《2021中考英語 第一部分 教材同步復(fù)習(xí)篇 第十七課時 九年級 Unit5-Unit6》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《2021中考英語 第一部分 教材同步復(fù)習(xí)篇 第十七課時 九年級 Unit5-Unit6（8頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 Unit 5 ~Unit 6 01考點掃描 知識清單化 1. 考點梳理 重點詞匯 1._________(n.) 硬幣 2.________(n.) 玻璃 3._______(n.) 棉；棉花 4.________(n.) 草；草地 5._______(n.) 葉；葉子 6._______(v.) 生產(chǎn)；制造；出產(chǎn) 7._______(adv.) 廣泛地；普遍地 8._______(v.) 避免；回避 9._______(n.) 產(chǎn)品；制品

2、 10.______(adj.) 每天的；日常的 11._______(n.) 德國 12._____(n.) 交通；路上行駛的車輛 13.________(n.) 手套 14.________(adj.) 它的 15.________(n.) 形式；類型 16.________(n.) 剪刀 17._____(adj.) 生氣勃勃的；(色彩) 鮮艷的 18._______(n.& v.) 熱；高溫；加熱；變熱 19.__________(n.) 樣式；款式 20._________(n.) 高興；愉快 21.________(adj.) 每日的；日常的 22.____

3、____(n.) 網(wǎng)站 23._________(v.& n.) 列表；列清單；名單；清單 24.________(v.) 提到；說到 25.________(adv.) 幾乎；差不多 26.________(v.) 煮沸；燒開 27._______(v.) 保持不變；剩余 28.___(n.& v.) 氣味；發(fā)出……氣味；聞到 29._________(adj.) 低的；矮的 30._______(pron.& n.) 某人；重要人物 31._______(v.) 翻譯 32.________(v.& n.) 鎖上；鎖??；鎖 33.________(adj.) 突然(的

4、) 34._______(adj.) 酸的；有酸味的 35._______(n.) 顧客；客戶 詞匯拓展 1.environment→(形容詞形式：自然環(huán)境的；有關(guān)環(huán)境的) environmental 2.leaf→(復(fù)數(shù)形式：葉；葉子) leaves 3.produce→(名詞形式：產(chǎn)品) product 4.wide→(副詞形式：廣泛地；普遍地) widely 5.France→(法語) French→(法國人) Frenchman/Frenchwoman 6.German→(復(fù)數(shù)形式：德國人) Germans→(德國) Germany→(德語) German pet

5、ition→(參賽者；競爭者) competitor 8.its→(名詞性物主代詞：它的) its→(同音異義詞) it’s 9.celebration→(動詞形式：慶祝)celebrate 10.historical→(名詞形式：歷史) history→(歷史學(xué)家) historian 11.heat→(形容詞形式：熱的) hot plete→(近義詞：完成) finish 13.electric→(名詞形式：電；電能) electricity 14.please→(名詞形式：高興；愉快) pleasure 15.day→(形容詞形式：日常的) daily 16.nearl

6、y→(近義詞：幾乎) almost 17.accident→(形容詞形式：意外的；偶然的) accidental 18.national→(名詞形式：國家；民族) nation 19.low→(反義詞：高的) high 20.translate→(名詞形式：翻譯) translation→(指人的名詞：翻譯者；翻譯家) translator 21.sudden→(副詞形式：意外地；突然地) suddenly 22.salt→(形容詞形式：咸的) salty 23.Canadian→(加拿大) Canada 24.popular→(名詞形式：受歡迎；普及) popularity

7、 25.hero→(復(fù)數(shù)形式：英雄) heroes 重點短語 1.由……制成：be made of 2.在藝術(shù)和科學(xué)博覽會：at the art and science fair 3.因……聞名；為人知曉：be known for 4.手工：by hand 5.不論；無論：no matter 6.避免做某事：avoid doing sth. 7.國際風(fēng)箏節(jié)：the international kite festiva l8.偶然；意外地：by accident 9.發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)：take place 10.毫無疑問；的確：without doubt 11.突然；猛地：al

