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高 中 英 語(yǔ) 書(shū) 面 表 達(dá) (Ⅱ) ------如何審題、如何遣詞造句 1、書(shū)面表達(dá)解題步驟： 1）、審，即：審定體裁、題材、人 稱、時(shí)態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)等； 2）、編，即：編寫要點(diǎn)，按順序列出； 3）、寫，即：連詞成句，連句成文； 4）、查，即：查內(nèi)容，查格式，查語(yǔ)法，查書(shū)寫等。 2、如何審題？ 最近，你校師生幫助輟學(xué)的李明同學(xué)返校。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表提供的信息，給報(bào)社寫一封信，客觀介紹這一情況。 李明情況 師生情況 1、學(xué)習(xí)好；品德好； 2、父病故；母病重； 3、退學(xué)； 1、震驚； 2、捐款、募捐； 3、使李明返校學(xué)習(xí)； 注意：1、信的開(kāi)頭已為你寫好。 2、詞數(shù)：100左右。 3、參考詞匯：捐款 offer money; 募捐collect money 1、審定體裁、題材；________________ 2、審定人稱；_________________________ 3、審定時(shí)態(tài)；_________________________ 4、審定要點(diǎn)；___________________________ 5、審定結(jié)構(gòu)。______________________________ 學(xué)生習(xí)作1： Dear editor， I’m writing to tell you what the teachers and students have done to help a student who discontinued his studies in our school. Li Ming was one top students of of our school. He was good at his studies and always ready to help others. However, he has to leave school. His father died and his mother is seriously ill in bed. The whole school was shocked at the news and anxious about it. Quickly they decided to help him out. Every teacher and student offered money to him and some students went to look after his mother in turn. At weekends they went out to collect money. With their help, Li Ming will return to school soon. That’s all. Thank you. Yours, Wei Fang 3、如何遣詞造句？ 增強(qiáng)書(shū)面表達(dá)效果的技巧 （1）. 使用較高級(jí)的詞匯: 詞匯反映你知識(shí)貯存量的多少，也是衡量英語(yǔ)水平的一個(gè)重要標(biāo)志。 Practice： 1. Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable. ________________________, our journey was comfortable. 2.We all think he is a great man. We all _______________________. 3. She went to Austria in order to study music. She went to Austria_______________________. （2）. 使用較豐富的句式: 運(yùn)用得當(dāng)?shù)木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)可以給文章增色不少，從而使整篇文章因此而生輝 。（感嘆句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句 ，倒裝句 ，省略句 ，with短語(yǔ) ，V-ing形式，過(guò)去分詞， 定語(yǔ)從句 ，各種名詞性從句 ，各種狀語(yǔ)從句 ） 1）掌握5種簡(jiǎn)單句句型 1、主語(yǔ)＋ vi. 2、主語(yǔ)＋ vt. ＋賓語(yǔ)； 3、主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)； 4、主語(yǔ)＋ vt. ＋雙賓語(yǔ)； 5、主語(yǔ)＋ vt. ＋復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)； 6、There be … 2)書(shū)面表達(dá)五大常用句型 1、There be 句型； 2、It is (was) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that (who) … ； 3、it 作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)的句型； 4、to…/ in order to…/ so as to…/ so that…/ in order that… 表示“目的” 5、so…that…/such…that…/so…as to…/…enough to…/too…to… 表示“結(jié)果” 3）、Practice： 1 When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用V-ing形式）. _________________________________________________l. 2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名詞性從句） ____________________________________________________ 3. Though I’m weak, I’ll make the effort. (使用倒裝句) ____________________________________________________ （3）. 使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞: 使用恰當(dāng)連接詞，對(duì)寫一篇有“英語(yǔ)味”的文章很重要，能使文章上下銜接自然、緊湊。 A. 常用的連接詞 1）.表示遞進(jìn);在同一話題上補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容 另外，還有：what is more; besides; also; moreover; in addition 2）. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 但是，然而，相反：but; however; yet; instead; on the other hand; on the contrary. 3）. 表示因果關(guān)系 因?yàn)?，因此，所? since; as; because (of ); so; thus; therefore; as a result; 4）. 表示條件關(guān)系 如果，只要: if ;on condition ( that ); as long as 除非: unless否則: or else 5）. 表示時(shí)間關(guān)系 當(dāng)… 的時(shí)候 : when ; while 在…之后: after 在…之前: before 直到: until 一…就… : as soon as后來(lái)， 然后: later; afterwards 不久: soon 近來(lái): lately; recently 自從… :since 從那時(shí)起: from then on 6）. 表示特定的順序關(guān)系 首先，最主要的: above all 其次: secondly然后: then; next 最后: finally; in the end 7）. 換一種方法表述 換句話說(shuō): in other words; that is to say; 8）. 進(jìn)行舉例說(shuō)明 例如，比如: for instance; for example; like; such as 9）. 用于陳述事實(shí) 實(shí)際上: in fact; actually; as a matter of fact 跟你說(shuō)實(shí)話 : to tell you the truth 10）. 對(duì)一個(gè)話題進(jìn)行總結(jié) 總而言之，總的來(lái)說(shuō): on the whole; in short; all in all; in general; in a word 11）. 其它常用到的副詞 Therefore ; otherwise ; finally ; furthermore ;Thus ; namely ; although ; afterwards ; personally; B. 、Practice： 1`.Xiao Ming was walking in the street he heard someone cry for help. 2. He advised that I hire a car I could travel around in the west . 3.Eating sugar is bad for our teeth. , it may make us fat. 4、學(xué)生習(xí)作欣賞與評(píng)比！ 