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1、 第二講 │ 任務(wù)型作文之一——寫好文章概要 從近五年江蘇高考分析，高考書面表達(dá)主要考查讀寫任務(wù)型作文。讀寫任務(wù)型作文的寫作內(nèi)容一般分為兩部分：寫作內(nèi)容一為摘要寫作，即概括短文大意；寫作內(nèi)容二，就某個主題發(fā)表個人看法?！白x寫任務(wù)”是“讀”和“寫”的有機結(jié)合，“讀”的材料是為后面的“寫”提供情景；同樣，“寫”也是對“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。 讀寫任務(wù)型作文主要以記敘文和議論文為主。從近五年江蘇高考書面表達(dá)來看，都是議論性的讀寫任務(wù)型作文。 記敘文體的閱讀材料，在寫概要前，除明確文章主題外，還應(yīng)抓住六個要素：when，where，who，what，why，how。在這六個要素中，所

2、占內(nèi)容比重較大的是what，學(xué)生最容易犯的錯誤就是把what寫得太詳細(xì)。一般來說，記敘文的故事概要可以用這樣的模板來表示： 1.沒有寓意只單純介紹事件的記敘文摘要要素： 人物——事件——結(jié)果 2.篇末有表示文章內(nèi)涵的記敘文摘要要素： 人物——事件——結(jié)果——啟示 記敘文摘要可以用下列句式開頭： The writer tells us his experience... The author shares his experiences... From the passage，we know that... The passage tells us that... 當(dāng)然，不是

3、說每個故事概要都包含how或why，有時兩者選其一即可。 請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。 A__father__came__home__from__work__late，tired__and__exhausted.He worked day and night，hoping to earn more money for his only child.His__5-year-old__daughter was waiting for him at the door. “Dad，how__much__do__you__earn__an__hour？”asked t

4、he daughter. “Why do you ask that？” “I just want to know.Please tell me how much you earn an hour.” “If you really want to know...I earn$20 an hour.” “Oh，” the little girl replied with her head down.Looking up，she said，“Dad，may__I__borrow__$10？” The father became angry.“Go to bed right now! Thi

5、nk about how selfish you are.I work hard every day，but you just want to buy your silly toy！” The little girl quietly went to her bedroom，feeling sad.After an hour or so，the father calmed down and started to feel sorry because she really didn’t ask for money very often.So he went to his daughter’s r

6、oom and gave her $10. The little girl jumped from the bed.“Oh，thank you，Dad！” She was really happy indeed. Then she took out her own savings and said，“Dad，I have$20 now.Can__I__buy__an__hour__of__your__time? Please come home earlier tomorrow.I__would__like__to__have__dinner__with__you.” [材料分析]　

7、這是一篇小女孩想購買父親的時間，渴望得到父親陪伴的記敘文。首先我們先找出記敘文的六要素： who a girl and her father when at the time when her father came home from work where at home what The girl borrowed $10 from her father and wanted to buy an hour from her father. 列出了要點之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點組織起來，概括成一段約30個詞的通順文段： In this passage，the wri

8、ter mainly tells us about a little girl，who wanted to buy some time from her busy father so that he could accompany her. 請用約30個單詞概述短文信息的主要內(nèi)容。 Once there lived a very rich and powerful king.All the people in his kingdom were afraid of him.But was he happy? No，he was always ill and unhappy.His mon

9、ey and power could not help him.The doctor in his kingdom could not cure him，either.He was so angry with them that he had their heads cut off. One day two famous doctors from another kingdom came to his palace. “If you can cure me and make me happy，” said the king，“I will give you all the gold you

10、 can carry.” The first doctor examined the king.He found nothing wrong with him so he said to the king，“You only think you are ill and that makes yourself unhappy.” The king was very angry when he heard this.He told his soldiers to cut off the doctor’s head. The second doctor knew he had to be ca

11、reful.“Oh，king.You will be well if you wear the shoes of a man who is always happy.”he said.The king was pleased with his answer and thought that the doctor was very wise.He gave the doctor a bag of gold. The king asked hundreds of people if they were always happy.They all said they were sometimes

12、happy and sometimes sad.At last he met a beggar who said that he was always happy. “Give me your shoes quickly，”said the king.“And I will make you a very rich man.” The beggar laughed，“I am sorry，”he answered，“I never wear shoes！” 【參考答案】 As the above story goes，the king，who was rich and powerful，

