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1、專題二　主旨大意 挖命題 【考情探究】 考點(diǎn) 內(nèi)容 五年考頻統(tǒng)計(jì) 2014 天津卷 2015 天津卷 2016 天津卷 2017春 天津卷 2017夏 天津卷 2018春 天津卷 2018夏 天津卷 主旨大意 主要考查考生歸納概括文章內(nèi)容以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 分析解讀　　1.歸納段落大意一定要在把握全段內(nèi)容和全文中心思想的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。2.文章主旨是通過(guò)段落的大意得出的且主要由主題句來(lái)體現(xiàn),識(shí)別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關(guān)鍵。3.標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精煉表達(dá)形式。解題時(shí)

2、要在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法,對(duì)文章的主題和中心思想進(jìn)行高度概括或提煉,從而選擇出標(biāo)題。 縱觀近五年天津高考,該題型所占比重較小,主要以歸納文章標(biāo)題和概括段落或文章主旨大意的形式來(lái)考查。 過(guò)專題 【五年高考】 A組　自主命題·天津卷題組 Passage 1(2018天津夏,C)詞數(shù):365 There􀆳s a new frontier in 3D printing that􀆳s beginning to come into focus:food. Recent development has made possible

3、machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn􀆳t stopping there. Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that—it takes years of experi

4、ence, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to“re-create forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly the same,”freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table. Sustainability(可

5、持續(xù)性) The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts be

6、lieve printers could use hydrocolloids(水解膠體)from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類)and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?. 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock“food”that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transport

7、ation and storage requirements. Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said,“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterd

8、ay􀆳s bread from the supermarket, you􀆳d eat something baked just for you on demand.” Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊狀物)before a printer can use them,

9、and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers,

10、 believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants. 1.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production? A.It helps cooks to create new dishes. B.It saves time and effort in cooking. C.It improves the cooking conditions. D.It contributes to rest

11、aurant decorations. 2.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3? A.It solves food shortages easily. B.It quickens the transportation of food. C.It needs no space for the storage of food. D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food. 3.According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed fo

12、od　　　.? A.is more available to consumers B.can meet individual nutritional needs C.is more tasty than food in supermarkets D.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials 4.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A.The printing process is complicated. B.3D

13、food printers are too expensive. C.Food materials have to be dry. D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing. 5.What could be the best title of the passage? A.3D Food Printing:Delicious New Technology B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C.The Challenges for 3D Food Production D.3D Food Printin

14、g:From Farm to Table 答案 1.B　 2.D　 3.B　 4.C　 5.A　 Passage 2(2018天津春,C)詞數(shù):396 If you were bringing friends home to visit, you could show them the way. You know the landmarks—a big red house or a bus-stop sign. But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?Could you still fi

15、nd your way home?A loggerhead turtle(海龜)could. According to Dr. Ken Lohmann, loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的)sense based on Earth􀆳s magnetic field. It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches. Scientists already know that several other animals, such as whal

16、es and honeybees, can detect(探測(cè)到)magnetic fields. The difference between them and loggerheads, however, is the way they learn to use their magnetic sense. Young whales and honeybees can learn from adults. Loggerheads are abandoned as eggs. As newborn loggerheads have no adults to learn from, what h

17、elps them figure out how to use their magnetic sense?Lohmann thinks one of the cues was light on the sea. Baby loggerheads hatch only at night. However, a small amount of light reflects off the ocean. The light makes that region brighter. Heading toward the light helps them get quickly out to sea,

18、where they can find food. Lohmann tested whether newborn loggerheads use this light source to set their magnetic “compasses”(羅盤). He and his team put some newborns in a water tank and recorded which way they swam. Around the tank, the scientists created a magnetic field that matched the Earth⣺

19、11;s. They set a weak light to the east of the magnetic field. Then they let the newborns go. At first, the newborns swam toward the light. After the scientists turned off the light, the turtles that had seen the light in the east always swam toward east. When the researchers reversed(顛倒)the magnet

20、ic field, these turtles turned around and swam toward the new “east”. This and the follow-up experiments all showed that loggerheads use light from the outside world to set their magnetic “compasses” and then remember the “correct” direction. If a turtle hatches on a brightly-lit beach, that would

21、damage its magnetic sense forever and make survival hard for the turtle. Lohmann􀆳s work has led others to protect the habitat of this endangered species. Yet many questions about these creatures remain unanswered, and researchers have a lot to study. 1.Loggerheads and whales differ in the

22、 way they 　　　.? A.bring up their young　　　　　B.recognize landmarks C.detect magnetic fields　　　　　D.learn to find directions 2.What is needed for newborn loggerheads to set their magnetic sense? A.Weak light reflected off the ocean. B.Help from adult loggerheads. C.Bright sunlight from the sky.

