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Scholasticism 經(jīng)院哲學(xué) Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 1700 It s the most famous philosophy during the end of the middle age It always considered as a reconciliation between reason and belief and applied in church s beliefs and code 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng) The enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France in the second half of the 18th century It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use prejudice unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State it s also called the Age of Reason It was an elite cultural movement to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state 浪漫主義 Romanticism also the Romantic era or the Romantic period was an artistic literary musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850 Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature preferring the medieval rather than the classical 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 Realism Realism refers to the accurate detailed non ornamented depiction of nature or of human life It advocates a close observation of outward appearances It is a mode of writing or creative expression dates back to ancient times when some unearthed artifacts or literary fragments disclosed some close links to real life even at the time it was displayed It is both a way of thinking and a method of creation in the arts Socrates 蘇格拉底 Socrates s status is so important in philosophy that almost all the philosophers of the 4th century BC invoked his idea either directly or indirectly and even since his teachings have circulated through western culture He asserted that one should pursue knowledge while ignorance is an important source of evil and wrongdoing One must gain knowledge to acquire virtue while virtue is a source of knowledge He shifted the focus from nature to people and social s essence He think everything is because of kindness He admired he was ignorance and object to one s own desire He think one should identify oneself know oneself of what you are Plato 柏拉圖 Socrates death was a heavy blow to Plato s political condition and led to his change of mind for his career From then on the purpose of politics to his mind was to reconstruct an ideal city founded on knowledge of the good He later switched to an academic career pursuing his interests in developing models for an ideal state He came back to Athens and established the Academy the first institution from the body and its tyranies One meets a new myth about the destiny of souls after death towards the end Plato s view of class is based on three elements of human nature namely reason will and lust Private ownership is the root of all disasters which needs to be abolished Except for daily necessities all property should be shared He thinks the purpose of marriage is not to pursue fortune power and position for family purpose but to produce healthy children for the country Plato claims the sexual relationship should be equal in terms of both education and career He thinks education is based on class Aristotle 亞里士多德 His works cover wild ranging areas such as philosophy logic rhetoric literary physics biology and metaphysics He became increasingly concerned with science and practical matters of the world He tried to work out how and why things originate and change take shape and alter their shape For Aristotle the relationship between body and there is a whole range of intermediate stages between matter and form Matters takes on form by degrees and there is a whole range of intermediate stages between raw matter and pure form 圣經(jīng)對(duì)西方文化的影響 1 First of all the western culture is often seen as the heritage from the Bible civilizati ons in which course we explore the Bible s impact on western literature and art Relig ion always has a great influence on literature The Bible as the classic of Christianity has permeated into all parts of social life in the U K and the U S A Its