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1、 第三講 │ 信息概括題 這類題目難度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透徹理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)文中相關(guān)信息綜合分析后提煉出新詞。此類題目主要分為兩種類型： (1)總結(jié)性詞匯。設(shè)題大多數(shù)情況下是概括文章的標(biāo)題、段落大意、事件過程、文章的目的、意義以及得出的結(jié)論等。 解題關(guān)鍵 (2)歸納詞。有的題目在原文中可能找不到具體的信息句。這就要求我們首先要確定信息區(qū)域，然后對(duì)該區(qū)域進(jìn)行認(rèn)真地分析歸納。 解題關(guān)鍵 [注意]　信息概括題有時(shí)必須結(jié)合表格本身才能正確解答。 [典例1]　(2017·江蘇高考)Statistics show that the average number of bir

2、ths per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might th

3、ink that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades. It wo

4、uld be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________of population. 分析　第一步：根據(jù)題干大意可定位到文章第二段。 第二步：根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容，特別是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastroph

5、ic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家保持人口的現(xiàn)有規(guī)模也是困難重重。size/scale表示“尺寸，大小，規(guī)模”，符合文意。 第三步：確定答案為size/scale。 [典例2]　(2017·江蘇高考)In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is f

6、alling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated. Leaving aside the birth

7、 rate issue，India’s economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________of educational opportunity. 分析：第一步：根據(jù)題干中的“India’s economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。 第二步：根據(jù)第五段中對(duì)于印度人口出生率以及經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與教育的關(guān)系的敘述可以得出這樣的結(jié)論：印度若能實(shí)現(xiàn)公民受教育機(jī)會(huì)的平等化，它的經(jīng)濟(jì)會(huì)有大的增長(zhǎng)。 第三步：確定答案為equality。 [知識(shí)鏈接1]　信息概括常用詞 1.原因與結(jié)果：reason (for)，

8、result；cause (of)，consequence 2.異同點(diǎn)與優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)：difference，similarity; advantage，disadvantage 3.功能：function 4.觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度：opinion，view (on/about)，viewpoint，idea; attitude (to/towards) 5.評(píng)論與評(píng)價(jià)：comment (on)，remark (on/upon)，assessment 6.方式與方法：means，way，method (of); solution，approach (to doing sth)；(take) meas

9、ures (to do sth) 7.目的：purpose，aim，goal 8.積極與消極：positive，negative 9.建議：advice，suggestion，tip 10.概括與總結(jié)：summary，conclusion 11.特點(diǎn)：feature，characteristic 12.種類：kind，type，category，class 13.精神上與身體上：mentally，physically 14.影響：influence，impact，effect (on) 15.情形，狀況：situation，condition 16.方面與項(xiàng)目條款：aspe

10、ct，item 17.材料：materials 18.知識(shí)與消息：knowledge，information 19.日程計(jì)劃：schedule，agenda 20.百分比：percentage 21.性別：sex 22.年齡：age 23.(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar 24.個(gè)人，個(gè)人的：individual 25.細(xì)節(jié)：description，detail 26.文化：culture 27.責(zé)任：(take) responsibility 28.貢獻(xiàn)：(make) contributions (to) 29.重要：value，importanc

11、e，significance 30.比較：contrast，comparison 31.時(shí)期：period，time 32.存在：existence，exist 33.人口：population 34.天氣與氣候：weather，climate 35.位置：location 36.主題：theme 37.背景：setting，background 38.情節(jié)：plot 39.高潮：climax 40.反對(duì)者與支持者：opponent，supporter [知識(shí)鏈接2]　同義替換?？荚~匯 1 result from＝arise from由……導(dǎo)致 2 at ran

12、dom＝randomly隨意地 3 in particular＝particularly尤其，特別 4 in peace＝peacefully平靜地；安寧地 5 in advance＝ahead of time (schedule)預(yù)先 6 in part＝partly在一定程度上 7 in silence＝silently寂靜地，沉默地 8 in harmony＝harmoniously和諧地 9 be accused of＝be charged with被指控 10 put forward＝come up with提出 11 on behalf of＝r