8、l of a sudden 12.錯誤地；無意中：by mistake 13.奧林匹克運動會：the Olympics 14.把……分開：divide …into 重點句型 1.Are your shirts ____ _____ cotton？襯衫是棉質(zhì)的嗎？ 2.It’s ____ _____ _____wood and glass.它是由用過的木頭和玻璃制成的。 3.Where ____ tea ____ in China？中國茶產(chǎn)地在哪兒？ 4.Anxi and Hangzhou _____widely ____ ____their tea.安溪和杭州以茶而聞名。 5

9、.When _____ the zipper____？拉鏈是什么時候發(fā)明的？ 6. _____was it invented _____？它是由誰發(fā)明的？ 7._____is the hot ice-cream scoop _____ ______ ？加熱的冰激凌勺子是用來做什么的？ 8.When _____ tea _____ _____ Korea？茶是什么時候傳入韓國的？ 9.Potato chips were invented _____ _____ .炸薯條是無意中發(fā)明的。 8 2.詞匯過關(guān) Ⅰ.根據(jù)句意和所給的首字母或漢語提示拼寫單詞并完成句子。 1.In

10、 China,people are used to using_____ (筷子) while having meals. 2.George enjoys collecting______ (硬幣) in his spare time. 3.Could you tell me how to________(加工) a ring？ 4.The cup is made of _______(玻璃). 5.Can you help me ________(燒開) water？I am too busy now. 6.People in both Canada and northern Ch

11、ina wear______ (幾乎) the same type of clothes. 7.This kind of dress is in s______. Lots of girls wear them. 8.You’d better l_______ all the things on the paper before going shopping. 9.The most popular online shopping w_______ of China is www.T. 10.—Thank you for showing us around the radio stati

12、on. —Don’t m_______ it. Ⅱ.用括號中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 11.English is the most _______(wide) used language in the world. 12.These_______(leaf) turn yellow in autumn. 13.Guilin is _______(know) for her beautiful mountains and rivers. 14.Mary is playing happily with her friends.She is a _______(live) girl.

13、15.He made a________ (suddenly) decision to go to Beijing. 16.The________(nation) park lies in the mountain. 17.The soup is too __________(salt) to drink. 18.An __________ (electricity) iron is very useful in our daily life. 19.Zippers are widely used in our_________(day) life. 20.—Thanks a lot

14、 for giving me so much help. —It’s my_________(please). Ⅲ.從方框中選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z并用其正確形式完成下列各句。 be known for, no matter, be made from, by mistake, the popularity, divide …into, the number of, all of a sudden, by hand, at a low price 21.The sweater ____________ nylon. 22. ___________where you go,I’ll miss y

15、ou forever. 23.They came up with a good idea ____________. 24.It is said that potato chips were invented______________. 25.___________ the students in our school is 1200. 26.Let’s _________all the members ____________ six groups. 27.Hangzhou __________ the West Lake. 28.What a nice kite!Is it

16、made _____________？ 29.___________ of computer makes our life more convenient. 30.I bought this blouse_______________. 02 考點透視 問題情景化 ? Anxi and Hangzhou are widely known for their tea.(From：Unit 5/Section A) 安溪和杭州以茶而聞名。 be known for 【題組訓(xùn)練】 Ⅰ.單項選擇。 （ ）1.(2013·咸寧) —Peng Liyuan is

17、 ______ Chinese people as a beautiful and popular singer. —And now she is also the First Lady in China. A.known as B.proud of C.famous for D.well-known to （ ）2.(2013·綏化) Sanya is famous________ its beautiful beaches. A.of B.for C.as （ ）3.She is known _______

18、a popular singer. A.as B.for C.to D.of Ⅱ.根據(jù)句意及漢語提示完成句子。 4.(2014·濰坊) 中國以其悠久歷史而聞名。(be famous for) ___________________________________________________ 5.(2013·常州) 這個作家直到獲了獎才出名。 The writer______________________________________. 6.(2013·隨州) 臺灣被譽為中國寶島。 Taiwan is___________ the

19、 Treasure _________of China. 7.(2013·云南) The great artist___________ his amazing use of colors and shapes.(以……而聞名) 8.(2013·襄陽) —What did the visitor say to you just now？ —He asked me __________________(我是否為所發(fā)生的巨大變化而感到自豪) in Xiangyang since 2000.(place) 【要點速記】 (1) be known for意為“以……聞名；為人知曉”，相當(dāng)于