attraction can be seen in a large number of literal works The Genesis the Christ the Fates of the Ap ostles are all based on the resources of the Bible 2 At the same time Biblical stories are also the principal themes of western masterpie ces of drawing which inevitably involve some Biblical figures especially during the period of Renaissance 3 Second it has a huge impact on western languages As is known to all the influence of the Bible on western culture is profound and the Biblical literature has tremendous ly enriched the English language 4 Last but not least the Biblical influence definitely deeply involves itself into wester ners daily life So the influence of the Bible on life style is deeply and widely More people are using the Bible as their scriptures and a guide of their future behaviors 為什么中世紀(jì)被稱為 The Age of Faith 1 During the medieval times there was no central government to keep the order The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church It continued to gain widespread power and influence 2 In the late Middle Ages almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the church 3 Christianity took the lead in polities law art and learning for hundred years It shaped people s lives that s why the Middle Ages is also called Age of Faith 為什么中世紀(jì)被稱為 Dark age 1 During this period Europe was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans has called savage The intellectual development of the European civilization was retarded or even regressed It as also a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic church This period was characterized by frequent economic and political crises and greatly affected by deep seated social contradictions and conflicts which were first demonstrated in the distress and disasters of the ordinary people and then in the frequently occurring revolts and clashes arising from the cruelty of tyrannic rulers ad their unrestrained demands for more power and territory 填空 Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece 1 The city states 城邦 including Thebes 底比斯 Miletus 米利都 Athens 雅典 Sparta 斯巴達(dá) 希臘的民主形式 國(guó)民大會(huì) Forms of democracy in Greece Ecclesia 2 In Greek Political system Ecclesia 國(guó)民大會(huì) Boule 法律 Supreme council 最 高委員會(huì) Characteristics of the system democratic but unstable Peak of Greek civilization Pericle s region 3 Greek civilization came to its peak during Pericles 伯利克里 region 4 There main philosophers Socrates 蘇格拉底 Plato 柏拉圖 Repulic 理想國(guó) Aristotle 亞里士多德 5 Plato came back to Athens and established the Academy the first institution of higher learning 6 Epic poetry 史詩 Homer work Ilida 伊利亞特 Odyssey 奧德賽 7 Lyric poetry 抒情詩歌 Sappho 薩芙 and Pindar 品達(dá) 8 宙斯等都是希臘神話里的人物 Zeus is a figure in Greek mythology 9 三大悲劇作家 Aeschylus Promrtheus Bound 埃斯庫羅斯 被縛的普羅米修斯 Sophocles Oedipus the King 索福克里斯 俄狄浦斯王 Euripides Medea 歐里皮德斯 美狄亞 10 Architecture The grandest building in Athens was the Parthenon a Doric temple for Athena designed and decorated by Phidias 11 Sculpture The artists as Myron 邁倫 and Polyclitus 波利克里托斯 12 Painting The scope of Greek painting is largely illustrated by the kindred art of vase decoration 13 The best know mathematician was Euclid 歐幾里得 who established the science of plane geometry His famous work is Euclid s Elements 14 Archimedes was a scientist As a mathematician he discovered the ratio of radius of a circle in mathematician and as a physicist he found out the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome 1 The signs of the completion of Rome She wolf 2 Representatives of the Republic of Rome Caesar 凱撒 3 Octavian came to be know as Augustus Caesar and he became the first emperor of Rome 4 Gallic War 高盧戰(zhàn)記 The historic record of Caesar 5 The Eastern Roman Empire was or the Byzantine Empire 拜占庭帝國(guó) build in Constantinople 君士坦丁堡 6 The Western Roman Empire was build in Rome 7 希臘最有名神廟 卡爾斯神廟 8 The Justinian Law 查士丁尼法典 The Law of Twelve Tables 十二銅表法 Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and The Old Testament Chapter 4 Christianity and