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I met my best friend Tom at the ststion yesterday. 主語 謂語 定語 賓語 同位語 狀語 1、主語：是一句的主體，是全句訴說的對(duì)象，常用名詞、數(shù)詞或代詞擔(dān)任（是全句談?wù)摰闹行脑掝}）。例： (1) Students syudy.（名詞） (2)We are friends.（代詞） (3)To go to good university is his first goal.（不定式） (4)Doing morning exercise is good for your health.（動(dòng)名詞） (5)Jane is good at playing the piano. (6)She went out in a hurry. (7)Four plus four is eight. (8)To see is to believe. (9)Smoking is bad for health. (10)The young should respect the old. (11)What he has said is true. 2、謂語：是對(duì)主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組擔(dān)任，放在主語的后面（主語做什么了、怎么了）。例： (1)Students study.（實(shí)意動(dòng)詞） (2)We are friends.（be動(dòng)詞） (3)We love China. (4)We have finished reading this book. (5)He can speak English.（復(fù)合謂語） (6)She seems tired. (7)I saw the flag on the top of the hill. (8)He looked after two orphans. 3、賓語：表示行為的對(duì)象，常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任，放在及物動(dòng)詞或代詞之后（動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，目標(biāo)；位于及物動(dòng)詞之后）。賓語分為間接賓語和直接賓語。直接賓語指物，間接賓語指人。例： (a)He gave me some books. 間接賓語 直接賓語 (b)Please pass me the book. (c)He bought me some flowers. (1) They are teachers. (2) I play with him. (3) We love watching football games. (4) He is dong her homework now. (5) I like my job. (6) I love you. (7) He wanted to leave here. (8) They enjoyed playing football games. 注：位于介詞之后的成分也稱之為賓語。 4、賓語補(bǔ)足語：是對(duì)賓語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明，賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。例： (1)I found the book interesting. (2)Do you smell something burning? (3)He made himself known to them. (4)She asked me to lend her a hand. (5)Please make yourself at home. (6)Please keep the dog out. (7)We must keep it a secret. 主動(dòng)語態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后，賓語補(bǔ)足語變成主補(bǔ)。例： (1)I last saw him playing near the river.→He was last seen playing near the river. (2)The teacher caught the student cheating in the exam. →The student was caught cheating in the exam. (3)We made him monitor.→He was made monitor. (4)He pushed the door open.→The door was pushed open. 5、定語：是用來說明或者限制名詞的成分，常用形容詞或者相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句擔(dān)任（是用來說明名詞或代詞性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)的詞）。形容詞放在名詞前，相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句放在名詞之后。例： (1)This is a red sun. (2)The black bike is mine. (3)He is a tall boy. (4)She is a chemistry teacher. (5)The man in bllue is my brother. (6)The girl playing the piano is my younger sister. (7)The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher. 6、狀語：是用來說明動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞、介詞短語或整個(gè)句子的成分，常由副詞擔(dān)任。修飾動(dòng)詞的可以放在動(dòng)詞之前，也可以放在動(dòng)詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞的放在它們之前。例： (1)The students study hard. (2)I often write to him. (3)The bag is too heavy. (4)I will be back in a while. (5)They are playing on the playground. (6)He was late because he got up late. (7)He got up so late that he missed the train. (8)I waited to see you. (9)He often went to school by bus. (10)His parents died,leaving him an orphan. (11)Please call me if it is necessary. (12)This book is very interesting. (13)He went to school in spite of his illness. (14)He always comes late to school. 7、表語：系動(dòng)詞后的部分就是表語，表語是用來說明主語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞或者形容詞擔(dān)任。 常見的系動(dòng)詞有： be(am,is,are,were,was),aapear,look,seem feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,come,go etc.系動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例： (1) This table is long. (2) The apple tastes sweet. (3) The war was over. (4) They seem to know the truth. (5) Time is precious. (6) I’m not quite myself today. (7) Who was the first? (8) He is out of condition. (9) The book is what I need. 通常情況下，主語和賓語前的成分是定語，謂語前的成分是狀語，時(shí)間作狀語放在句子的后面。 （定語）主語（狀語）謂語（定語）賓語（狀語）。 (1)(The tall)boy(often)go(to the big)zoo. (2)(The happy)child-went(his)home yesterday. 英語句子成分歌： 英語句子八呀八大塊， 主謂賓表真呀真實(shí)在； 補(bǔ)語跟著賓語標(biāo)語跑， 定語同位（語）專把名詞踹。 