20、be famous for，for后面跟表示原因或貢獻等的名詞。 (2) be known/famous as…意為“作為……而出名”，as后面跟表示職業(yè)或成就等的名詞。 (3) be known/famous to意為“為……所熟知”，to后面跟表示對象的名詞或代詞。 ?No matter what you may buy,you might think those products were made in those countries.(From：Unit 5/Section A) 無論你買什么東西，你可能會認為那些產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)自那些國家。 no matter 【題組訓(xùn)練】 Ⅰ

21、.單項選擇。 （ ）1.(2013·貴港) ______ I am in trouble, my best friend Li Lei always helps me. A.Whenever B.Whatever C.However D.Never （ ）2.(2013·江西) Kate’s dad is getting old. She will go back home to see him________ it is convenient. A.because B.whenever C.although D.unless Ⅱ.按要求完成各題

22、。 A)完成句子，每空詞數(shù)不限。 3.(2013·蘭州) 不論發(fā)生任何事，我都不會改變心意。 _________happens, I won’t change my mind. 4.(2012·白銀) We must try our best _________ (無論什么) we do. 5.(2012揚州) 無論你去哪兒，我都愿意與你同行。 ________________________________________________ B)改為同義句，每空一詞。 6.Whoever you are,I’ll never let you in. ______ ______

23、__ ________you are,I’ll never let you in. 7.Whichever you choose,you will be satisfied. _______ ______ _______ you choose,you will be satisfied. 【要點速記】 (1) no matter意為“不論；無論”，后面跟關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。 (2) 常用句型： no matter who … 無論誰……,相當(dāng)于whoever no matter what … 無論什么……，相當(dāng)于whatever no matter whic

24、h … 無論哪一個……，相當(dāng)于whichever no matter where … 無論何處……，相當(dāng)于wherever no matter when … 無論何時……,相當(dāng)于whenever no matter how … 無論怎樣……，相當(dāng)于however ?It produced a nice smell so he tasted the brown water.(From：Unit 6/ Section A) 它發(fā)出一種怡人的氣味，于是他品嘗了這種棕色的水。 smell 【題組訓(xùn)練】 Ⅰ.單項選擇。 （ ）1.(2014·瀘州)Coffee is ready. H

25、ow nice it ________! A.smells B.sounds C.feels D.becomes （ ）2.(2014·菏澤) —How do you like the fish I cooked for you？ —I haven’t had it yet. However, it ______ good. A.smells B.testes C.sounds D.feels （ ）3.(2014·安徽)Mum,what are you cooking？It _____ so sweet. A.tastes B.

26、feels C.sounds D.smells （ ）4.(2014·昆明)—The medicine _____ awful.I can’t stand it. —I know,Jimmy.But it’s helpful for you. A.tastes B.eats C.drinks D.takes （ ）5.(2014·德州)The vegetable soup ______ delicious. Can I have more？ A.looks B.tastes C.sounds D.feels

27、Ⅱ.根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子，每空一詞。 6.(2014·涼山) The music__________ (聽起來) like birds singing. 7.蛋糕聞起來太香了。我迫不及待想吃。 The cake _________delicious. I can’t_____ ____ ______it. 8.壺里的水發(fā)出怡人的氣味。 The water in the pot produced______ ______ ________. 【要點速記】 (1) smell用作名詞時，意為“氣味”。 (2) smell常用作系動詞，意為“發(fā)出……氣味；聞到”，后面跟形容詞作表語。

28、 (3) 類似smell的常用系動詞還有：sound(聽起來)，look(看起來)，taste(嘗起來)，feel(感覺)。 03 考點辨析 探究拓展化 ?be made of/from/in/by 【題組訓(xùn)練】 Ⅰ.單項選擇。 （ ）1.(2014·永州) This kind of car looks so beautiful. It ____ in my hometown. A.make B.makes C.is made （ ）2.(2013·黃石) This pair of shoes ____hand, an

29、d it _____very comfortable. A.is made with；is felt B.are made from；is felt C.are made of；feels D.is made by；feels （ ）3.(2012·黔西南) —Your sweater looks very nice.What’s it made________ —Wool,and it’s made_______ Guiyang. A.from；on B.of；in C.of；on D.from；in （ ）4

30、.(2012·黃岡) —Do you believe that paper is made _____ wood？ —Yes,I do.And you can see that books are made________ paper. A.from；from B.from；of C.of；from D.of；of （ ）5.This kind of cameras _______ Zhejiang. A.is made in B.are made in C.makes in D.make in Ⅱ.

