《（江蘇專用）2019高考英語二輪培優(yōu)復習 專題三 閱讀理解 第四講 詞義猜測題習題》由會員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《（江蘇專用）2019高考英語二輪培優(yōu)復習 專題三 閱讀理解 第四講 詞義猜測題習題（102頁珍藏版）》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 第四講 │ 詞義猜測題 一、題型解讀 詞義猜測題是高考英語閱讀理解題中一種常見的題型。通過對近幾年江蘇高考英語閱讀理解題的分析統(tǒng)計可以看出，詞義猜測題一般有1～2題。常見的考查方式有： 詞義猜測題 考點1 猜測詞義題 考點2 猜測短語題 考點3 猜測指代題 考點4 猜測句意題 二、設(shè)問方式 詞義猜測題著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的能力，這也是一個從“已知”得出“未知”的過程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子)進行推理，有時還需要依靠常識和經(jīng)驗來猜測詞義，常見的命題形式有： ·The underlined word in the secon

2、d paragraph means “________”. ·Which of the following words is the closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph? ·The underlined word “hunch” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”. ·What does the phrase “knock off” in Paragraph 1 mean? ·The underlined sentence in t

3、he last paragraph means “________”. ·The word “it” in the last sentence refers to “________”. 三、常見生詞類型 在英語閱讀訓練和測試中的生詞障礙往往會成為學生理解的“絆腳石”，這些“絆腳石”的出現(xiàn)大致分五類： 1.舊詞新義，考查詞匯表中未出現(xiàn)的詞義，如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course，where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我們學過 course的意

4、思是“過程，課程”等，在此顯然不符句意。根據(jù)上下文 course是汽車賽舉行的地方，可推斷 course在該句是“車道”或“跑道”的意思。 2.合成詞、轉(zhuǎn)化詞與派生詞，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等； 3.“靈活”的常用詞增多，這些詞必須根據(jù)具體的上下文語境才能正確理解； 4.“新鮮”的外國人名、地名、專有名稱增多，這些詞有些帶有一定的文化背景； 5.超綱生詞。 [典例]　(2017·全國卷Ⅲ·閱讀C) Gray wolves once were seen he

5、re and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around

6、. 29.What does the underlined word “displaced” in Paragr-aph 2 mean? A.Tested. B.Separated. C.Forced out. D.Tracked down. 答案　C　[詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段后兩句可知，因為人類的發(fā)展，侵占了灰狼的領(lǐng)域，灰狼逐漸向北遷徙，由此推斷灰狼被人類排擠走了。] 【技巧點撥】 如何解決詞義猜測題？ 1.根據(jù)定義猜測詞義。如果生詞由定語從句、同位語(同位語前常有or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，or rat

7、her，say等)或同位語從句來定義，或使用破折號、冒號、分號后的內(nèi)容或引號中的內(nèi)容加以解釋，理解這些定義或解釋就是在理解詞義。 2.根據(jù)對比、比較關(guān)系猜測詞義。在一個句子或段落中如有對兩個事物或兩種現(xiàn)象的對比性描述，我們可以從生詞的對立面猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞語主要有：unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有：while引導的并列句。表示比較關(guān)系的詞語主要有：similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。 3.通過構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義。生詞的前綴、后綴、復合詞

8、的各部分，詞性的變化都可以暗示出詞義。 (1)不管這個詞多超綱，根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思； (2)不管這個詞多熟悉，都要通過上下文得出其在特定場合的意思。 [典例]　(2017·江蘇高考·閱讀B) Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教

9、)，birds could rule__the__roost.As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化).New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few days of entering the world. 58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means

10、“________”. A.be the worst B.be the best C.be just as bad D.be just as good 答案　B　[本段一開始提到嬰兒在辨別母親的聲音方面能力非常強，然后用了一個轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“But”，說明其后的內(nèi)容“鳥類在胎教方面”應(yīng)該是做得最好。故選B。] 【技巧點撥】 如何解決猜測短語題？ 猜測短語題要利用出現(xiàn)短語的上文與其意義上的聯(lián)系或下文進一步的敘述來猜測它的意思或利用文章中所出現(xiàn)的與短語意思相反的內(nèi)容來猜測其語意。 [典例]　(2017·全國卷Ⅰ·閱讀C) Some of the world’s most famo

11、us musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) vo

12、ice across cultures. Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the a

13、udience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture. 29.What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A.Jazz becoming more accessible. B.The production of jazz growing faster. C.Jazz being less popular with the young. D.The jazz audience becoming

