was quickly regarded as a “brain”

31、. I did so well that by the end of the senior year I had perfect grades and enough credits to give up an entire quarter of coursework. But in early June of the senior year, the principal called me into his office. He asked me to give a speech at graduation. I gaped(目瞪口呆地凝視) at him, my heart thumpin

32、g. This was the reward for my hard work? I mumbled something and fled the office, blaming myself for staying away from physics, a subject sure to have ruined my perfect record. I finally agreed to a compromise. I would share the honor with five other students. And my friend Judy would then give her

33、 own, full-length speech. Graduation day soon arrived. I’d been practicing my speech for days, and I had it memorized. The first half hour of the ceremony passed in a blur, and then my moment came. My name was announced. I managed to reach the podium(講臺) without falling down. I faced my classmates

34、. My voice trembled a little, but mostly it was clear and strong. But within seconds, I was done and headed back to my seat. I accomplished something I’d never dreamed of—I spoke in front of hundreds of people. Although I didn’t realize it at the time, the successful completion of that speech gave

35、me the confidence to participate in class at college, to give verbal reports, and to eventually break free from my shyness. I never would have chosen to give a speech at graduation ever. But I’m glad I did. I no longer hesitate when I’m faced with the prospect of doing something I dread. I know it m

36、ay very well turn out to be one of my shining moments. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文?！拔摇鄙细咧袝r很羞怯，但由于學(xué)習(xí)成績優(yōu)秀，被校長要求在畢業(yè)典禮上演講，“我”雖然害怕，但還是完成了這次演講。這件事不僅使“我”擺脫了羞怯，增強了自信，而且讓“我”在做“我”恐懼的事情時不再猶豫。 12．Why was the writer called a “brain”？ A．She was a bookworm all the time. B．She was the head of her small group. C．She did a

37、good job in her studies. D．She did more coursework for good grades. C　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第三句可知，在高中畢業(yè)那年結(jié)束的時候“我”取得了優(yōu)異的成績，拿到了足夠的學(xué)分，從而可以免去整整四分之一的課程作業(yè)。由此可推知，“我”被認為是一個“聰明的學(xué)生”是因為“我”在課業(yè)方面表現(xiàn)出色，故C項正確。 13．What can we infer from the second paragraph? A．She ruined her health because of studying hard. B．She got t

38、he reward beyond expectation. C．She was grateful for giving a speech. D．She wasn’t good at physics at school. D　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，“我”咕噥了幾句話就逃出了辦公室，責(zé)怪自己遠離了物理，這門學(xué)科肯定破壞了“我”的完美記錄。據(jù)此可以判斷，作者不擅長物理，故D項正確。 14．How did the author feel at the beginning of the graduation speech? A．Scared.　　　　　　 B．Moved.

39、 C．Excited. D．Embarrassed. A　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第五、六、七句可知，“我”設(shè)法到達講臺而不至于跌倒，面對著同學(xué)們，“我”的聲音有點顫抖。據(jù)此可以推斷，演講開始時“我”感到害怕。A項意為“害怕，恐懼”，故A項正確。 15．What did the speech bring to the author at last? A．She had nothing to fear in life. B．She got rid of her sense of shyness. C．She won enough college credits. D．She d

40、esired to become a speaker. B　解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句可知，高中畢業(yè)典禮上演講的成功完成給了“我”最終擺脫羞怯的信心。故B項正確。 七選五 (2019·昆明摸底) How to Say No Respectfully Like most people, your natural instinct(本能) is probably to help others when you can. 1.________ Whether you’re declining an invitation to a party or turning down a

41、new project at work, you can say no while still being respectful. Whatever the situation is, be clear, polite and firm when saying no. Express your thanks. 2.________ If you have to turn someone down, express your thanks that they thought of you in the first place. You could say something like，“Tha

42、nks for considering me responsible enough to watch your kids. I’m sorry that I’m busy that evening.” Think before you speak. If you say no immediately, it might seem like you didn’t even consider the request. In order to be respectful, take a moment to think about your answer—even if you already kn

43、ow what it is going to be. 3.________　 Give a clear answer. Saying no respectfully shows that you’re honest and direct. 4.________ If you can’t help, say no. If someone is asking you on a date and you don’t want to go, make that clear. 5．________ You can say no without completely turning down the

44、request. By setting boundaries, you can make it clear exactly what you can do and what you are willing to do. For example, you could say, “I’m not free for dinner, but I would be coming for a quick drink after work.” A．Find a way to compromise. B．Take a pause, and then kindly say no. C．But someti

45、mes, you just need to say no. D．It’s strange to feel guilty for turning someone down. E．Make it clear that you sincerely appreciate being asked. F．If you feel it necessary, you can also provide a reason for your answer. G．Do not give people false hope that you will be able to satisfy their reque

