中考英語語法 三大從句匯總
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1、 在英語中,主要有三大從句,即名詞性從句(包括主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,同位語從句)、形容詞性從句(即定語從句)、副詞性從句(即狀語從句,包括時間、條件、結(jié)果、目的、原因、讓步、地點、方式等)。 以下是一些基本的從句的語法知識點 A、定語從句專項講解與訓(xùn)練 一、定語從句概念 定語從句(attributive clause),顧名思義,就是一個句子作定語從屬于主句。定語一般是由形容詞充當,所以定語從句又稱作形容詞從句。另外,定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的,故又稱作關(guān)系從句。 定語從句一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后,這種名詞或代詞被稱作先行
2、詞。請看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行詞 定語從句 在所有的從句中,算定語從句最難掌握,因為漢語里沒有定語從句,漢語里只有定語,而且總是放在名詞之前來修飾名詞。 二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞代替前面的先行詞,并且在定語從句中充當句子成分,可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關(guān)系代詞有:who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示: 格 先行詞 主格 賓格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which who
3、se of which 人、物 that that — (一)關(guān)系代詞who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人,是主格,在定語從句中作主語。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑師是設(shè)計房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我將永遠不會忘記在高一時教我們化學(xué)的那位老師。 Anyone who wants t
4、o apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想應(yīng)聘這個職位的任何人都必須先通過電子郵件向我們發(fā)送簡歷。 whom代替人,是賓格,在定語從句作賓語,在非正式英語??墒÷?。例如: Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們在學(xué)校圖書館里遇到的那位先生你認識嗎? This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 這是我爸爸十年前教的學(xué)生。
5、 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我見到的那個女孩名叫瑪麗。(在非正式英語中,主格who代替了賓格whom,亦可省略) whose一般代替人,有時亦可代替物,是所有格,在定語從句作定語。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高級工程師的那個女學(xué)生過去在國外留學(xué)。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶的那個賓館叫什
6、么名字,你知道嗎?(關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel,正式用法應(yīng)該用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思是:the window of the hotel。) (二)關(guān)系代詞which的用法 which代替物,在定語從句作主語或賓語,作賓語時還可省略。例如: I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜歡有不幸結(jié)局的小說。(which可以換成that) Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 湯姆在
7、一個制表廠工作。(which可以換成that) (三)關(guān)系代詞that的用法 that既可指人又可指物,在當代英語中大多指物,在定語從句作主語或賓語,作賓語時還可省略。例如: Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是賣報紙的那個女孩嗎?(that可以換成who) Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了?(that可以換成which) Is this the book that you want to buy? 這是你要買的那本書嗎? (tha
8、t可以換成which,在定語從句作賓語,還可以省略) 三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個:when, where, why,在定語從句中充當時間、地點和原因狀語。它們的用法大家不妨記住一個口訣: the time when the place where the reason why (一)關(guān)系副詞when的用法 關(guān)系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時間,when在定語從句作時間狀語。例如: In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和
9、八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行詞是months) Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace? 你還記得我們第一次去頤和園的那一天嗎?(when先行詞是day, 當代英語里when可以用that替代,這時關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示時間的關(guān)系副詞) I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自從我離開東京的那一年我就一直沒見到過她。(when先行詞是year,同樣when可以用that代替) (二)關(guān)系副詞where的用
10、法 關(guān)系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點,where在定語從句作地點狀語。例如: During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. 春節(jié)期間,我回到了生我養(yǎng)我的家鄉(xiāng)。(where的先行詞是town) This is the place where Li Bai once lived. 這是李白曾經(jīng)生活過的地方。(where先行詞是place) 上面這個句子不可以將where改為that,因為that不能作為表示地點的關(guān)系副詞。試比較下句: This is the
11、 place that Li Bai once visited. 這是李白曾經(jīng)游覽過的地方。(that的先行詞同樣是place,但這個that是關(guān)系代詞,在定語從句中作賓語,可以省略,還可以用which替換) (三)關(guān)系副詞why的用法 關(guān)系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因,why在定語從句作原因狀語。例如: The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。(why先行詞是reason, 當代英語里why可以用t
12、hat替代,這時關(guān)系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關(guān)系副詞,還可以將why省略) This is the reason why he came late to school. 這就是他為什么上學(xué)遲到的原因。(why先行詞是reason,why可以用that替代,還可以省略) 注意:如果上面的句子將the reason省略,那么這個句子就變成了(This is why he came late to school. )表語從句,句子意思絲毫未變。 四、特殊關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句 as是個比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是獨立于主句之外。下面分別講解。