23、 D.Food in warmer waters. 3.In the experiment, after the newborns􀆳 magnetic sense was set, their moving direction was determined by 　　　. ? A.the light B.the magnetic field C.other unknown factors D.the light and the magnetic field 4.What is the significance of Lohmann􀆳s resea

24、rch work? A.It enables researchers to keep track of turtles. B.It contributes to the studies of the magnetic field. C.It offers a new solution to environmental pollution. D.It helps protect the loggerheads􀆳 living environment. 5.What could be the best title of the passage? A.Experim

25、ents on Loggerheads B.The Survival of the Sea Turtle C.The Loggerhead􀆳s Built-in “Compass” D.Comparison of Loggerheads and Other Animals 答案 1.D　 2.A　 3.B　 4.D　 5.C　 Passage 3(2017天津夏,A)詞數(shù):307 Suppose you􀆳re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your scree

26、n, and you send an email that could get you in trouble. Realisation will probably set in seconds after you􀆳ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. What to do?Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover. Clicking “send”too soon Don􀆳t waste your

27、time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored. Writing the wrong name The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and br

28、iefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured:don􀆳t handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names). Clicking “reply all”unintentionally You accidentally reveal(

29、透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you􀆳d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse, when everyone

30、 starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down. Sending an offensive message to its subject The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about some

31、one, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you􀆳re discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this

32、 person. 1.After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel 　　　.? A.curious　　　　B.tired　　　　C.awful　　　　D.funny 2.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to 　　　.? A.apologise in a serious manner B.tell the receiver to ignore the error C.learn to write the name correctl

33、y D.send a short notice to everyone 3.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all”email? A.Try offering other choices.　　　　　B.Avoid further involvement. C.Meet other staff members.　　　　　D.Make a light-hearted apology. 4.How should you deal with the problem cau

34、sed by an offensive email? A.By promising not to offend the receiver again. B.By seeking support from the receiver􀆳s friends. C.By asking the receiver to control his anger. D.By talking to the receiver face to face. 5.What is the passage mainly about? A.Defining email errors.　　　　　B.Re

35、ducing email mistakes. C.Handling email accidents.　　　　　D.Improving email writing. 答案 1.C　 2.A　 3.B　 4.D　 5.C　 Passage 4(2017天津春,B)詞數(shù):330 Pre-school children who spend time together take on one another􀆳s personalities, a new study has found. The study shows that environment plays a

36、key role in shaping people􀆳s personalities. While genetics still forms the central part of the human psyche(心理), the research finds that personality traits(特征)are “contagious”(傳染的)among children. “Our finding flies in the face of common assumptions that personality can􀆳t be changed

37、,” said Dr. Jennifer Neal, co-author of the study.? The researchers studied the personalities and social networks of two pre-school classes for a full school year. One of the classes was a set of three-year-olds, and the other a set of four-year-olds. Children whose friends were hard-working or out

38、going gradually took on these personality traits over time. Psychology expert Dr. Emily Dublin said kids are having a far bigger effect on each other than people may realize. The new study is not the first to explore the contagious effects of personality traits. A 2015 psychology study found that r

39、udeness at work can be contagious as it travels from person to person “l(fā)ike a disease”. The study found that seeing a boss being rude to an employee was enough to cause people to be rude to those around them. The researchers questioned 6,000 people on the social “climate” in their workplaces, which

40、 included offices, hotels and restaurants. They found 75 percent of those who took part said they had been treated rudely at least once in the past year. And the study also suggests that merely seeing other people being subjected to rudeness made it more likely that a person would treat their collea

41、gues in the same way. Rudeness could include leaving someone off an invite to a company event, sending unkind emails, finding fault with others or failing to give praise. Dr. Torkelson believes companies need to be more aware of the harm that rudeness in the workplace can do as it can damage the wo

42、rking environment. She said better training could help to fight against the problem. 1.What does the underlined part “flies in the face of” in Paragraph 1 mean? A.Leads to. 　　　　　B.Results from. C.Goes against.　　　　　D.Agrees with. 2.According to Paragraph 2, who have the greatest impact on childr

43、en􀆳s personality? A.Their parents.　　　　　B.Their friends. C.The researchers.　　　　　D.The psychologists. 3.Which of the following is considered rude at the workplace? A.Ignoring the faults of co-workers. B.Not sending emails to workmates. C.Seeking praise from colleagues and bosses. D.Not