46、st. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文主要介紹了如何有禮貌地拒絕別人。 1．C　解析：前面講到“幫助別人可能是人的一種本能”，接下來話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，說到“在有的情形下你可以禮貌地拒絕別人”，前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以選C項。 2．E　解析：本段的第一句“表達你的謝意”為段落主題句，所以空處意在進一步解釋說明這一主題，而選項E的意思是“要表達清楚你很真誠地感激受到邀請”，所以E項符合語意。 3．B　解析：本段首句為段落主題句，意為“在說(不)之前要思考一下”，而B項的意思是“停一下，然后再善意地拒絕”，與此處匹配，所以選B項。 4．G　解析：由本段內(nèi)容可知，本段主要講明確答復(fù)對方，有禮貌地拒絕別人表示你是誠實

47、的、直接的。所以G項“不要給人錯覺，讓別人覺得你可以滿足他們的要求”與本段所表達的意思相符，所以選G項。 5．A　解析：根據(jù)下文可知，本段講述的是在拒絕別人的時候，可以留有余地，表達清楚你能做什么、愿意做什么，而A項的意思是“找到一個折中的辦法”，與本段所表達的意思相符，所以選A項。 課時練2　知識運用板塊練 [學(xué)生用書P236(單獨成冊)] 完形填空 (2019·成都高中畢業(yè)班摸底測試)In April 1952, I was 11 years old and in the sixth grade at an elementary school. My teacher was M

48、iss Pemberton. It was spelling bee time in our city—students were issued with brochures of words to study in __1__ for the class spelldowns(比賽). They would lead to a schoolwide contest and __2__ qualification for the citywide spelling bee, where school __3__ competed for the __4__ of being the spell

49、ing champion of Houston. The day __5__ the class spelling bee, my youngest brother was playing with matches and __6__ set a fire in our apartment. My mother made sleeping arrangements for all of us and __7__ the school in the morning to inform Miss Pemberton of the accident, __8__ that the class sp

50、elling bee was that day. When I arrived at school, Miss Pemberton __9__ me aside. She asked if I wanted her to __10__ the spelling bee to another day because of my __11__ about the fire. I told her no. That day, I won the spelling bee for my class. The next week was the school spelling bee, with c

51、lass champions __12__. I won again! The __13__ spelling bee was one month away. Every Sunday afternoon, Miss Pemberton would pick me up, and we would go to her house, where she would hepl me __14__ by calling out spelling words. After a couple of __15__， Miss Pemberton would __16__ me to Rettig’s i

52、ce-cream parlor, where I could __17__ a hot chocolate sundae(圣代冰激凌) which I’d never had. We practiced every __18__ until the citywide spelling bee. I did not win the citywide spelling bee, but I still felt __19__ to have participated. I also felt grateful that I had such a __20__ teacher in element

53、ary school. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了十一歲時“我”參加拼字比賽的故事。 1．A.need　　　　　　　　 B．exchange C．preparation D．return C　解析：根據(jù)該句中的“students were issued with brochures of words to study in ______ for the class spelldowns(比賽)”可知，老師給學(xué)生們分發(fā)了單詞手冊，以便他們?yōu)榘嗉壠醋直荣愖鰷蕚洹n preparation for為固定搭配，意為“為……做準備”，故C項正確。A項意為“需要”；B項意為“交

54、換”；D項意為“返回”。 2．A.actual B．final C．hopeful D．lucky B　解析：根據(jù)該句中的“They would lead to a schoolwide contest and ______ qualification for the citywide spelling bee”可知，班級比賽后便是校級比賽，最后選出參加市級比賽的合格人選。B項意為“最后的”，符合語境，故B項正確。A項意為“真實的”；C項意為“有希望的”；D項意為“幸運的”。 3．A.students B．participants C．winners D．teams C　解

55、析：結(jié)合該句中的“where school ______ competed for the ______ of being the spelling champion of Houston”可以判斷，學(xué)校的獲勝者們將為休斯敦市拼字比賽的冠軍榮譽而競爭。C項意為“獲勝者”，符合語境，故C項正確。 4．A.prize B．benefit C．fame D．honor D　解析：參見上題解析。D項意為“榮譽”，符合語境，故D項正確。A項意為“獎勵”；B項意為“好處”；C項意為“名聲”。 5．A.before B．a(chǎn)fter C．during D．for A　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，在

56、參加班級拼字比賽的前一天，“我”最小的弟弟在家里玩火柴意外地引發(fā)了一場火災(zāi)。A項意為“在……以前”，符合語境，故A項正確。 6．A.stupidly B．successfully C．shortly D．a(chǎn)ccidentally D　解析：參見上題解析。D項意為“意外地，偶然地”，符合語境，故D項正確。A項意為“愚蠢地”；B項意為“成功地”；C項意為“不久，很快”。 7．A.visited B．called C．emailed D．wrote B　解析：“我”的媽媽安排好我們睡覺的地方，第二天早上就打電話將這次事故告訴了Pemberton老師。B項意為“打電話”，符合語境，