13、was not happy at all while the beggar claimed he was always happy，indicating that wealth doesn’t mean happiness. 說明文通常會有明確的主題句，先抓住關(guān)鍵詞，并根據(jù)各段落的主題，有序地組織語言，完整地表達(dá)出文章的中心內(nèi)容。如果是分析型說明文，概括時要找出文章所說明的現(xiàn)象、產(chǎn)生的原因及解決的方法或建議，然后用自己的話將這些信息重組起來。 請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。Urban public bike service isn’t a new phe

14、nomenon.Government-sponsored__public__bike__systems__have__been__introduced__into__many__cities__in__China.Mobike，a__new__kind__of__public__bike__rental__service，started__in__Shanghai__and__has__expanded__to__Beijing. People can use this service by scanning the QR code(二維碼) on the bike to unlock the

15、 smart lock.The standard cost of this service is 1 yuan per 30 minutes.Users can pay with popular mobile payment methods such as Alipay and WeChat.Mobike now has more than 10，000 bikes in Shanghai，allowing most riders to find a bike anywhere within a diameter(直徑) of 300 meters.Many people ride a Mob

16、ike for a short trip，such as from home to the subway，subway to the work place or to a grocery store.Experts say Mobike is a good supplement(補充) to the public bike rental service since city people are now fond of “Green Riding”，and environmentally-friendly means of transportation.Just because of this

17、，the__company__providing__the__service__is__increasing__the__number__by__hundred__every__day. [材料分析]　短文的開頭和結(jié)尾(畫線句)為中心句。 【參考答案】 Mobike，a new kind of public bike rental service，has been put into use in Shanghai and Beijing.With their great favour with city people，more Mobikes will be available in t

18、he future. 請用約30個單詞寫出下文概要。 A pair of British researchers said Monday they had worked out a simple equation(方程式) to quantify (量化) happiness that could put an exact figure on the emotional state. After interviewing 1，000 people，the researchers concluded that happiness equals P＋5E＋3H. In the equa

19、tion，P stands for Personal Characteristics(outlook on life，adaptability and resilience); E for Existence (health，friendships and financial stability) and H represents Higher Order(self-esteem，expectations and ambitions). The researchers asked interviewees—a mix of men and women all over 18 years ol

20、d—to choose five scenarios that made them more happy or less happy from a list of 80 different situations.They also asked a series of questions about their own natures，outlook and situations.Not surprisingly，the results showed that different people found happiness in different ways. 【參考答案】 Two Bri

21、tish researchers interviewed 1，000 people about their opinions on happiness and concluded happiness equals “P＋5E＋3H”，a simple equation to quantify happiness.And different people define happiness differently. 議論文體的閱讀材料，在寫概要前，應(yīng)該緊緊抓住議論文的文體特點、文章結(jié)構(gòu)和三要素，準(zhǔn)確捕捉材料的內(nèi)容要點。議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)形式有“總分”、“總分總”、“分總”或“并列”等。文章的三

22、要素是：論點、論證、論據(jù)。而三要素中最重要的應(yīng)是論點，因此，準(zhǔn)確把握文章的論點就顯得非常重要了。文章的論點往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶爾也在文章的中間。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句。還應(yīng)特別注意段落中表轉(zhuǎn)折或因果的連詞，因為這些詞往往會引出文章的論點。 此外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫作關(guān)鍵詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地說，關(guān)鍵詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞。 請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。 If__you__ask__people__what__makes__them__h

23、appy，you__will__probably__get__many__different__answers__but__there__are__two__fundamental__things__that__will__ensure__happiness. The__first__part__of__what__makes__people__happy__is__growth. When you feel like you are improving your life，that’s when you are happy.It doesn’t necessarily mean that

24、you have to constantly buy bigger and better things.You need to feel like you are growing on a personal level.You need to know that the essence of who you are is continually improving in some way.Keep looking for ways to make yourself better today than you were yesterday.This can mean different thin

25、gs to different people but the point is that you have to feel like you are improving and getting better as a human being as time goes by. The__second__part__of__what__makes__people__happy__is__the__sense__of__contribution. Everyone wants to believe that they were put here to do something great.As l