13、 (一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引導(dǎo)定語從句 You may take as many books as you want. 你想要拿多少書就拿多少。(第一個as是副詞,修飾many的;第二個as才是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞books,在定語從句中作賓語) I have got such a computer as yours. 我有一臺你這樣的電腦。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞computer,在定語從句中作表語,因為yours后省略了is ) I have never seen so beautiful a pl
14、ace as Guilin. 我從未見過像桂林那樣美麗的地方。(as是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞place,在定語從句中作表語,因為Guilin后省略了is ) (二)獨立于主句之外,as引導(dǎo)定語從句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知,地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。 As is known to us, (As we know和 As is known to us均為定語從句,as分別作賓語和主語,替代后面的主句。) Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part o
15、f China. 你知道,臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(關(guān)系代詞as指代整個主句,在定語從句中作賓語。) 五、關(guān)系代詞who, which與that的區(qū)別 (一)關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別 1. 當關(guān)系代詞用作主語時,多用主格who。例如: He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時,多用who) I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇見艾麗斯,她告訴我她在學(xué)漢語。(在非限制
16、性定語從句中,用who) 2. 當關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時,用賓格whom,不用that。例如: The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我們校長剛才與他談話的那個人是我們的英語老師。(介詞與關(guān)系代詞緊密相連時,只能用賓格whom,不可用主格who) 注意:介詞與關(guān)系代詞不是緊密相連時,或者說介詞放在句子后面時,這時可以用主格who,也可用that,還可以省略關(guān)系代詞。因此,上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法: (1) The man whom our headmaster
17、 talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第4句簡潔、自然,所以口語中用得最多。 3. 當關(guān)系代
18、詞泛指人時,多用that。例如: He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是個從不怕失敗的人。(that用來泛指人) 4. 當關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在who開頭的疑問句時,應(yīng)用that。例如: Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英語同湯姆交談的那個女孩是誰?(避免重復(fù)使用who,以免造成誤解或語義含混不清) (二)關(guān)系代詞which與that的區(qū)別 1. 當先行詞為all, much, little以及不定代詞anything, something,
19、everything等時,關(guān)系代詞多用that。例如: All that glitters is not gold. 閃閃發(fā)光物,未必盡黃金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。 2. 當先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時,關(guān)系代詞一般都用that。例如: This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的最好的一部小說。 He is the only pers
20、on that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一應(yīng)邀參加舞會的人。 3. 當關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在which開頭的疑問句時,應(yīng)用that。例如: Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個是推薦給外賓的賓館?(這里使用that很明顯是為了避免重復(fù)which) 4. 在非限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞一般只用which。例如: Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will h
21、ost the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中華人民共和國的首都,將主辦2008年奧運會。 5. 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用which,而不用that。例如: She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600張郵票,其中60%是德國郵票。 六、定語從句的位置 如前所述,定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。有時候,定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語,這樣它們被分隔了,這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。例如: There was a girl u
22、pstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 樓上有一個女孩,大喊大叫。很明顯,她瘋了。(定語從句who was shouting and crying修飾the girl,被upstairs所隔開) A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要來一位新老師教你們德語了。(定語從句置于句末以示強調(diào)) B、賓語從句 賓語從句是英語復(fù)合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個句子做另一個句子的賓語,將這個句子叫做賓語從句。賓語從句
23、做介詞或及物動詞的賓語。現(xiàn)在從下列三個方面總結(jié)歸納如下: ?? 一,引導(dǎo)詞 ?? A,由that 引導(dǎo)的陳述句性的賓語從句,在很多動詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動詞后。連詞that只起連接作用,在從句中不做句子的成分,也無詞匯意義,在口語中常被省略,但在大多數(shù)情況下還是以不省為好,特別是在筆語中。 ?? 例:I told him that he was wrong. ?? l在think,believe, suppose, expect等動詞引起的賓語從句中,有時謂語盡管