57、故B項正確。A項意為“參觀”；C項意為“發(fā)電子郵件”；D項意為“寫信”。 8．A.believing B．hoping C．knowing D．telling C　解析：“我”的媽媽在告訴老師這次事故時知道了班級的拼字比賽就在那天。C項意為“知道，了解”，符合語境，故C項正確。A項意為“相信”；B項意為“希望”；D項意為“告訴”。 9．A.pulled B．drove C．left D．helped A　解析：根據(jù)該句“When I arrived at school, Miss Pemberton ______ me aside.”并結(jié)合下文內(nèi)容可知，Pemberton老

58、師在“我”到學(xué)校時將“我”拉到一邊，詢問“我”的情況。A項意為“拉”，符合語境，故A項正確。B項意為“駕駛”；C項意為“離開”；D項意為“幫助”。 10．A.call off B．take off C．put off D．send off C　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，“我”家遭遇了火災(zāi)；結(jié)合該句“She asked if I wanted her to ______ the spelling bee to another day because of my ______ about the fire.”可知，老師問“我”是否因為“我”的煩悶而需要推遲拼字比賽。C項意為“推遲”，符合語境，

59、故C項正確。A項意為“取消”；B項意為“脫下，起飛”；D項意為“寄出”。 11．A.upset B．curiosity C．doubt D．a(chǎn)nger A　解析：參見上題解析。A項意為“不痛快，煩悶”，符合語境，故A項正確。B項意為“好奇”；C項意為“懷疑”；D項意為“憤怒”。 12．A.waiting B．competing C．winning D．a(chǎn)pplying B　解析：根據(jù)語境可知，下一周校級拼字比賽上，所有班級獲勝者參與競爭(competing)。故B項正確。A項意為“等候”；C項意為“獲勝”；D項意為“申請”。 13．A.schoolwide B．city

60、wide C．nationwide D．worldwide B　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，“我”在參加校級拼字比賽時獲勝了；結(jié)合下文中的“until the citywide spelling bee”可知，此處表示市級拼字比賽一個月后進行。B項意為“全市范圍的”，故B項正確。A項意為“全校范圍的”；C項意為“全國范圍的”；D項意為“世界各地的”。 14．A.review B．remember C．learn D．practice D　解析：根據(jù)該句中的“by calling out spelling words”和下文中的“We practiced”可知，Pemberton老師幫助

61、“我”練習(xí)(practice)，故D項正確。A項意為“復(fù)習(xí)”；B項意為“記住”；C項意為“學(xué)習(xí)”。 15．A.minutes B．hours C．days D．weeks B　解析：根據(jù)該句中的“After a couple of ______， Miss Pemberton would ______ me to Rettig’s ice-cream parlor”可知，在練習(xí)幾個小時后，Pemberton老師會將“我”帶到Rettig冰激凌店。B項意為“小時”，故B項正確。 16．A.rush B．drag C．take D．send C　解析：參見上題解析。take s

62、b. to some place為固定搭配，意為“將某人帶到某地”，故C項正確。 17．A.order B．use C．make D．enjoy D　解析：在Rettig冰激凌店“我”可以享用從來沒有品嘗過的一種熱巧克力圣代冰激凌。D項意為“享受”，故D項正確。 18．A.weekend B．a(chǎn)fternoon C．moment D．night A　解析：根據(jù)該段第一句中的“Every Sunday afternoon”，又結(jié)合該句“We practiced every ______ until the citywide spelling bee.”可知，我們每周末訓(xùn)練，直

63、到市級拼字比賽時間來臨。A項意為“周末”，故A項正確。 19．A.proud B．welcome C．disappointed D．surprised A　解析：根據(jù)該句“I did not win the citywide spelling bee, but I still felt ______ to have participated.”可知，盡管“我”沒有在市級拼字比賽中獲勝，但是“我”仍然為參加了這次比賽而感到驕傲。A項意為“自豪的，驕傲的”，故A項正確。B項意為“受歡迎的”；C項意為“失望的”；D項意為“驚訝的”。 20．A.successful B．patient

64、 C．professional D．caring D　解析：根據(jù)上文可知，每周末Pemberton老師都幫“我”練習(xí)單詞拼寫，還帶“我”去冰激凌店吃冰激凌；結(jié)合該句“I also felt grateful that I had such a ______ teacher in elementary school.”可知，“我”對有這樣一位關(guān)心他人的(caring)小學(xué)老師充滿感激。故D項正確。A項意為“成功的”；B項意為“耐心的”；C項意為“專業(yè)的”。 語法填空 (2019·成都高中畢業(yè)班診斷性檢測)Helping a person forget something is rare

65、ly easy, especially if the“something” is hurtful or negative. Use some simple techniques to distract from the issue and 1.____________ (hope) with time, the person won’t be able to remember 2.____________ he is supposed to forget. Remove all the items that may bring back the memory. Any small objec

66、ts can jog his memory, so carefully replace any photos, diaries or any other 3.____________ (person) objects or presents with new items. Change the subject whenever your friend brings it up. Don’t do this in 4.____________ obvious way because this is annoying, but do it without his awareness of your 5.____________(intend). Tell some 6.____________ (amuse) stories or talk about important and happy events in your friend’s life such as a new nephew or a work promotion. Occupy him with 7._________