14、 larger. 答案　C　[代詞指代題。根據(jù)前文Despite the celebrations，though，in the U.S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations可知盡管UNESCO為爵士樂設(shè)了紀念日，但美國的爵士樂聽眾依然在減少，并且年齡在老化，爵士樂沒能將年輕一代人連接起來。再結(jié)合It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that(是Jason Moran的

15、工作幫助改變那一情況)可推測that指代的是前文中爵士樂在年輕一代人中失去吸引力的現(xiàn)象。故選C。] 【技巧點撥】 如何解決猜測指代題？ 此類題目應(yīng)注意代詞指代的總原則——代詞通常指代上文已提到的內(nèi)容。代詞指代要注意在數(shù)、格、邏輯、意義、位置等方面與之接近的名詞。就位置而言，代詞所指代的名詞通常在本句或其上句中。只有好好把握代詞指代所在段落或前面段落的整體意思，問題才能迎刃而解。 [典例]　(2017·江蘇高考·閱讀D) When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is

16、a process.We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions.This is why，in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There__is__no__‘one-size__fits__all’__adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and

17、 carry little risk or cost. 65.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies________. A.adaptation is an ever-changing process B.the cost of adaptation varies with time C.global warming affects adaptation forms D.adaptation to climate change is challenging 答案　A　[根據(jù)上文中的“We are therefore...but to a

18、 constantly shifting set of conditions.”可知，對于不斷變化的環(huán)境，沒有一個通用的方法來解決所有這樣的問題。故畫線部分表示的是適應(yīng)環(huán)境也是一個不斷變化的過程。本題采取的是重述的方法。故選A。] 【技巧點撥】 如何解決猜測句意題？ 此類題目通常需要猜測意思的是一個具有概括性的句子，或是格言、諺語等，做題時只要通過閱讀文章，對原句進行語法和詞義上的準確分析，并和答案選項做一番比較，不難找出正確選項。一般來說，正確選項的意思與原句的意思完全相同，只不過是用了其他的英語詞匯表述而已。 題組一　應(yīng)用文 A (2018·全國卷Ⅰ) Washingto

19、n, D.C.Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. Duration：3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where th

20、ey blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear! Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration：3 hours (4 miles) Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington,D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall a

21、s your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike, helmet，cookies and bottled water. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. Duration：3 hours Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington

22、，D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路線) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicyc

23、le Tour Duration：3 hours (7 miles) Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington,D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique

24、facts and history.Tour includes bike，helmet，and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights. 【語篇解讀】　本文主要介紹了在華盛頓特區(qū)騎自行車觀光的四條路線、參觀的主要景點和從事的活動。 1.Which tour do you need to book in advance? A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. B.Washington Capital Monuments

25、 Bicycle Tour. C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C. D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 答案　A　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一條旅行路線介紹的最后一句“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear”可知，選擇第一條旅行路線需要提前預訂。] 2.What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? A.Meet famous

26、people. B.Go to a national park. C.Visit well-known museums. D.Enjoy interesting stories. 答案　D　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三條旅行路線介紹中的“Knowledgeable guides...memorials，and parks”可知，選擇這條旅行路線的游客可以在觀光過程中聽導游講故事。] 3.Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide? A.City maps. B.Cameras. C.Meals. D.S

27、afety lights. 答案　D　[細節(jié)理解題。第四條旅行路線是夜間游覽，根據(jù)該段介紹的最后一句“All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights”可知，該路線為夜間騎車觀光的游客提供反光背心和安全燈。] B (2018·蘇北四市高三第一次調(diào)研) The Chocolate Museum The story of chocolate through the ages ● Experience chocolate-making from cocoa bean to chocolate bar ●

28、Enjoy the smell，taste and texture of freshly made chocolate Opening hours Tues—Fri　　　　　　　　　　　10 am to 6 pm Sat&Sun＋public holidays 11 am to 7 pm Closed on Mondays，Christmas Day and during Carnival week. Entrance fees Adults $6.00 Concessions (over 65 years old) $3.00 Groups (of 15 people

29、or more) $5.00 More than a museum！ The Panorama Restaurant can cater for all your corporate events: business lunches，anniversaries，weddings and parties.Groups of 30—300 people are welcome. Welcome To Auckland Museum “Nau mai haere mai” 　　Auckland Museum has a constantly changing feast of fre

30、sh events and new exhibitions reflecting the culture of New Zealand.This year is no exception. Click here to find out more >> Latest news Be inspired by the da Vinci Machines exhibition and design and build your own original flying machine.The best entry will win the budding inventor a helicopter