31、根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子。 6.多么漂亮的車呀！是國產(chǎn)的嗎？ What a nice car! ______it______ _____China？ 7.風(fēng)箏是紙做的，紙是木頭做的。 The kite_____ ____ ____paper and the paper_____ ____ ____wood. 【要點速記】 考點 詞義及用法 be made of 由……制成，指制成品能夠看出原料(制作過程只發(fā)生物理變化)。 be made from 由……制成，指制成品看不出原料(制作過程發(fā)生了化學(xué)變化)。 be made in 后面跟地點名詞，意為“在某地制造”。 be

32、 made by 后面跟指人的名詞或代詞，意為“由某人制成”。  ? by mistake/by accident 【題組訓(xùn)練】 Ⅰ.單項選擇。 （ ）1.You might cut yourself_________ . A.by accident B.by mistake C.by an accident D.by a mistake （ ）2.I took the wrong train_____ .I didn’t even know it until half an hour later. A.by mistakes

33、 B.by mistake C.with mistake D.with mistakes Ⅱ.根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子，每空一詞。 3.(2014·益陽) 抱歉，我拿錯了你的雨傘。 Sorry,I took your umbrella _____ ______ . 4.(2014·東煙臺) 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他錯把Sally的太陽鏡裝進他的書包里了。 He found that he had put Sally’s sunglasses into his backpack______. 5.(2013·黃石) 抱歉，我錯拿了你的包。 Sorry,I took your ba

34、g _______ _________ . 6.(2013·蘭州) 那個小孩在登山中意外地摔傷了腿。 That child broke his leg _____ ______ when he was climbing the mountain. 7.(2012·煙臺) 他在火車站偶然遇到了他的一位老校友。 He met with an old schoolmate of his _____ _____ at the railway station. 【 要點速記】 考點 詞義及用法 by mistake 意為“錯誤地；無意中”，強調(diào)主觀原因。 by accident 意

35、為“偶然；意外地”，強調(diào)誤差。 ?somebody (someone) /anybody (anyone) /nobody (no one) 【題組訓(xùn)練】 Ⅰ.單項選擇。 （ ）1.(2014·襄陽) —Your English is very good.Who taught you？ —_______.I learned it all by myself. A.Somebody B.Everybody C.Nobody D.Anybody （ ）2.(2013·東營) “I don’t think I am different from _____ else

36、. I am just the son of a farmer,” Mo Yan said. A.anyone B.nobody C.someone D.everyone （ ）3.(2013·哈爾濱) ______ was born being good at all things.You can do well in things through hard work.As an English learner,you can’t be excellent without enough practice. A.Everybody B.Somebody

37、 C.Nobody （ ）4.(2013·泰安) —Who helped you clean the bedroom yesterday,Kitty？ —______.I cleaned it all by myself. A.Nobody B.Everybody C.Somebody D.Anybody （ ）5.(2013· 上海)______ is waiting for you at the gate. He wants to say thanks to you. A.Somebody B.Anybody C.Everybody

38、 D.Nobody Ⅱ.用somebody (someone)，anybody (anyone)，nobody (no one) 填空。 6.__________is waiting for you at the school gate. 7.—Who helped Betty tidy up the bedroom just now？ —________.She cleaned it all by herself. 8.Did _________ tell you where we would start out？ 【要點速記】 考點 詞義及用法 somebody (so

39、meone) 意為“某人”，常用于肯定句。 anybody (anyone) 意為“任何人”，常用于否定句或疑問句。 nobody (no one) 意為“沒有人”，表示否定意義。 04 整合集訓(xùn) 反饋層級化 Ⅰ.單項選擇。 （ ）1.Look at this machine.Do you know who it was invented______ ？ A.for B.by C.to D.from （ ）2.The fruit salad is too_____. Let’s add more honey