13、epresent代表 12 show up＝turn up＝appear出現(xiàn) 13 including sth＝sth included包括某物 14 be exposed to＝exposure to暴露于，接觸到 15 account for＝make up占據(jù)……比例 16 lack sth＝be short of sth＝be lacking in sth缺少某物 17 at hand＝handy在手邊 18 escape from＝flee逃離 19 stand/bear/tolerate/put up with忍受 20 at the same

14、time＝meanwhile同時(shí) 21 make fun of＝laugh at＝tease＝mock取笑 22 treat sb badly＝abuse sb虐待某人 23 take pride in＝be proud of對(duì)……感到自豪 24 be dressed in＝wear sth穿著…… 25 burst into tears＝burst out crying突然大哭 26 look after＝take care of＝attend to照顧 27 compensate for＝make up for補(bǔ)償 28 online＝on the Inte

15、rnet在網(wǎng)上 29 matter/count/be important重要 30 catch on＝popularize流行 31 take up＝occupy占據(jù) 32 believe in＝trust信任 33 take in sth＝absorb sth理解，吸收某物 34 starve to death＝die of hunger/starvation餓死 35 accompany sb＝keep sb company陪伴某人 36 turn to sb for help＝ask sb for help向某人求助 37 100 years＝1 ce

16、ntury＝10 decades 100年 38 a fortnight＝two weeks兩周 39 every year＝y(tǒng)early＝annual每年的 40 36＝3 dozen 3打 41 face sth＝be faced with sth面對(duì)某事 42 facing sth＝faced with sth(狀語)面臨某事 43 support＝be in favor of＝favor＝subscribe to支持 44 be of use/value＝be useful/valuable對(duì)……有用 45 do with＝deal with＝cope

17、with＝handle處理 46 be absorbed in＝be lost in＝be buried in專心于…… 47 object to doing sth＝oppose doing sth＝be opposed to doing sth＝raise an objection to doing sth反對(duì)做某事 48 convince sb＝make sb convinced使某人信服 49 the remaining money＝the money left剩下的錢 50 now and then＝sometimes＝occasionally有時(shí) 51 ma

18、ke an apology to sb＝apologize to sb向某人道歉 52 a variety of＋n.＝varieties of＋n.＝various＋n.各種各樣的…… 53 make full use of＝make the most (best) of＝take advantage of利用 54 be related to＝be associated with＝be linked to＝be connected with跟……有關(guān) 55 put off doing＝delay doing＝postpone doing＝buy time to do推遲做

19、 56 an approach to doing sth＝a way of doing sth＝a way to do sth＝how to do sth做某事的方法 57 replace B with A＝substitute A for B＝take the place of B with A用A替代B 58 resemble＝look like＝be similar to＝bear a resemblance to像，類似于 59 sb makes sense of sth＝sb understands sth某人明白某事 60 be accessible to＝hav

20、e access to＝be available to可獲得的 61 be drunk with＝be addicted to＝be hooked on沉迷于 62 manage to do sth＝succeed in doing sth(設(shè)法)做成某事 63 to be honest/frank/strict＝honestly/frankly/strictly speaking坦率地/直白地/嚴(yán)格地說 64 be tired/sick of＝be bored with＝be fed up with對(duì)……感到厭倦 65 have an edge/advantage ove

21、r＝be superior to＝be better than勝過，比……強(qiáng) 66 be consistent with＝be in line with＝correspond with＝agree with與……相一致 67 take the place of A＝be in place of A＝replace A取代A 68 at your convenience＝when it is convenient for you當(dāng)你方便時(shí) 69 on one’s own＝by onself＝alone獨(dú)自地 70 be aware/conscious of＝realize＝r

22、ecognize意識(shí)到 71 be responsible for＝take responsibility for＝answer for對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé) 72 in spite of/despite＋短語＝though/although/while/as＋句子 雖然(用as要倒裝) 73 beyond belief＝incredible＝unbelievable難以置信的 74 out of the question＝impossible不可能的 out of question＝no problem沒問題 75 be unaware of＝fail to notice＝over