31、 ride over Auckland for a family of four. Avoid the traffic，enjoy hassle-free parking and view the exhibits in peace and quiet on Wednesday evenings! Open till 7：30 pm. From 28 November until 4 March there will be no public access to the Reading Room. Click here to find out more >> Museum openin

32、g hours 10 am—5 pm daily (except Christmas Day) 4.If 16 adults，including 3 aged 70，plan to visit the Chocolate Museum，how much should they pay at least? A.$69. B.$78. C.$80. D.$87. 答案　B　[數(shù)字計算題。根據(jù)第一小篇Entrance fees中的信息可知，成年人$6/位，大于65歲的人優(yōu)惠價$3/位，大于等于15人以上的團隊$5/位，題中可知為16人團隊且有3名大于65歲的人，則為滿足15人團隊的15

33、名成員*團隊價$5＋剩下的一名大于65歲者*優(yōu)惠價$3＝78元。故選B。] 5.According to the information of Auckland Museum，we know that ________. A.it opens from 10 am to 5 pm every day B.it has a feast of fresh events except this year C.the winner will fly a helicopter as a reward D.the museum focuses on New Zealand’s culture

34、答案　D　[根據(jù)第二小篇，由最后一句括號中except Christmas Day排除A，由第一段最后一句This year is no exception排除B，由Latest news中段一第二行“a helicopter ride”與選項中“helicopter”沖突，一個是直升機旅行，一個是直升機，需要仔細理解，排除C。再看段一中the culture of New Zealand符合D選項，故選D。] 題組二　記敘文 A (2018·天津高考)When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the M

35、cNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay.She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death.On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum.She asked, “Do you have the address？” “No, but I’ll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine.” “Oh, st

36、op.There it is！” The museum was free.We entered, excited.A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us. “May I help you？” a man asked.“No，”I said.“We’re fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren’t that interested in? Sal

37、ly had gone upstairs.The people in the hall seemed very nosy(愛窺探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity.What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one room.Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me.“Where do you think you are？” he asked.I turned sharply.“The McNay Art Museum！”He smil

38、ed, shaking his head.“Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street.” “What’s this place？” I asked, still confused.“Well, it’s our home.” My heart jolted (震顫).I raced to the staircase and called out, “Sally! Come down immediately！” “There’s some really good stuff (藝術(shù)作品 ) up there.”She stepped down,

39、looking confused.I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, “Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place.” Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing.She couldn’t believe how long they let us look around without saying anything. The r

40、eal McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there.Van Gogh, Picasso.This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened. Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place.“Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago，thinking it was the McNa

41、y Museum？” “Yes.But how do you know? We never told anyone.” “That was my home.I was a teenager sitting in the hall.Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in.I never felt lucky before.You thought it was a museum.My feelings about my home changed after that.I’ve always

42、 wanted to thank you.” 【語篇解讀】　這是一篇記敘文。作者17歲的時候和好友去博物館，結(jié)果誤闖民宅，30年后，這家的一位成員認出了作者并感謝作者讓她意識到自己家的美。 1.What do we know about Marian McNay? A.She was a painter. B.She was a community leader. C.She was a museum director. D.She was a journalist. 答案　A　[細節(jié)理解題。第一段說，McNay是水彩畫家(watercolorist)，她要求社區(qū)在她死后把她曾

43、經(jīng)居住的地方改成博物館，由此判斷她是個畫家。] 2.Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house? A.She disliked people who were nosy. B.She felt nervous when talking to strangers. C.She knew more about art than the man. D.She mistook him for a tour guide. 答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息，我們把答案定位在第四段。作者和朋友來到這個博物館，然后有

44、人詢問是否需要幫助的時候，作者說導游讓她緊張，從這些信息判斷，作者誤以為這個人是導游，因此選D。] 3.How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall? A.Puzzled. B.Concerned. C.Frightened. D.Delighted. 答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干的“被大廳里的人盯著看”判斷，本題答案在第四段。該段說，當作者發(fā)現(xiàn)大廳里的人似乎都喜歡窺探，都好奇地盯著自己的時候，心想，“他們這是怎么了”(What was their problem)。從這些信

45、息推斷選A，作者對此十分困惑。] 4.Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words? A.The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her. B.She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum. C.The McNay was disappointing compared with the house. D.The event happening in the house