26、ong as you know that by your being here，by doing what you are doing，you are helping someone somewhere，it will bring you happiness. These are two ways of how to find __happiness.Are these the only answers to what makes people happy? That depends on how you define happiness. [材料分析]　通讀文章可知，happy 為本文的

27、關(guān)鍵詞，本文為總分結(jié)構(gòu)的“觀點對比式議論文”。 1.人們的觀點：People have different opinions about what makes them happy. 2.作者的觀點：Happiness comes from two fundamental sources. 基于以上分析之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點組織起來，概括成一段約30個詞的通順文段： While people have different opinions about what makes them happy，the writer thinks that happiness comes fr

28、om the two fundamental sources: the improvement of one’s life and the sense of contribution. 請閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。 It’s a question every social media user faces after taking a great photo: Should I post this? Or is it going to come back to worry me? The questions get doubly complex when

29、they involve children.A parent on average will post almost 1，000 photos of a child online before the child turns five，according to a recent survey.Are parents putting kids at risk by oversharing on social media? Here are the selections of the views. Lauren Apfel(US) The big reason to share is to

30、build a community.I live，for example，thousands of miles from my family.In this atmosphere of modern parenthood，we all struggle to make it through the day，and the Internet has become a source of support.In the early years of mothering twins，one of the things that brought me the most happiness was pos

31、ting pictures of them on Facebook.Sharing those photos and engaging with an online community was a lifeline. Dracarys(China) I don’t post pictures of my kids online because I don’t like it when friends of mine post photos of me online.It feels way too public and an exhibitionist to me.So I treat m

32、y kids the way I want to be treated.That is probably what the parents who are comfortable with online photos think，too，when they decide to put the photos out there. 【參考答案】 While it is common for a parent to post children’s photos online nowadays，people take different attitudes toward it.Some think

33、 it’s beneficial while others are anxious about it. 如果讀寫任務(wù)所給的閱讀材料是“圖表/圖畫＋文字”，那么務(wù)必看清題目的概述要求，是對文字加圖表/圖畫內(nèi)容進(jìn)行概述，還是僅概述圖畫或圖表信息。如果是文字加圖表/圖畫一起概述，那么概述的要點必須包括文字內(nèi)容與圖表信息。若僅是要求對圖表/圖畫概述，只要描述圖畫內(nèi)容即可。 (2018·南京市、鹽城市高三二模) 請認(rèn)真閱讀下面有關(guān)“不同年齡達(dá)到不同能力巔峰”的研究結(jié)果，用約30個單詞概述圖表和下文的主要內(nèi)容。 “At almost any given age，most of us

34、 are getting better at some things and worse at others，” Joshua Hartshorne，an MIT cognitive science researcher and the lead author of a study looking at how intelligence changes as we age，told Business Insider.The team behind that study quizzed thousands of people aged 10--90 on their ability to do

35、things like remembering lists of words，recognizing faces.Their__results__suggest__that__no__matter__what__your__age，there’s__almost__always__a__new__peak__on__the__horizon. [材料分析]　通讀文字結(jié)合圖片(尤其是文字提示詞)，可知調(diào)查結(jié)果表明：不同年齡階段達(dá)到不同能力巔峰。 基于分析，我們就可以用自己的話將要點組織起來，概括成一段約30個詞的通順文段： A research，which involves thousan

36、ds of subjects aged 10-90，reveals that people reach different capacity peaks at different ages with teenagers blessed with good memories and the elderly possessing a large vocabulary. (2018·南京市高三三模)請用約30個單詞概述圖片和文字的主要內(nèi)容。 Mum：It’s time to list some written family rules in order to help our son f

37、orm good habits. Dad：I agree.But what do you want to include in the list? Mum：First，we must stress the importance of honesty. Dad：Right.Then not hurting anyone’s feelings is also necessary.Do you think so? Mum：Yes，and good manners can’t be ignored.For example，knock on closed door before entering

38、. Dad：Good idea，but I think it will be better if our son can involve himself in some home affairs，so... Mum：So let’s encourage him to express his opinion. Dad：You are so thoughtful.Let’s do it. 【參考答案】 Due to their child’s lying about the exam，a couple have a thorough discussion and decide to list some family rules，which they think will help regulate his behavior. 9