23、look＝ignore＝neglect忽視 76 stress/underline/emphasize the importance of sth強(qiáng)調(diào)某事/物的重要性 77 sth benefits sb＝sth be beneficial to sb＝sth be of benefit to sb＝sb benefits from sth某人從某事中受益 78 make preparations for＝be in preparations for＝prepare for為……做準(zhǔn)備 79 take an active part in sth＝take part in sth

24、 actively積極參加某事 have a positive influence on＝influence sth positively 對(duì)某物有積極影響 80 sth kills sb＝sth costs sb the life＝sth claims one’s life某物殺了某人 81 be tired out＝be worn out＝be exhausted＝be burnt out＝be weary累壞了 82 come into being/existence＝form/exist存在，形成 83 make one’s dream come true＝real

25、ize/achieve one’s dream實(shí)現(xiàn)某人的夢(mèng)想 84 be over＝end＝put...to an end＝come to an end結(jié)束 85 don’t/never do＝avoid doing＝keep away from doing 避免做 86 be able to do sth＝be capable of doing sth能夠做某事 87 use up＝run out of用光 run out＝give out＝be used up耗盡 88 cause sb to participate in sth＝involve sb in sth

26、讓某人參加某事 89 A be responsible for B＝A causes/results in/leads to B A是B的起因 90 bring about/result in/lead to/contribute to/account for/cause/make for導(dǎo)致 A (2018·蘇北四市高三第一次調(diào)研) Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque.If you bought something，you owned it.If you broke it，

27、you fixed it.If you no longer wanted it，you sold it or threw it away.Some firms found ways of squeezing out more profit in the after-sale services，using authorized repair shops，and strategies such as selling cheap printers and expensive ink，which，however，did not challenge the nature of ownership. I

28、n the digital age ownership has become more ambiguous.Since the arrival of smart phones，consumers are forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it.But as more digital devices are springing up，who owns and who controls which objects is beco

29、ming a problem.Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat. Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright，ensure that their machines do not malfunction (發(fā)生故

30、障)，maintain environmental standards and prevent hacking.Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit.When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month，Tesla，a start-up for electric vehicles，remotely upgraded the software controlling the batteries of some models to

31、 give owners more range to escape the storm. The more digital strings(數(shù)字串) are attached to goods，the more the balance of control tilts(傾斜) towards producers and away from owners.Already this has given rise to controversy (爭(zhēng)議) over owners’ property rights.Items from smart phones to washing machines

32、have become increasingly hard to fix，meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.Privacy is also at risk.Users were alarmed when it came out that iRobot，a robotic vacuum cleaner，not only cleans the floor but creates a digital map of the home’s interior that can then be sold to advert

33、isers though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so. Such issues should remind people how desperately they ought to protect their property rights.In America this idea has already taken root in the “right to repair” movement.In France appliance-makers must tell buyers how long a devic

34、e is likely to last—a sign of how repairable it is.Regulators should encourage competition by，for instance，insisting that independent repair shops have the same access to product information，spare parts and repair tools as manufacturer-owned ones. Ownership is not about to go away，but its meaning i

35、s changing.Devices，by and large，are sold on the basis that they empower (授權(quán)) people to do what they want.To the extent they are controlled by somebody else，that freedom is compromised. 答案　1.challenged　[根據(jù)第一段最后一句中的challenge可知答案。] 2.clear/definite/certain　[第二段首句中的ambiguous 意為模糊的，也就是不清楚、不明確的意思，此處填其

36、反義詞。] 3.threatened　[第二段末句“Buyers should be aware that some of their basic property rights are under threat.”中的under threat 意為處于威脅之中，被威脅。改變形式即可。] 4.issues　[在討論所有權(quán)問題的爭(zhēng)議。第五段有such issues 的出現(xiàn)。] 5.restrictions　[第三段首句“Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict...”的restrict改變形式即可。] 6.favour/inter

37、est　[第三段中間“Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owner’s benefit.”中的for one’s benefit＝in one’s favor/interest。] 7.tends　[第四段首句“...the more the balance of control tilts towards producers and away from owners.”中的tilt towards意為tend to傾向于，往往。] 8.light　[第四段末句“Users wer