24、是否定意義,卻不用否定形式,而將think 等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健? ?? 例:I don’t think you are right. (我認為你做的不對) ?? l在許多帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子中,that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式賓語。 ?? 例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認為他向每一個人撒謊是錯誤的) ?? B,由連詞if、 whether 引導(dǎo)的表示“是否…”的賓語從句。Whether,if 在從句中不做句子的成分,一般情況下,whether和if 可以替換。 ?? 例:I d
25、on’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow. ?? The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. ?? l在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用if引導(dǎo) ?? 例:Everything depends on whether we have enough money。 ?? l賓語從句中有or not時不用if引導(dǎo). ?? 例:I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not. ?? l和不定式連用作賓語時不用i
26、f引導(dǎo). ?? 例:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided. ?? C,由wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。連接代詞who,whom,whose, what, which,和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等連接的賓語從句,它們在句中即有連接從句的作用,又在句中充當句子的成分。 ?? 例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語) ?? I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地點狀語) ?? 二,賓語從句的
27、語序, ?? 賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序,既連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分 ?? 例:I believe that they will come soon. ?? He asked me whether I was a teacher. ?? They wanted to know what they can do for us. ?? 二,賓語從句的時態(tài)。 ?? 賓語從句的時態(tài)受主句的限制, ?? 既:主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài),從句根據(jù)實際情況而定。 ?? 主句是一般過去時態(tài),從句用相應(yīng)的過去的時態(tài)。如果從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前,則從句要用過去完成時態(tài)。 ??
28、 例: ?? 1)She says that she is a student. ?? She said that she was a student. ?? 2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. ?? She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. ?? 3)She says that she has finished her homework already. ?? She said that she had finished her homework al
29、ready. ?? 4)She says that she can sing a song in English. ?? She said that she could sing a song in English. ?? l如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現(xiàn)象或事實時,這時賓語從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。 ?? 例:The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. ?? He told me that Japan is an island country. ?? lCould you tell me…是用來征詢對方的意見
30、,語氣委婉,并不表示過去。 ?? 例:Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum? ?? 注意事項: ?? u由陳述句變成賓語從句時,要注意人稱的變化。 ?? 例:She said: “I have been to England before.” ?? She said that she had been to England before. ?? She asked me: “Do you like maths?” ?? She asked me if I liked maths. ?? u
31、賓語從句與簡單句的交換。 ?? 由連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時,可以用“疑問詞+不定式 ?? ”做賓語的簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)。 ?? 例:I don’t know what I should do next. ?? I con’t know what to do next. ?? He didn’t know where he would live. ?? He didn’t know where to live. ?? DO SOME EXERCISES: ?? 1.Can you see________? ?? A.
32、 what he’s reading B. what is he reading ?? C. what does he read D. he reads what ?? 2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一個句子) ?? Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan? ?? 3._What did your son say in the letter? ?? _He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day ?? A.will vi
33、sit B. has visited ?? C. is going to visit D. would visit ?? 4.He didn’t know__________ ?? A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is ?? C. what was the matter D. what the matter was ?? 5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____ ?? A.who were they B. who they were ?? C. who was
34、 it D. who it was ?? 6.I want to know_____ ?? A.what is his name B. what’s his name ?? C. that his name is D. what his name is ?? 7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for? ?? ---Her cousin,susan. ?? A.that B.whose C .who D.which ?? 8.---What are you searching the Internet for? ??