狀語的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左隨心所欲擺。 渾身的毛病真呀真不少，前后亂竄它還會(huì)加塞。 英語五種基本句型： 基本句型一：S+V （主+謂） 基本句型二：S+V+P (主+系+表) 基本句型三：S+V+O (主+謂+賓) 基本句型四：S+V+o+O (主+謂+間賓+直賓) 基本句型五：S+V+O+P (主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)) S V P o O C 句型一 She cooks He is working What he said does not matter The pen write smoothly 句型二 He is happy Everything looks nice His face turned red 句型三 We study English everday They are playing football He enjoys reading She said “Good morning”. 句型四 I give him a book My mother brought me a pen yesterday I showed him my picture We must keep the door open The news makes me happy We call him Jim He told me to wash the plates I saw a thieft going into your room 二、從句 從句是相對(duì)于主句而言的，即它是從屬于某一個(gè)主句，而不能單獨(dú)做一個(gè)句子。英語中主要有三大從句，即名詞性從句（包括主語從句，定語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）、形容詞性從句（即定語從句）、副詞性從句（即狀語從句，包括時(shí)間，結(jié)果，條件，目的，原因，讓步，地點(diǎn)，方式等） 1、 主從作主語，例：That the earth is round is truth. 2、 賓從作賓語，例：Do you know where he lives? 3、 表從左表語，：My opinion is that you should not go alone. (一)主語從句 一、1、定義：作句子主語的從句叫做主語從句。 2、引導(dǎo)詞：主語從句通常由從屬連詞that,whether,if和連接代詞what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)，that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例： (1)What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。 (2)Who will won the match is still unknown.誰能贏得這場(chǎng)比賽還不得而知。 (3)It is known to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。 (4)Where the English evening will be held is has not yet been announced. 英語晚會(huì)將在那里舉行，還沒有宣布。 二、1、找主語從句時(shí)，先找到句子的謂語，主句的謂語前面的從句，就是主語從句。 (1)Why he left wasn’t important. 主語從句 主句的謂語動(dòng)詞 (2)That he became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence. 主語從句 主句的謂語動(dòng)詞 2、that引導(dǎo)的主語從句可以放在主語的位置，這時(shí)that不可省略。例： That prices will go up is certain. 3、that主語從句放在句首的情況不是很常見，絕大部分主語從句都借助形式主語it，主語從句放在后面。 (1)It is strange that he knows nothing about it. (2)It is a pity that he can’t swim. (3)It happened that he wasn’t in that day. (4)It is said that there has been an earthquake in India. 在口語中,用it作形式主語是，主語從句的that可以省略。 4、有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下： (1)It+be+名詞+that從句 (2)It+be+形容詞+that從句 (3)It+be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+that從句 (4)It+不及物動(dòng)詞+that從句 注意：主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣“should+do”，常用的句型有： (1) It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that… (2) It’s a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc)that… (3) It is suggested(required,proposed,desired,etc)that… 5、wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句，可以放在句首(1)，也可以借助形式主語it(2)。 (1)When he’ll be back depends much on the weather. How it was done was a mystery. Whether we’ll succeed remains to be seen. (2)It is uncertain whether the game will be held. It’s a puzzle now life began. It doesn’t matter much where we live. Is it known where he went? （二）定語從句 一、1、定義：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在所修飾的先行詞后面。 2、關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。 關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等； 關(guān)系副詞有where,when,why等。 關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：（1）引導(dǎo)定語從句，（2）代替先行詞，（3）在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。 二、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句： 1、who指人，在從句中作主語。 (1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2)Yersterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2、whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，常可省略。 (1)Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus. (2)Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。 (3)The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 3、which指物，在定語從句中作主語或者賓語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。 (1)Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2)This is the pen which he bought yersterday. 4、that指人時(shí)相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在賓語從句中作主語或者賓語，作賓語時(shí)可省略。 (1)The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (2)Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?