38、e alarmed when it came out that...”中的come out＝come to light。] 9.taken　[固定搭配take action。] promised/damaged　[第六段末句“...that freedom is compromised”中的原詞重現(xiàn)。] B (2018·通、揚(yáng)、泰、淮高三三模) We all need to feel understood，recognized and affirmed(證實(shí))by our friends，family and romantic partners.We all need to find

39、 our tribe. Research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning.When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too. Though we all share a need to be

40、long，in the first decades of the 20th century，many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature.The idea that children needed parental love and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous，but it was dismi

41、ssed as immoral and disgusting. As behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to child-raising，this view shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life.They discovered that people，whatever their age，neede

42、d more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives. But，sadly，many of us lack close ties.At a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before，rates of social isolation(孤立)are rising.The results of an Age UK poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age

43、of 60 usually spend each day alone，and it’s not unusual for another half a million people to go five or six days without seeing or speaking to someone. All these figures reveal more than a rise in loneliness—they reveal a lack of meaning in people’s lives.In surveys，we list our close relationships

44、as our most important sources of meaning.Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful. While close relationships are critical for living a meaningful life，they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate(培養(yǎng)).Psychologists have also dis

45、covered the value of small moments of intimacy(親昵行為).“High-quality connections”，as one researcher calls them，are positive，short-term interactions between two people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic(移情作用的)conversation on a plane.High-quality connections hav

46、e the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances，colleagues and strangers. We can’t control whether someone will make a high-quality connection with us，but we can all choose to start one.We can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away.We can choose to valu

47、e people rather than devalue them.We can invite people to belong. Passage outline Supporting details The need to belong ◆Everyone hopes to develop a (1)________ of belonging in a group. ◆People’s self-respect is (2)________ by other people’s opinion. The changing (3)________ to belonging ◆Man

48、y famous experts in the first decades of the 20th century (4)________ that people had the need to belong. ◆Experts later came to realize that people，regardless of their age，needed (5)________ to enjoy full and healthy lives. Consequences of (6)________ close ties ◆Many people are cut off from the

49、 world and feel (7)________. ◆People who do not have enough close relationships find their life has less (8)________. Another way to meet the need ◆High-quality connections make a (9)________ in helping satisfy our need to belong. ◆We should (10)________ to make a high-quality connection. 【語篇解讀

50、】　本文是說明文。每個(gè)人都想在團(tuán)體中有歸屬感，為此我們應(yīng)該主動(dòng)建立高質(zhì)量的社會(huì)紐帶。 1.sense/feeling　[根據(jù)第一段中的“We all need to find our tribe.”和第二段中的“...in a relationship or group，feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning”可知，每個(gè)人都想在團(tuán)體中有歸屬感。a sense/feeling of belonging “歸屬感”。] 2.influenced/affected/shaped/determined

51、/decided　[根據(jù)第二段中的“When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter，you believe you matter，too.”可知，人的自尊受其他人觀點(diǎn)的影響，所以空格處用influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided。] 3.attitudes　[根據(jù)第三段中的“The idea that children needed...as immoral and disgusting.”和第四段中的“...this view shifted”可知，該部分的主

52、題是人們對(duì)歸屬感態(tài)度(attitudes)的改變。] 4.denied　[根據(jù)第三段中的“Though we all share a need...aspect of human nature.”可知，20世紀(jì)初期的很多專家否認(rèn)(denied)人們需要?dú)w屬感。] 5.attachment/love/care　[根據(jù)第四段中的“...they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life...to live full and healthy lives.”可知，專家后來意識(shí)到人們需要依

53、戀或關(guān)愛(attachment/love/care)來享受充實(shí)、健康的生活。] 6.lacking　[第五段中的“But，sadly，many of us lack close ties.”是第五、六段論述的要點(diǎn)。再結(jié)合右欄的內(nèi)容可知，該部分談及缺乏(lacking)親密關(guān)系的后果。] 7.lonely/isolated/alone　[根據(jù)第五段中的內(nèi)容可知，很多人與世隔絕，感到孤獨(dú)寂寞(lonely/isolated/alone)。] 8.meaning　[根據(jù)第六段中的“we list our close relationships as...are less meaningful.

