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過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞用法比較
英語中的分詞分兩種:現(xiàn)在分詞(the present participle)和過去分詞(the past participle)。雖然它們?cè)诰渥又卸伎勺髅~修飾語、接系動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)足語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等,但是它們形式不同,而且語義也有差別。
現(xiàn)在從四方面舉例說明。
⒈現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的和正在進(jìn)行的(例①-③);過去分詞的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)的和完成的(例④-⑥):
?、?The boiling water is hot.
② A sleeping baby is good to look at.
?、?Sh
2、e has a smiling face.
?、?You can use the boiled water to make tea.
?、?Where is my lost key?
⑥ A broken mirror cannot be repaired.
有時(shí),由于兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞“異詞同義”,其分詞也跟著不同 ,如:
?、遖. Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt?
b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt?
?、郺. His new book consistin
3、g of useful data has been well received.
b. Do you like the book made up of untrue stories?
⒉在語義上,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞反映的心理狀態(tài)不同。前者有 “令人……”的含義(見例⑨);過去分詞則有“感到……”的意思(見例⑩):
?、?The soccer match last night was thrilling.(令人緊張)
?、?The soccer fans were delighted.(感到高興)
其他例子有:
● amazing: amazed;
4、
● annoying: annoyed;
● boring: bored;
● confusing: confused;
● surprising: surprised;
● terrifying: terrified
試比較11a和b以及12a和b:
11a. This is the most confusing system I have ever seen.
11b. The children will get confused if asked to learn too much at a time.
12a. D
5、avid came with some surprising news.
12b. All were surprised at Sam's sudden resignation.
?、吃谧髻e語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),如果賓語是有關(guān)分詞邏輯上的主語,就用現(xiàn)在分詞,如:
13. The teacher found a student dozing off.
14. Don't keep the visitor waiting.
如果賓語和有關(guān)分詞有“動(dòng)詞+賓語”關(guān)系,那么這個(gè)分詞就要是過去分詞了,如:
15. Where did you get your b
6、ook printed?
16. You should have your office whitewashed.
在13里,正在打瞌睡的是賓語“a student”; 在14里,賓語是 “the visitor”。15里,“printed”的賓語是“books”; 16里, “whitewashed”的賓語是“his office”。
4.分詞短語相當(dāng)于副詞從句,但現(xiàn)在式表示的是主動(dòng)的行動(dòng),如例,過去式表示被動(dòng)的行動(dòng),如:
17 Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted.
18 Written in haste, the essay had some errors.
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