35、 ---I’m trying to find out____. ?? A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU ?? B.How many persons have died in Iraq ?? C.How to protect our environment ?? D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea ?? 9.Do you know___________?(誰正在唱歌) ?? 10.Do you know___________?(她正在和誰談話)
36、 ?? 11.Do you know___________?(昨天發(fā)生了什么事) ?? The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B ?? 9 who is singing ?? 10 who she is talking with ?? 11 what happened yesterday C、同位語從句 (一) 概念 一般來說,在主從復(fù)合句中,用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后,用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容??梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有:advice, decision,
37、fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word(消息),problem, question, doubt, thought等。例如: They were delighted at the news that their team had won. 當聽到他們隊獲勝的消息時,他們欣喜若狂。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come?你從哪兒聽說我不能來? 有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在
38、被說明的名詞后面,而被別的詞隔開。 如: The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book. 他突然想起湯姆可能已經(jīng)還了書了。 (二)引導(dǎo)詞 [尋規(guī)找矩] 請仔細觀察下列句子,注意從句引導(dǎo)詞的用法。 1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 2. He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who should do
39、the work is being discussed at the meeting. 4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now. 5. We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year. 6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be b
40、ack. [小結(jié)歸納] ① that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時無詞義,也不充當任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1; ② whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句時意為“是否”,通常不能用if來代替,如句2; ③ 連接代詞who, what等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句,如句3, 4; ④ 連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句, 如句5,6,7。 (三) that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句 ① 意義不同:同位語從句用來進一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容;而定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較: 1. The news that our team has won the final mat
41、ch is encouraging. 2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. [分析] 句1中that引導(dǎo)同位語從句,說明“news”的內(nèi)容:我們隊取得了決賽勝利。 句2中that引導(dǎo)定語從句,對“news”加以限定:是你告訴我們的,而非來自其他渠道。 ② that的功能不同:that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時是一個純連詞,不充當任何成分;而引導(dǎo)定語從句時,不僅起連接作用,而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當主語、賓語等成分。試比較: 1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me
42、a CD player if I passed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. [分析] 句1中 that引導(dǎo) 同位語從句,其中that無詞義,也不充當任何成分; 句2中that引導(dǎo)定語從句,that指代promise,又在從句中充當主語,且that可以用which替換。 ③ 可否省略:that在引導(dǎo)同位語從句時,通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時,若在從句中作賓語,通常可以省略,若作主語則不可以省略。 [即學(xué)即用] I. 請用適當?shù)脑~填空,使下列句子意思完整。
43、 1. They expressed the hope _______ they would come over to China soon. 2. The fact _______ he didn’t see Tom this morning is true. 3. Word has come _______ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week. 4. He can’t answer the question _______ he got the money from his home
44、yesterday. 5. Do you have any idea _______ is actually going on in the classroom? 6. The problem _______ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once. II. 下列各句中均有一處錯誤,請改正。 1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy. 2. I’ve come with a message from Mr Wang
45、how he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not. 4. I’ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday. 5. One of the men held the pinion when what the book said was right. III. 把下列句子翻譯成英語。 1. 我向他許諾說我一到北京就給他寫信。 2.