46、 was more significant. 答案　D　[推理判斷題。第六段說作者和朋友來到真正的McNay博物館，但是她們一直覺得緊張，害怕又出現(xiàn)先前那種不同尋常的事。由此推斷，她們一直想著先前誤闖他人的家的事，因此選D。] 5.What could we learn from the last paragraph? A.People should have good taste to enjoy life. B.People should spend more time with their family. C.People tend to be blind to the bea

47、uty around them. D.People tend to educate teenagers at a museum. 答案　C　[推理判斷題。最后一段這個女士告訴作者，30年前自己還是一個十幾歲的青少年，在作者誤闖她家之前，自己從來不知道自己的家有多美麗，由此推斷選C，“人們往往對自己身邊的美麗事物視而不見”。] B (2018·山東德州高三一模) The summer before my dad died，we moved house.Up until that point，our family had our own space to spread out.Money

48、 was tight，so there was no television set，but we owned a turntable on which my dad’s records played constantly.Mostly，it played Bob Dylan.Tracks from The Basement Tapes and Desire became an important part of our new life.My brother and I，aged 8 and 10，climbed trees，built hideaways and learned the wo

49、rds of Clothes Line Saga.We would chant over and over，lost in our own joy. It was January when my dad left us forever because of the cancer.He was 36 going on 37 then，the same age as Dylan.Afterwards，our laughter disappeared，but we kept on playing the records，which became our only ritual of remembr

50、ance.The two men became so intertwined in my head，I struggled to tell them apart. Dylan was my dad’s gift to me.What child wouldn’t be fascinated by songs full of pirates and seasick sailors? How did it feel to have No direction home? Farewell，Angelina became my party-piece.I would sing this at chu

51、rch cheese and wines to the assembled audience.A lot of donations were made. Growing up，I remained a fan of the music，but I wasn’t obsessed with Dylan until one day in early 1995，my brother bought us both tickets to see him play at Brixton Academy.London felt like a long way to go.But finally seein

52、g Dylan step out on to the stage brought a sudden rush of excitement. I have seen Dylan a couple of times since.My brother is not around so much these days.But he was up for a visit recently.We passed a happy evening laughing an drinking，while his son，aged nine，performed his party-piece Subterranea

53、n Homesick Blues for us.He sang it word-perfect.And so it goes on：Dylan’s music as a gift，passed down the generations. 【語篇解讀】　作者講述了對Bob Dylan的喜歡和熱愛，及Bob Dylan對自己家三代人的影響。 6.What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A.To praise his late father. B.To tell about his family history. C.To e

54、xpress his longing for family reunion. D.To show his love for Bob Dylan. 答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中Tracks from The Basement Tapes and Desire became...was my dad’s gift to me.和Dylan’s music as a gift，passed down the generations等信息講述了作者從小到大一直以來對Bob Dylan的喜歡和熱愛，故選D。] 7.The underlined word “ritual”in the secon

55、d paragraph means “________”. A.passion B.ceremony C.memory D.belief 答案　B　[猜測詞義題。此處指父親去世后我們的笑聲消失了，但我們繼續(xù)播放Bob Dylan的唱片，這成了我們唯一的記憶儀式?！皉itual”指儀式，與ceremony同義，A項為“激情，熱情”；C項為“記憶”；D項為“信任，信仰”。故選B。] 8.How did the author raise money in his childhood? A.By singing a Dylan’s song at church gatherings.

56、B.By providing cheese and wines to church prayers. C.By playing a private in church performances. D.By accepting donations from the church. 答案　A　[細節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)第三段I would sing this at church cheese and wines to the assembled audience.A lot of donations were made.可知作者在童年的時候通過在教堂聚會上唱迪倫的歌來籌錢，故選A。] 9.The

57、recent visit of the author’s brother indicates that ________. A.his nephew was ever invited to play in Dylan’s concert B.his brother has never seen a live performance of Dylan C.Dylan’s music has influenced three generations of his family D.Subterranean Homesick Blues is always his favorite song

58、 答案　C　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段But he was up for a visit...Subterranean Homesick Blues for us.和Dylan’s music as a gift，passed down the generations.描述哥哥帶著兒子拜訪Bob Dylan及兒子演唱他的歌表明Bob Dylan對作者一家三代人的影響。故選C。] 題組三　 說明文 A (2018·北京高考) Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has o

59、ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world.Well, the future is apparently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for companies

60、 to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services.Cali-fornia, it should be noted，isn’t leading the way here.Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country.It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads.B

61、ut however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so), policymake

62、rs also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want

63、to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles.They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spr

64、ead.They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking.Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus.The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transpor

65、t—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫車) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation

66、80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (責任與維護問題).But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start