The New Testament 1 The five books of Moses Gensis 創(chuàng)世紀(jì) Exodus 出埃及記 Leviticus 利未記 Numbers 民數(shù)記 Deuteronomy 申命記 2 The Bible consists of two parts The New Testament and The Old Testament 3 The Old Testament consists of there parts Pentateuch 摩西五書 Prophets 先知書 Hagiographa 圣錄 Apocrypha 偽經(jīng) 4 Jerusalem is the Holy Land of the three religions Chapter 5 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture 1 Byzantine Culture Neoplatonism 新柏拉圖主義 Transcendentalism 先見主義 Chapter 6 Culture During the Renaissance 1 The three great masters of fine art or three towering figures Da Vinci 達(dá)芬奇 Michelangelo 米開朗基羅 Rafael 拉斐爾 2 In Italy Dante with his The Divine Comedy 但丁 神曲 Boccaccio with his Decameron 薄伽丘 十日談 3 In France Montagne with his prose 蒙田隨筆全集 4 Petrarch The Canzonmere 彼得拉克 歌集 5 四大悲劇 哈姆雷特 Hamlet 奧賽羅 Othello 李爾王 King Lear 麥克白 Macbeth 四大喜劇 威尼斯商人 The Merchant of Venice 仲夏夜之夢(mèng) A Mids ummer Night s Dream 皆大歡喜 As You Like It 第十二夜 Twelfth night 6 The reasons why the Renaissance emerged in Italy Italy prosperous trade and production of handicraft which furnished a material basis for cultural development Its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emerged of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development of cultural life The wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome The use of Latin as a common language in Italy which helped to retain a good memory of classical culture 7 The Renaissance first emerged in the city of Florence 8 Representative painters of The Renaissance Rafael 拉斐爾 Titian 提香 The Assumption of The Virgin Da Vinci 達(dá)芬奇 9 The Last Super and Mona Lisa are the work of Da Vinci 10 Religious Reform Martin Luther 11 Don Quixote Cervantes 堂吉訶德是塞萬提斯的作品 Chapter 7 Culture During the Enlightenment 1 Locke s famous work is An Essay Concerning Human Understanding He is the first to talk the division of power All men are created equal 2 Montesquieu Spirit of Law 論法的精神 His most important contribution to political theory was a new concept of the division of power 3 Rousseau The Social Contract 社會(huì)契約論 4 Swift Gulliver s Travels A Modest Proposal 斯威夫特 格列佛游記 一 個(gè)溫和的建議 5 Fielding 菲爾丁 Tom Jones 6 David The Death of Socrates The Death of Marat The Coronation of Napoleon 拿破侖加冕 7 The American Revolution and The French Revolution happened under the background of The Enlightenment 8 Notre Dame DE Paris is a gothic church 9 Rode colored window is the style of Baroque 10 Music Mozart an Bach 莫扎特和巴赫 Chapter 8 Romanticism Realism and Naturalism Romanticism 1 Goethe 歌德 The Sorrows of Young Werther Faust 浮士德 2 Schiller 席勒 Love and Intrigue 陰謀與愛情 3 The Lakers 湖畔詩人 Wordsworth Tintern Abbey 華茲華斯的丁登寺 Coleridge Rime of the Ancient Mariner 柯勒律治的 老水手行 老水手 的搖曲 4 Byron 拜倫 Beppo Don Juan 唐璜 5 Shelly 雪萊 Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普羅米修斯 Ode to the West Wind 西風(fēng)頌 6 Victor Hugo Hunchback of Notre Dame 巴黎圣母院 Les Miserables 悲 慘世界 7 George Sand 喬治 桑 Indiana 安蒂亞娜 Valentine 華倫蒂娜 Lelia 萊莉亞 8 Pushkin 普希金 Eugene Onegin 尤金奧涅金 9 Beethoven 貝多芬 Fate 命運(yùn)交響曲 Pastoral 田園交響曲 Moonlight Sonata 月光奏鳴曲 10 Schubert 舒伯特 Serenade 小夜曲 11 Tchaikovsky Swan Lake 天鵝湖 The Nutcracker 胡桃夾子 The Sleeping Beauty 睡美人 Romanticism 1 Stendhal 司湯達(dá) The Red and the Black 紅與黑 The Charterhouse of Parma 巴馬修道院 2 Jane Austen Sense and Sensibility 理智與情感 Pride and Prejudice 傲 慢與偏見 Emma 愛瑪 3 Balzac 巴爾扎克 The Human Comedy 人間喜劇 4 Flaubert 福樓拜 Madame Bovary 包法利夫人 5 Gogol 果戈里 Dead Souls 死魂靈 6 Turgenev 屠格涅夫 A Sportsman s Sketches 獵人筆記 Fathers and Sons 父與子 7 Dostoyevsky 陀思妥耶夫斯基 Crime and Punishment 罪與罰 The Idiot 白癡 8 Leo Tolstoy 列夫托爾斯泰 War and Peace Anna Karenina 安娜卡列妮 娜 9 Chekhov 契訶夫 Three Sisters 三姐妹 The Cherry Orchard 櫻桃園 10 Dickens 迪根斯 Bleak House 荒涼山莊 Oliver Twist 霧都孤兒 David Copperfield 大衛(wèi)科波菲爾 11 William Thackeray 薩克雷 Vanity Fair 名利場(chǎng) 12 Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹 Jane Eyre 簡(jiǎn)愛 The Professor 教師 Vilette 維萊特 Naturalism 1 The first major novelist was Zola 左拉 2Vincent van Gogh 梵高 The Potato Eaters 吃土豆的人