40、 or sugar into it. A.crispy B.sweet C.salty D.sour （ ）3.The cake was _____ into three pieces and the children began to eat happily. A.fallen B.driven C.divided D.knocked （ ）4.—What is mom cooking in the kitchen？ —Chicken,I guess.How nice it ______! A.looks B.sounds

41、 C.tastes D.smells （ ）5.—What’s that over there,Emily？ —Oh,it’s an ancient cup.It’s_______ drinking wine. A.used as B.used to C.used in D.used for （ ）6.I took the wrong bus_______ .That’s why I was late for the meeting. A.by mistakes B.by mistake C.with mis

42、take D.with mistakes （ ）7.Mo Yan is known ______ his novels _____ a great writer. A.for；to B.to；as C.for；as D.to；for （ ）8.My______ are made of_______ . A.glass；glass B.glass；glasses C.glasses；glass D.glasses；glasses （）9.This pair of gloves ______wool and hand__

43、___. A.are made from；it’s made by B.is made from；they’re made by C.are made of；they’re made with D.is made of；it’s made with （ ）10.Edison was a great______. He _____ more than 1,000 ______ in his life. A.inventor；invented；inventions B.inventer；has invented；inventions C.inventor；invented；inv

44、ents D.inventer；has invented；invents Ⅱ.完形填空。 Some inventions are very important.For example,the telephone allows people to communicate all over the world.The 11 lets people travel long distances in a short time.Life is much easier with these 12 inventions. Some inventions are just fun.A comp

45、any in a foreign country has invented 13 flowers.You can listen to music that comes through real flowers.Customers in restaurants can smell the beautiful roses 14 listen to pleasant music while eating.People in the dentist’s office can look at pretty lilies and listen to Mozart while having thei

46、r 15 examined! There is now a vehicle that gets you around with almost no effort 16 .In fact,you drive this invention while standing on it.This vehicle runs by electricity.It 17 quite easily.When you lean forward,it moves forward,and when you lean 18 ,it moves backward. A new kind of bubble

47、 liquid has been invented.If you blow bubbles 19 this liquid,they can last for several minutes. 20 are very strong.You can even pick them up and throw them around. Do you have your own ideas about inventions now？ （ ）11.A.bike B.bus C.ship D.plane （ ）12.A.important B.useless C.b

48、oring D.strange （ ）13.A.dancing B.talking C.singing D.walking （ ）14.A.but B.so C.nor D.and （ ）15.A.ears B.eyes C.teeth D.nose （ ）16.A.in all B.at all C.after all D.for all （ ）17.A.carries B.makes C.works D.plays

49、 （ ）18.A.forward B.backward C.towards D.afterwards （ ）19.A.about B.at C.with D.for （）20.A.They B.We C.You D.None Ⅲ.閱讀理解。 Chinese noodles have a long history.They were first mentioned in the Eastern Han Dynasty,over 1,900 years ago.At that time

50、,noodles were called “cakes”.They were “cakes” that were boiled in water. From the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,there were written records about noodles.“Mian” became the name of noodles in the Song Dynasty.Before that,there was no specific name for this kind of food. T

51、here are all kinds of noodles,such as cold noodles,warm noodles,and fried noodles.There are also all kinds of noodle-making methods,such as brushing,pressing,rolling and pulling. China is where all noodles originated,including the noodles,such as spaghetti,that we think came from other countries.In

52、 the Yuan Dynasty,Marco Polo came to China.He learned to make noodles,and then taught the method when he went back to his country.In 1912，the traditional Chinese method of noodle making was brought to Japan.Japanese noodles were first called “Dragon Noodles”，meaning food eaten by the Chinese—the des

53、cendants (后代) of the Dragon. Among all Chinese noodles,the most special type may be Yi Noodles (伊府面).They were created by a chef in the Qing Dynasty.Yi Noodles are made in both southern and northern China,but Fujian and Jiangxi Provinces are most famous for making Yi Noodles.Yi Noodles can be serve