54、”可知，缺乏親密關(guān)系的人覺得生活的意義(meaning)更小。] 9.difference　[根據(jù)第七段中的“‘High-quality connections，’as one researcher calls them...and strangers.”可知，高質(zhì)量的社會(huì)紐帶在幫助人們滿足歸屬需求方面有重大意義。make a difference “有(重要)作用，有影響，有關(guān)系”。] 10.start/offer/try/attempt　[根據(jù)最后一段中的“We can’t control...to start one”可知，人們應(yīng)該主動(dòng)開始/提出/嘗試(start/offer/try

55、/attempt)建立高質(zhì)量的社會(huì)紐帶。] A (2018·南京市高三三模) What can we learn from Amish people? Many people think of the Amish as living without.These devout communities，predominantly located in Pennsylvania，Ohio and Indiana，go without cars，TVs，computers，phones or even the electricity needed to run so much of 21s

56、t century gadgetry.But what researchers who have studied them have found is what the Amish have a surplus of: good health in late life.The average American life expectancy is currently just under 79 years.Back in 1，900，it was only 47，but for early-20th century Amish it was already greater than 70.Ov

57、er the decades，most Americans have caught up in overall life expectancy，but the Amish still have a significant edge in late-life health，with lower rates of cancer，cardiovascular disease，diabetes and more.So how do they do it? Start with lifestyle.Amish communities are agrarian，with no modern farm e

58、quipment，meaning all the work has to be done by hand.In 2004，the American College of Sports Medicine fitted Amish volunteers with pedometers to determine how much physical activity they performed.The results were dramatic.Amish men took 18，425 steps a day and women 14，196 steps，compared with non-Ami

59、sh people who are encouraged by doctors to shoot for at least 10，000 steps—and typically fail.Including other forms of manual labor—lifting，chopping，sowing，planting—the Amish are six times as active as a random sample of people from 12 countries. One result of this is that only 4% of Amish people a

60、re obese，compared with 36.5% of the overall US population.Amish children are about one-third as likely as non-Amish to be obese，according to a 2012 study in PLOS One.This means 50% lower rates of Type 2 diabetes. The near absence of tobacco in the Amish community—some men do smoke cigars—results in

61、 a 63% lower rate of tobacco-related cancers，according to a 2004 study of Ohio’s Amish population.The Amish also had rates of all cancers that were 40% lower than the rest of the Ohio population. Cardiovascular disease is one area in which the Amish don’t have an edge，with blood-pressure and heart-

62、disease rates slightly higher than those of other populations.Some of this might be attributed to the Amish diet，which is heavy on pancakes，eggs and sausage for breakfast，and meat，potatoes，gravy and bread for dinner.Working the farm can burn off those calories，but all the fat and salt and carbs stil

63、l have a bad effect. The most powerful weapon in the Amish long-life arsenal，however，may be genes.The Amish population in the US is about 318，000，descended from just 200 families that immigrated in the 1，700s.They mostly marry within their own communities，which means the genes that existed when the

64、ir ancestors got to America have remained.That can be a dangerous thing if bad genes are hidden in the mix but a good thing if the genes are sound.While no community is without genetic problems，the Amish seem to have gotten a lucky draw. In a study released last November，researchers announced the d

65、iscovery of a gene in an Amish community that seemed to be associated with an average life span 10% longer than that of people without the gene. While much of the Amish advantage is unique to the Anish themselves，there is one long-life lesson on they can teach everyone else.Almost all elderly peopl

66、e in the Amish community are cared for at home，by relatives.This isn’t always realistic or possible in the non-Amish world，but when it is，it plays huger health dividends than medicine does. What can we learn from Amish people？ Outline Supporting details Introduction to the Amish The Amish (1)________ the average American by more than 20 years last century. The Amish in general enjoy better health than most people when they are (2)________. Factors in the Amish’s (3)________ Lifesty