學(xué)生習(xí)作2 Dear editor， I’m writing to tell you what the teachers and students have done to help a student who discontinued his studies in our school. Li Ming is a student of our school. He is not only good at his studies but also always ready to help others. But he had to leave school because his father died and his mother is seriously ill. As a result, he had to make money to help his family. Hearing the news, all the teachers and students were shocked. In order to help Li Ming, we decided to offer money to him and some students went out to collect money for him in the streets. With our help, Li Ming has already returned to school. With best wishes! Yours, Wei Fang 高考作文欣賞 給澳大利亞的朋友寫一封信，談?wù)劀p負(fù)給學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)和生活帶來(lái)的變化。 習(xí)作1（17分）: I will tell you the changes of my life. Before, we had many classes every day. I had to do a lot of homework after school. I went to bed at 11:30 in the evening. I had no time to play. I was very tired. Now I can visit museums. I can learn computer and drawing. In the evening, I can read books and newspapers and watch TV. I go to bed at 10:00 now. 習(xí)作2（滿分25分）: I’m very pleased to tell you the changes in my life since our homework has reduced. Before that, learning during the day was very simple. Having class and doing homework was the only thing we should do. In the evening, we also had a lot of homework to do. We could not go to bed until 11:30. Nevertheless, since reducing the learning load, my life has become much more interesting. I often visit museums and computer rooms and draw pictures in my spare time. In the evening, I also have time to watch TV and read newspapers. I no longer stay up late; on the contrary, I go to bed at about 10 pm. In short, I am quite satisfied with my life now. 5、Homework:Writing. 聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織某考察團(tuán)正在我國(guó)某鄉(xiāng)村參觀考察。假定你是接待人員,請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列提示以發(fā)言稿的形式簡(jiǎn)要介紹這個(gè)村的情況： 1)大小：近100戶人家，約500口人。 2)變化：過(guò)去很窮，78年后變化很大。人們生活比以前好多了。現(xiàn)已舊貌換新顏。 3)教育：原來(lái)的學(xué)校很小，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)過(guò)改建。新建的教學(xué)樓有4層，是村里最美的建筑物。村所有學(xué)齡兒童在此免費(fèi)就讀。 注意：1）要點(diǎn)齊全，前后連貫。 　　　　 2）詞數(shù)：100-120之間。 附： 1.作文常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭形式大致有以下幾種： 1．開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，揭示主題 文章一開(kāi)頭，，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎樣度假)的開(kāi)頭是： I Spent my last vacation happily． 下面是題為"Honesty"(談?wù)\實(shí))一文中的開(kāi)頭： Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、時(shí)間或環(huán)境開(kāi)頭 在文章的開(kāi)頭，先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的開(kāi)頭： The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 3. 回憶性的開(kāi)頭 用回憶的方法來(lái)開(kāi)頭。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的開(kāi)頭是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday. 4．概括性的開(kāi)頭 即對(duì)要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個(gè)概括性的介紹。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(讀書(shū)的快樂(lè))的開(kāi)頭： People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power. 5．介紹環(huán)境式的開(kāi)頭 即開(kāi)頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident”(一場(chǎng)事故)的開(kāi)頭是: It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. 6．交待寫作目的的開(kāi)頭。 在文章的一開(kāi)頭就交待寫作目的，如通過(guò)文章要表?yè)P(yáng)誰(shuí)，批評(píng)誰(shuí)，或說(shuō)明一個(gè)什么問(wèn)題等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的開(kāi)頭： In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control. 2.文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種： 1．首尾呼應(yīng)，畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛 在文章的結(jié)尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點(diǎn)明主題，深化主題，起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的結(jié)尾： After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people. 2．重復(fù)主題句 結(jié)尾回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我愛(ài)家鄉(xiāng))的結(jié)尾： I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland. 3. 自然結(jié)尾 隨著文章的結(jié)束，文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如“Fishing”(釣魚(yú))的結(jié)尾： I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late. 4．含蓄性的結(jié)尾 用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點(diǎn)明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的結(jié)尾： Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile. 5．用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾 雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定的，并具有特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù)?) 的結(jié)尾。 Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree, boys and girls? 6．指明方向，激勵(lì)讀者 結(jié)尾表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望，或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。如“Lets Go in for Sports”(讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng))的結(jié)尾： As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Lets go in for sports. 文章的結(jié)尾沒(méi)有一定的模式，可以根據(jù)表達(dá)主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般的習(xí)慣是，一些記敘文和描寫文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法；但說(shuō)理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說(shuō)明文和議論文則往往都有結(jié)束語(yǔ)，以便使文章首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。