44、 inviting a colleague to a company party. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A.One􀆳s personality is hard to change. B.One􀆳s personality is shaped by genes. C.One􀆳s personality traits can spread to others. D.One􀆳s personality traits can change overnight. 5.T

45、his passage is most probably taken from 　　　.? A.a science report　　　　　B.a study guide C.a school textbook　　　　　D.a technical journal 答案 1.C　 2.B　 3.D　 4.C　 5.A　 Passage 5(2016天津,D)詞數(shù):385 Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than n

46、ot succeeding. We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲憊)and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too difficult.And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel. Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if n

47、ot actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job first. Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them

48、in alphabetical order(按字母順序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day􀆳s work with the difficult task of essay-writing.Experience proved that the rule works. Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to d

49、o the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can—then let the unconscious take over. When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica(《大英百科全書(shū)》), I had to create a table of contents based on the topics of its ar

50、ticles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable. One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the t

51、rouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep. An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step. Though I worke

52、d as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing. Human beings, I believe, must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired. 1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to　　　.? A.delay tasks　　　　B.work hard　　　　C.seek help　　　　D.acc

53、ept failure 2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue? A.Writing essays in strict order. B.Building up physical strength. C.Leaving out the toughest ideas. D.Dealing with the hardest task first. 3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?

54、 A.Before starting a difficult task. B.When all the solutions fail. C.If the job is rather boring. D.After finding a way out. 4.According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us　　　.? A.ignore mental problems　　　　　B.get some nice sleep C.gain complete relief　　　　　D.find the right solutio

55、n 5.What could be the best title for the passage? A.Success Is Built upon Failure B.How to Handle Performance Fatigue C.Getting over Fatigue:A Way to Success D.Fatigue:An Early Sign of Health Problems 答案 1.A　 2.D　 3.B　 4.D　 5.C　 Passage 6(2015天津,B)詞數(shù):293 Whether in the home or the workp

56、lace,social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way,said Cynthia Breazeal,chief scientist at the robot company Jibo. While household robots today do the normal housework,social robot

57、s will be much more like companions than mere tools.For example,these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad.This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user. The Jibo robot,arranged to ship later this year,is designed to be a personalized assistant.You can talk t

58、o the robot,ask it questions,and make requests for it to perform different tasks.The robot doesn􀆳t just deliver general answers to questions;it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household.It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicin

59、e or taking family photos. Social robots are not just finding their way into the home.They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces. Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market.The comp

60、any􀆳s“Oshbot”robot is built to assist customers in a store,which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product􀆳s location in the store.It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping fo

61、r. The more interaction the robot has with humans,the more it learns.But Oshbot,like other social robots,is not intended to replace workers,but to work alongside other employees.“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us,but with us,”said Breazeal. 1.How are social robots

62、 different from household robots? A.They can control their emotions. B.They are more like humans. C.They do the normal housework. D.They respond to users more slowly. 2.What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3? A.Communicate with you and perform operations. B.Answer your questions an

63、d make requests. C.Take your family pictures and deliver milk. D.Obey your orders and remind you to take pills. 3.What can Oshbot work as? A.A language teacher.　　　　　B.A tour guide. C.A shop assistant.　　　　　D.A private nurse. 4.We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will　　　.? A

64、.train employees B.be our workmates C.improve technologies D.take the place of workers 5.What does the passage mainly present? A.A new design idea of household robots. B.Marketing strategies for social robots. C.Information on household robots. D.An introduction to social robots. 答案 1.B　

65、2.D　 3.C　 4.B　 5.D　 Passage 7(2015天津,C)詞數(shù):369 One day when I was 12,my mother gave me an order:I was to walk to the public library,and borrow at least one book for the summer.This was one more weapon for her to defeat my strange problem—inability to read. In the library,I found my way into the

66、“Children􀆳s Room”.I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random.The cover of a book caught my eye.It presented a picture of a beagle.I had recently had a beagle,the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.He was my secret sharer,but one morning,he was

67、gone,given away to someone who had the space and the money to care for him.I never forgot my beagle. There on the book􀆳s cover was a beagle which looked identical(相同的)to my dog.I ran my fingers over the picture of the dog on the cover.My eyes ran across the title,Amos,the Beagle with a Plan.Unknowingly,I had read the title.Without opening the book,I borrowed it from the library for the summer. Under the shade of a bush,I started to read about Amos.I