46、 他經(jīng)常問我這個問題,那就是這個工作是否值得做。 3. 他什么也不說,這一事實使大家都感到驚奇。 4. 在我看來,他剛才告訴我的這個消息是真實的。 5. 他突然想起他本來應(yīng)該去接兒子的。 Key: I. 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. how 5. what 6. whether II. 1 that→which 2. how→that 3. if→whether 4. where→that / which或省略where 5. when→that 6. that→how III. 1. I made a promise tha
47、t I would write to him as soon as I got to Beijing. 2. He often asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. 3. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 4. In my opinion, the news (that / which) he told me just now is true. 5. A thought suddenly came to him that he
48、 should have picked up his son. D、 狀語從句的種類 § 1狀語從句的種類 用來修飾謂語動詞、其它動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為: 1.時間狀語從句2.地點狀語從句;3.原因狀語從句;4.條件狀語從句;5.目的狀語從句;6.讓步狀語從句;7.比較狀語從句;8.程度狀語從句;9.方式狀語從句;10.結(jié)果狀語從句。 §2狀語從句的時態(tài)特點 一般情況下,時間和條件狀語從句的謂語動詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時”表示“一般將來時”,用“現(xiàn)在完成時”表示“將來完成時”。 二 時間狀語從句 §3時間狀語從句(adverb
49、ial clause of time) 1.由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 【區(qū)別】when, while和as的區(qū)別:when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞,又可以是瞬時動詞。并且when有時表示“就在那時”。 While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動作必須是延續(xù)性的,并強調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生(或者相對應(yīng))。并且while有時還可以表示對比。例如: While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動詞,was reading和was watch
50、ing同時發(fā)生) As表示“一邊……一邊”,as引導(dǎo)的動作是延續(xù)性的動作,一般用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生;as也可以強調(diào)“一先一后。 As we was going out, it began to snow.當我們出門時,開始下雪了。(as強調(diào)句中兩個動作緊接著先后發(fā)生,而不強調(diào)開始下雪的特定時間) 2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語,并且當before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后,有時譯成“就,才”。還要注意主句和從句之間的時間關(guān)系。當主句用將來時,從句總是用現(xiàn)在時;如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語用的是過去時,則主句動詞多用
51、過去完成時,這樣以便體現(xiàn)動作發(fā)生的先后。After表示主句動作發(fā)生在從句動作之后。主句和從句的動作的時間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。 3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換,但是在強調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的謂語動詞是瞬時動詞時,必須用否定形式;如果主句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表達的意思不同。例如: 4.由since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞,又可以是瞬時動詞。一般情況下,從句謂語動詞用一般過去時,而主句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。
52、但在It is +時間+since從句的句型中,主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如: 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。這些連詞都表示“一……就”。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當于as soon as之意。主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時。當hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時,主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序。 6
53、.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。注意時態(tài)的變化:在一般情況下,如果從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時,主句的謂語動詞用過去完成時;如果主句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時,主句的謂語動詞用將來完成時。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。這兩個連詞表示“有多久……就多久”。 三 地點狀語從句 §4地點狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place) 地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如:
54、 句型1:Where+地點從句,(there)+主句。 【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在從句后面時,there可用可不用;如果主句在從句的前面時,一般都不用there。 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地點從句,+主句。 狀語從句是句子的狀語由一個從句充當,來修飾主句中的動詞,形容詞或副詞等。狀語從句都由從屬連詞引導(dǎo),與主句連接,放在句末時,一般不在前面加逗號。 狀語從句根據(jù)它表示的意思可分為時間,原因,條件,比較,結(jié)果,目的等類。 時間狀語從句:是由when, as, while, after, before, since, until,
55、 as soon as 等從屬連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。 時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞不能用一般將來時,只能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 原因狀語從句: because, since, as和for都表示原因。because語勢最強,回答why提出的問題,用來說明人所不知的原因。當能夠很明顯的看出原因或人們已知原因,就用as或since。 由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末,且前面有逗號,則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因,而是多種情況加以推斷,就只能用for。 目的狀語從句:表示目的狀語的從句可以由in order that, so that,等詞引導(dǎo)。
56、 結(jié)果狀語從句:結(jié)果狀語從句常由so...that 或 such...that引導(dǎo),要掌握和區(qū)分這兩個句型, 首先要了解so和such后面分別跟什么詞。such是形容詞,修飾名詞或名詞詞組,so是副詞,只能修 飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用,形成固定搭配。 如:The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. 讓步狀語從句:是由though, although 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。 E、表語從句 表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞
57、或相當于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語充當,和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。 表語從句只能置于主句之后,而主句的動詞只能是聯(lián)系動詞。 名詞性從句在be等系動詞后作表語時被稱為表語從句, 例如: The problem is how we can get the things we need.問題是我們怎樣能弄到我們需要的東西。(how 在表語從句中充當方式狀語)// The scissors are not what I need. 這把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表語從句中充當賓語)// What I told him was that I would find him a good
58、play. 我告訴他的是我會給他找個好劇本。(what在主語從句中作直接賓語, that作為表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在該表語從句中不充當句子成分, 不能省略)// That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要對你講的。(what在表語從句中充當直接賓語)// That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why 在表語從句中充當原因狀語) “That is why...”是常用句型, 意為“這就是……的原因/因此……”, 其中why引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在句中作表語, 該句型通常用于針對前面已經(jīng)說明過的原
59、因進行總結(jié), 又如: That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮, 這就是現(xiàn)在這個老太婆出現(xiàn)在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne對老婦人顯得蒼老憔悴深感詫異, 說話人對她講述了其中的原因之后,用這一句來進行概括)。// That is why I came. 這就是我來的原因。 下面是兩個與“That is why...”形式相似的結(jié)構(gòu), 它們與“That is why...”結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系要能夠辨析清楚: (1)“That is why...”與“That is the reason why.
60、..”同義, 只不過從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上講, “That is the reason why...”中why引導(dǎo)的是—個定語從句, 將其中的the reason去掉則與“That is why...”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣, 例如: That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 這就是我不能同意的理由。 (2)“That is because...”句型中從屬連詞because引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句在此作表語, 這也是個常用句型, 意為“這就是為什么……/因為……”。“That is because...”與“That is why...”之間的不同在于“That is
61、 because...”指原因或理由, “That is why...”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果, 例如: He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他沒有去看電影, 那是因為他得幫助他的妹妹做作業(yè)。(第一句話說明結(jié)果, 第二句話說明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看過那部電影, 因
62、此他昨天晚上沒有去看。(第一句話說明原因, 第二句話說明結(jié)果) [考題1] The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海) A. when B. why C. whether D. that [答案] D ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處之后是包含一個原因狀語從句的表語從句, 如果看不出它是充當整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)的表語從句將難以把握整個句子的意思。因此, 應(yīng)選擇可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且不充當任何成分的that。 [考題2] Yo
63、u are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how [答案] B ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)系動詞is后的表語從句并在該表語從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語(“disagree”屬于不及物動詞, “I disagree”本身是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)), 下劃線應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞where, 表語從句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之處、 我不同意的地方”。 [考題3] — I drove to
64、Zhuhai for the air show last week. — Is that ____ you had a few days off? (1999) A. why B. when C. what D. where ?。鄞鸢福?A ?。劢馕觯?下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)與系動詞is連用的表語從句并在該表語從句中充當原因狀語, 下劃線應(yīng)填入表示“因此……”(指因某種原因所造成的結(jié)果)的引導(dǎo)詞why。 [考題4] ____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed in
65、terest in her lessons. (2000上海) A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that ?。鄞鸢福?A [解析] 第一個下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)主語從句并在該主語從句中充當賓語, 特指她所不理解的事情, 應(yīng)填入關(guān)系代詞型的引導(dǎo)詞what; 第二個下劃線處表示“因此……”(指因某種原因所造成的后果, 由why引導(dǎo)對應(yīng)的名詞性從句)而不是“為什么……”(指原因、 理由, 由because引導(dǎo)對應(yīng)的名詞性從句), 應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞why。 [考題5] ____ made the scho
66、ol proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春) A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because [答案] B ?。劢馕觯?第一個下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)主語從句并在該主語從句中充當主語, 特指令校方驕傲的事情, 應(yīng)選用關(guān)系代詞型的引導(dǎo)詞what; 第二個下劃線處引導(dǎo)表語從句表示原因、 理由, 應(yīng)由that引導(dǎo)對應(yīng)的名詞性從句。 [考題6] — Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game? — Oh, that’s ____. (2003北京春) A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
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