54、d dry or with soup.Since Yi Noodles are similar to modern instant noodles,they are considered to be the father of modern instant noodles. 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,選擇最佳答案。 （ ）21.“Mian” became the name of noodles in the _____ Dynasty. A.Eastern Han B.Tang C.Song D.Yuan （ ）22.Which of the following is TR

55、UE？ A.There are only two kinds of methods of noodle making. B.Marco Polo came to China in the Yuan Dynasty. C.Noodles were not boiled in water in the Eastern Han Dynasty. D.Japanese noodles are more famous than Chinese noodles. （ ）23.From the fourth paragraph，we can learn that____. A.there we

56、re no written records of noodles until the Yuan Dynasty B.in ancient China,only poor people ate noodles C.Chinese noodles came from Italy D.it is believed that the Chinese are descendants of the Dragon （ ）24.Yi Noodles__________. A.are not special B.were created by a person in the Yuan Dynast

57、y C.are similar to modern instant noodles D.are only made and eaten in the south of China （ ）25.The best title for this passage would be_______ . A.The Culture of Chinese Noodles B.The Legend of Instant Noodles C.The Methods of Noodle Making D.The History of Yi Noodles Ⅳ.詞語運用。 A)根據(jù)句意、首字母提示

58、寫出空缺處單詞的正確形式。 26.The supermarket is usually crowded with c_______ on weekends. 27.Her sister works as a volunteer in the l_______ area. 28.Could you please tell me her m_______ phone number？ 29.Get up quickly! It’s n________ seven o’clock. 30.You’d better buy a c______ blouse. It feels comforta

59、ble and it’s not expensive. B)從方框中選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或短語并用其正確形式填空。 hot, translate, mention, take place, without doubt 31.The problem ______ in her speech last week. 32.My aunt works as a________ in a big foreign company. 33.Pam is______ one of the cleverest students I’ve taught. 34.The sun gives us light

60、and________. 35.The 2016 Olympic Games________ in Brazil. Ⅴ.任務(wù)型閱讀。 Sometimes the greatest things are invented by mistake.The greatest mistake of all time could be those delicious snacks in your corner drugstore. One day,a woman was making chocolate cookies.When she ran out of chocolate powder (粉

61、)，she took out a chocolate bar and broke it into little pieces.She added the pieces to her cookie dough (面團) and baked (烘烤) it.She thought that the chocolate would (1) melt in the oven and make chocolate cookies.Far from melting,the pieces of chocolate stayed hard.When she took them out of the oven,

62、she had chocolate chip cookies. Another accidental invention was made by Frank Epperson,an eleven-year-old boy.In 1905,Frank sat outside on a winter evening,mixing up a big jug (罐) of powdered soda pop.Frank accidentally left the jug out during the night.When he went outside the next morning,he fou

63、nd the mixture in the jug frozen (凍僵) with the mixing stick stuck in the middle.Frank pulled out the frozen pop and tasted it.It was delicious.Frank started selling Epperson Icicles for 5 cents each.He later changed the name to (2) Popsicles. So,the next time you drop your hamburger into your ice c

64、ream or your cooked potatoes into your chicken soup,don’t worry.Some of the most delicious foods in the world were invented that way. 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，完成下面的任務(wù)。 任務(wù)一 ：36.請根據(jù)短文，猜測畫線單詞(1) melt的意思。將答案的字母代號填寫在橫線上。 A.change into water B.change into ice ___________________________________ 任務(wù)二 ：37.請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，完成cho

65、colate chip cookies的制作過程。 A.Take out a chocolate bar and________________ . B.Then add________________________________ . C.Finally bake it. 任務(wù)三： 請列舉文中與(2) Popsicles同義的另外兩個表述。 38.______________________________ 39.________________________________ 任務(wù)四 ：40.請從文章中找出能夠概括本文主旨大意的一個句子。 ________________

66、________________________ Ⅵ.書面表達。 在一個“小科學(xué)家”發(fā)明展示會上，李揚將展示他最新發(fā)明的Language Interpreter。假如你是李揚，請根據(jù)下面表格中的內(nèi)容寫一篇英語短文向外國游客介紹一下自己的發(fā)明。 Name Language Interpreter Looks like Cellphone Used for Translating one language into another Advantages Useful,convenient(方便的) Disadvantages Only translating several languages ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________